Otmuchów
| Otmuchów Ottmachau |
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Opole | ||
| Powiat : | Nysa | ||
| Gmina : | Otmuchów | ||
| Area : | 27.83 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 28 ' N , 17 ° 10' E | ||
| Height : | 240 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 6552 (December 31, 2018) | ||
| Postal code : | 48-385 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 77 | ||
| License plate : | ONY | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | DK 46 Kłodzko - Szczekociny | ||
| Rail route : | Nysa – Kamieniec | ||
| Next international airport : | Wroclaw Airport | ||
Otmuchów [ɔt'muxuf] (German Ottmachau ) is a town in the powiat Nyski of the Polish Opole Voivodeship with about 6,500 inhabitants and the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name , in which about 13,500 people live.
geography
location
The city is located in the southwest of the historical region of Upper Silesia on the left bank of the Glatzer Neisse , about 15 kilometers west of Neisse and about 70 kilometers southwest of Opole . Only a few kilometers west of the city is the border with the historic Lower Silesia region .
The surrounding area belongs to the Sudeten foothills within the Ottmachauer Senke . To the west of the city, the Glatzer Neisse is dammed in the Ottmachau reservoir . About three kilometers east of the town is the Neiss reservoir .
Districts
- Nieradowice (Nitterwitz)
- Sarnowice (Sarlowitz)
- Śliwice (Schleibitz)
- Wójcice (Woitz)
history
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In the area of the village ran a trade route from Wroclaw to Bohemia , on which a settlement was established early on, which belonged to the diocese of Wroclaw at the beginning of the 11th century . As early as 1155, Ottmachau and its goods were mentioned in a bull by Pope Hadrian IV as castellum Otmochov cum pertinentis , one of 15 castellanias of the Wroclaw bishops. It is one of the oldest cities in Silesia. The facility was also used to secure the border against nearby Bohemia. It is likely that the local castle was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1241 .
In the period that followed, Ottmachau gained importance as a market town . A bull dated August 9, 1245 by Pope Innocent IV testifies to this , in which the possession of the bishops is confirmed and a market square in Ottmachau is mentioned. In later documents of the Breslau bishops Thomas I and Thomas II it is emphasized that Ottmachau is an important property of the diocese and has belonged to it since the diocese was founded. During a dispute between the Breslau Duke Heinrich IV and the Breslau Bishop Thomas II, Duke Heinrich IV occupied the city in 1284.
After the principality of Neisse emerged as an independent territory in 1290 , in which the Breslau bishops exercised both spiritual and secular power, Ottmachau belonged to this. By transferring sovereignty to the bishops, the Ottmachau castellan office lost its supremacy in the diocese. The place of residence of the Breslau bishops was now Neisse, which was also Oberhof for the settlements under German law in the diocese.
Bishop Preczlaw von Pogarell , who was in office from 1342, leaned against Bohemia politically, like almost all Silesian dukes before. Since he transferred his prince-bishopric as a fief to the Bohemian King John of Luxembourg in the year he took office , Ottmachau now also belonged to Bohemia. At this time there was also an increase in the influx of German settlers as a result of the eastern colonization , which had lasted since the 13th century. Although German colonists had reached the city relatively early, there was no permanent settlement in Ottmachau by Germans, so that the city was able to retain its Slavic character until the 14th century. Urban development received new dynamism on November 24, 1347, when Ottmachau received Magdeburg city charter from Bishop Preczlaw . In fact, Ottmachau was re-established as a city under German law on the basis of the old Polish market settlement. This encouraged and resumed the settlement of the Germans.
Above all, the resulting rapid increase in population helped Ottmachau as a bishopric city to gain ever greater cultural, political and economic importance. The city layout was accordingly adapted to the requirements of a growing city with a large, almost square ring including town hall and city block in the middle of the ring and a planned road network and protected by a city wall, which was first proven in 1369. In 1386, Berthold Fulussil, provost of the Breslauer St.-Aegidien-Stift donated a collegiate monastery in Ottmachau, which he furnished with a provost, a dean and 13 canons as well as rich property. The deed of foundation was signed on June 7th, 1386 by Wroclaw Bishop Wenzel von Liegnitz . The first provost was the Ottmachau pastor Nicolaus von Swetaw, whose parish church has now been elevated to a collegiate church. Papal confirmation came in 1388, and the first general chapter took place in 1391.
Hussite Wars in the 15th Century and Decline
The favorable development of the city in the 14th century came to an abrupt end with the Hussite Wars . The Hussites , who were expecting rich booty in the episcopal city, reached Ottmachau on March 28, 1428. They overcame the city wall and plundered the city, especially the collegiate church. On November 19, 1430, they invaded Ottmachau again under the leadership of the Taborite Andreas Prokop and the East Bohemian nobleman Johann Městecký von Opočno . Under the threat of destroying the bishop's castle, they forced Niklas Zedlitz von Alzenau to surrender it. The Hussites held the city for five years and made Ottmachau one of their bases in the Holy Roman Empire . They used the time to make the city defensible again with fortifications. In 1435 the Bishop of Wroclaw Konrad von Oels bought Ottmachau for 1,100 Bohemian groschen . Nevertheless, there was a third conquest by the Hussites in 1443, who held the city for a year. Again the city was ransomed; this time for 2000 guilders .
The enemy attacks left the city devastated. Ottmachau was not only economically on the ground. In 1477 the collegiate monastery was relocated to Neisse, as the collegiate church, which had been destroyed in the Hussite Wars, had to be demolished. Even if the importance of the town was weakened considerably, Bishop Johann IV. Roth rebuilt the castle in 1484 and had the town fortifications renewed.
Many Germans had left the devastated city. Since the Slavic settlement was promoted by the Hussites, a language conflict arose in the city. It had been increasingly populated by Germans again, but these remained a minority. The German canons forbade reading Polish masses in the now wooden parish church. Finally, in 1495, Bishop Johann IV. Roth ordered that the Polish population in the surrounding villages in particular had to learn or use the German language within five years, otherwise they would be expelled from their domain.
Reconstruction and prosperity of the city
In the next few years Ottmachau, which still belonged to the Crown of Bohemia , which had been owned by the Habsburgs since 1526 , always lagged behind the neighboring town of Neisse in importance, but it was rebuilt and the population grew. The bishops of Breslau continued to use Ottmachau as a secondary residence and raised large amounts of money for the further development of the city. The town hall was rebuilt by Bishop Jakob von Salza , Bishop Andreas von Jerin initiated the renaissance reconstruction of the castle and under Bishop Johann VI. von Sitsch provided the town hall with a tower and the parish church with a mausoleum.
After the destruction in the Thirty Years' War , Bishop Karl Ferdinand Wasa raised the parish church to the rank of collegiate church again in 1650. While the development of the city was tentative in the 16th century, this decision heralded a real prosperity for the city. The reconstruction of the city continued under his successors. The town became a popular place of residence for the bishops, as can be seen from two town and hunting castles. Prince-Bishop Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg had the parish church rebuilt from 1691 to 1694 by well-known baroque artists with the help of his financial means, he built the lower castle and rebuilt the castle.
Under Prussian rule from 1741
During the First Silesian War , Ottmachau was conquered for Prussia after bombing in 1741 by Field Marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin . The city gained a certain fame through the fact that Friedrich II the Great led the conquest of the Neisse fortress from Ottmachau. The destruction, but especially the secularization of diocesan ownership in 1810, initiated a renewed decline of the city, which was now directly subordinate to Prussia and no longer to the Wroclaw bishops. After the reorganization of Silesia, Ottmachau, which until then belonged to the administrative district of Breslau and thus to Lower Silesia, became part of the administrative district of Grottkau in the Upper Silesian administrative district of Opole in 1813 . In 1820 Wilhelm von Humboldt , who had left the Prussian civil service in 1819, received Ottmachau Castle and the associated goods from King Friedrich Wilhelm III. as a gift for his services to the fatherland.
In the course of industrialization in the 19th century and especially after the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, Ottmachau experienced an economic boom, which was also reflected in the city's population increase. The Evangelical Corpus Christi Church was built from 1875 to 1859. Towards the end of this century, parts of the old castle and in 1875 the city wall were torn down, of which only the Neiss gate tower remained. As early as 1874 the town was connected to the Neisse – Glatz railway line and in 1893 it was also connected to Barzdorf in Austria-Hungary. The city's first industrial operation was a sugar factory, which was built in 1881. It was the largest factory of its kind in Upper Silesia and benefited from the nearby sugar beet cultivation areas . At the beginning of the 20th century Ottmachau had a Protestant and two Catholic churches, apart from the sugar factory, production of agricultural machines, two sawmills, a dairy and was the seat of a local court . The Ottmachau estate , which Wilhelm von Humboldt was awarded in 1818 for his services as a Prussian diplomat and minister, was located near the town.
Large areas in the outskirts of the city were bought by the administration of the Reich Waterways and the construction of the Ottmachau reservoir ( Jezioro Otmuchowskie ) began in 1928 , which was completed in 1933. Overall, the water of the Glatzer Neisse was dammed by this structure to a height of 17 m and contained a water volume of 143 million m³ over 22.6 km². The reservoir was not only used for flood protection and electricity generation, but also developed into a popular destination. It is also conducive to the current development of the city. It is thanks to two employees of the overland plant that the bottom outlet works is still preserved in its original form and was not completely destroyed in the last days of the war. It was the works manager Alfred Töpfer and the chief engineer Otto Bepperling who, in negotiations with the military authorities, succeeded in removing the 24 tons of explosives built into the six valves and a turbine in the first days of April 1945.
The battalion doctor of the Volkssturm Gottfried Matthes had 26 mentally weak murdered in March 1945 before the city was evacuated.
In 1945 Ottmachau belonged to the district of Grottkau in the administrative district of Opole in the Prussian province of Silesia of the German Empire .
After the Second World War
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Towards the end of the Second World War , Ottmachau was fought over from March 30 to May 8, 1945, badly damaged and finally occupied by the Red Army . After the war, the region, like most of Silesia, was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet Union . The German city of Ottmachau was then renamed Otmuchó . The immigration of Polish migrants began, some of whom came from areas east of the Curzon Line , where they had belonged to the Polish minority. The remaining German population was largely expelled by the local Polish administrative authority .
After the war, the reconstruction of the city began, as numerous houses, especially on the Ring, fell victim to artillery shelling by the Red Army.
Today the city with its historic buildings, the old bishop's castle and the reservoir is very popular with tourists. Tourism is an important source of income and is promoted accordingly. To improve traffic connections and to relieve the city center, a 3.8 km long bypass of Voivodship Road 46 was built, which was opened to traffic on April 14, 2006.
Demographics
| year | population | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1756 | 1322 | |
| 1783 | 1342 | |
| 1784 | 1386 | without the garrison (three companies of infantry ) |
| 1803 | 1324 | |
| 1810 | 1714 | |
| 1816 | 1632 | including 25 Evangelicals, 1607 Catholics, no Jews |
| 1820 | 1767 | including 35 Evangelicals, 1722 Catholics, ten Jews |
| 1821 | 1633 | in 234 private houses |
| 1825 | 1832 | including 41 Evangelicals and twelve Jews |
| 1840 | 2715 | of which 89 Protestants, 2589 Catholics, 37 Jews |
| 1852 | 3339 | without the Ottmachau Vorwerk with 111 inhabitants |
| 1855 | 3252 | Civil residents, without the Ottmachau Vorwerk , also called Klein-Vorwerk , to which Ottmachau Castle also belongs |
| 1861 | 3356 | Civil residents, including 178 Evangelicals, 3142 Catholics, 36 Jews, without small outbuildings with Ottmachau Castle |
| 1867 | 3379 | on December 3rd |
| 1871 | 3352 | including 200 Protestants and 80 Jews; According to other data, 3357 inhabitants (on December 1), of which 192 were Protestants, 3134 Catholics, one other Christian, 30 Jews |
| 1880 | 3356 | |
| 1885 | 3768 | |
| 1905 | 3630 | 232 evangelicals |
| 1910 | 3650 | on December 1st, excluding the Ottmachau estate (165 inhabitants) |
| 1913 | 3770 | |
| 1933 | 5095 | |
| 1939 | 4966 |
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1961 | 3509 |
| 1971 | 4400 |
| 1983 | 4800 |
| December 31, 2004 | 4338 |
traffic
State road 46 leads past the village, designed as a bypass .
The Otmuchów station, northwest of the town center, is on the Nysa – Kamieniec railway line . Today, the city is almost cut off from passenger transport by rail: on the Katowice – Legnica railway line between Neisse and Kamieniec Ząbkowicki, apart from summer weekends, the railway line Otmuchów – Przeworno to the north and the railway line Otmuchów – Bernatice u Javornika to the south have been completely closed .
Attractions
Episcopal Castle
The city's landmark and symbol of its solidarity with the Wroclaw bishops is the episcopal castle with palace park, which is located in the southern part of the city, near the Glatzer Neisse. The castle received its first stone structure in the 13th century, it was rebuilt several times and owes its present appearance to a renaissance reconstruction carried out by Bishop Andreas von Jerin in 1585–1596 . The cuboid cube and the tower were decorated with friezes and parapets and the windows decorated with sgraffito paintings . In the 18th century, construction work was carried out in the baroque style. The city side of the castle was given a small porch and a covered staircase that led to the first floor. The castle was repaired after being damaged in the Thirty Years' War and the First Silesian War . After it was passed to Wilhelm von Humboldt, the interior was rebuilt. After the dam was built, it was sold by his family, as large parts of the associated goods were flooded. The city established the castle for tourist purposes until 1935, which it still serves today.
In the palace park there are also two baroque pleasure palaces built by Michael Klein for the Wroclaw bishops. The first is a hunting lodge from 1703–1704, the second dates from 1706–1707 and today houses the city administration.
Parish church (formerly collegiate church)
The Gothic church consecrated to Saints Nicholas and Francis Xavier was first mentioned in 1235. From 1386 until the Ottmachauer Stift was relocated to Neisse in 1477, it served as a collegiate church . Because of the damage suffered during the Hussite Wars , it was demolished. The reconstruction only took place from 1691 to 1694 as a donation by Prince-Bishop Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg . It was inaugurated on September 6, 1694 by the auxiliary bishop Johann Brunetti from Breslau . The design was provided by the Neiss master builder Johann Peter Tobler ( Dobler ), who came from Vienna and built a two- tower basilical baroque church.
Important baroque artists were involved in the interior decoration. The high altar was created by the plasterer Johann Weinmann from Ellwang , the altar painting «St. Nikolaus blesses the shipwrecked »comes from Michael Willmann . Another Willmann painting "Beheading of Johannes Baptist" adorns one of the side altars. Karl Dankwart created the ceiling paintings until 1694, the Ottmachau sculptor Johann Joseph Weiß († 1707) several carvings.
town hall
Otmuchów Town Hall is one of the most beautiful Renaissance town halls in Silesia. It stands in the middle of the ring in front of a block and goes back to a building from the 14th century. After the destruction by the Hussites, Bishop Jakob von Salza financed the reconstruction in 1537. In 1575 the town hall was equipped with a large sundial on which the coat of arms of Bishop Martin von Gerstmann was attached. The tower with the beautiful Renaissance dome was added in 1604. On this tower and on other parts of the building, sgraffito paintings from the time it was built were uncovered in 1933 , which have been carefully restored. The three-story building has a hipped roof and was renovated after 1741, after a fire in 1667 and several times in the 20th century. Nearby is a Marian column by Anton Jörg from 1734.
More Attractions
- Baroque town houses on the Ring
- Marian column on the Ring - erected around 1735
- Lower Castle - built in 1707 below the castle, today town hall
- Remains of the medieval city wall from the second half of the 14th century
- Neiss gate tower with an attic in the Renaissance style from 1556
- Chapel of the Holy Cross at Krakowska Street - built in 1751.
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
- Franz Köckritz , called Faber (1497–1565), council clerk in Breslau, Latin poet and historiographer
- Innozenz Fritsch OCist (1655–1734), from 1727 to 1734 abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Grassau
- Oskar von Nachtigal (1828–1890), Prussian officer
- Maximilian von Mützschefahl (1844–1915), Prussian lieutenant general
- Hans Paul von Humboldt-Dachroeden (1857–1940), diplomat
- Elke Fröhlich (* 1944), historian
Personalities who have worked on site
- Preczlaw von Pogarell (1299–1376), Prince-Bishop of Breslau and Court Chancellor of Emperor Charles IV, died in Ottmachau
- Wenzel II (Liegnitz) (1348–1419), duke and prince-bishop, died in Ottmachau
- Konrad von Oels (1384–1447), Duke and Prince-Bishop, was ordained bishop in Ottmachau in 1418
- Peter II. Nowag († 1456), Prince-Bishop of Breslau, died in Ottmachau
- Adam Weisskopf (1533–1605), titular bishop of Nicopolis and auxiliary bishop of Breslau, temporarily captain of Ottmachau
- Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg (1664–1732), Prince-Bishop, Elector and Supreme Governor, builder of the Lower Castle in Ottmachau
- Caesar Klose (1813–1879), judge and parliamentarian, district judge in Ottmachau
- Aurel Meinhold (1829–1873), priest and writer, temporarily chaplain in Ottmachau
- Zbigniew Żbikowski (* 1952), journalist and writer, physics teacher in Otmuchów
Otmuchów Commune
Otmuchów has city rights and is the capital of an urban-and-rural municipality in which around 15,000 people live.
Partnerships
On 11 December 1993, a partnership agreement with was German Verbandsgemeinde Bernkastel-Kues signed, there is also the Polish community Czarne in Pomorskie a partnership.
literature
- Felix Triest : Topographical Handbook of Upper Silesia , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, pp. 1205-1214 .
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 387-391.
- Josef von Golitschek: Silesia - land of castles. 286 locks in 408 master photos. Volume 2: Moschen to Zyrowa . Orbis, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-09275-2 (information and historical photos of the bishop's palace in Otmuchów)
- Lech Szaraniec: Zabytkowe ośrodki miejskie; Górny Śląsk i Małopolska . Muzeum Śląskie, Katowice 1996, ISBN 83-85039-52-X (Polish book about historical city facilities in Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland, including Otmuchów)
Web links
- Ottmachau . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 12, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 562.
- Community website
- Information page about Otmuchów (German, Polish)
- Homepage of the local castle (German, Polish)
- City view in the travel album of Count Palatine Ottheinrich 1536/37
Individual evidence
- ↑ Graport o stanie Gminy Otmuchów za 2018 rok , accessed on February 25, 2020
- ↑ Hazel Rosenstrauch: Elective and equal. Caroline and Wilhelm von Humboldt . Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main 2009, p. 289 .
- ↑ a b c Ottmachau . In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition. Volume 15, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1908, p. 254 .
- ^ LG Berlin, January 28, 1960 . In: Justice and Nazi crimes . Collection of German criminal judgments for Nazi homicidal crimes 1945–1966, Vol. XVI, edited by Irene Sagel-Grande, HH Fuchs, CF Rüter . Amsterdam: University Press, 1976, No. 489, pp. 291–337 Subject matter of the proceedings: Poisoning and shooting of 26 mentally weak patients during the evacuation of the St. Joseph 's Hospital in Ottmachau, shortly before the Soviet troops marched in ( Memento from February 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ See http://motorynek.pl/?a=info&p=&i=222
- ↑ a b c Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi : Earth Description of the Prussian Monarchy , Volume 3, Part 1, Hemmerde and Schwetschke, Halle 1792, pp. 151–152 .
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 344–351, item 519 .
- ↑ Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 3: Kr – O , Halle 1822, p. 332, item 1120 .
- ^ Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 1208 .
- ↑ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration. Melcher, Breslau 1830, p. 989 .
- ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, p. 893 .
- ^ Kraatz: Topographical-statistical manual of the Prussian state . Berlin 1856, p. 449 .
- ^ Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 1215 .
- ↑ a b Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 1178, paragraph 46 .
- ^ A b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Silesia and their population. Based on the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 406–407, item 2 .
- ^ Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State. 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 185–186, item 16.
- ↑ gemeindeververzeichnis.de
- ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. grottkau.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ^ Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland. Silesia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich et al. 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 720f.
- ^ Town twinning: Partnership with Otmuchów / Poland , on bernkastel-kues.de, accessed on November 23, 2019
Nieradowice (Nitterwitz) | Sarnowice (Sarlowitz) | Śliwice (Schleibitz) | Wójcice (Woitz)
Broniszowice (Brünschwitz) | Buków (building corner ) | Goraszowice (Graschwitz) | Grądy (Perschkenstein) | Janowa (Johnsdorf) | Jarnołtów (Dürr Arnsdorf) | Jasienica Górna (Ober Hermsdorf) | Jodłów (Tannenberg) | Kałków (Kalkau) | Kijów (Kaindorf) | Kwiatków (Blumenthal) | Lasowice (Laßwitz) | Ligota Wielka (Ellguth) | Lubiatów (Lobedau) | Łąka (Wiesau) | Maciejowice (Matzwitz) | Malerzowice Małe (Klein Mahlendorf) | Meszno (cunt) | Nadziejów (Naasdorf) | Otmuchów (Ottmachau) | Piotrowice Nyskie (Peterwitz) | Ratnowice (Rathmannsdorf) | Rysiowice ( travel joke ) | Siedlec (Zedlitz) | Suszkowice (Tschauschwitz) | Starowice (Starrwitz) | Ulanowice (Ullersdorf) | Wierzbno (Würben) | Zwanowice (Schwandorf)
Hamlet: Bednary (Bittendorf) | Kamienna Góra (Stone Mountain) | Krakówkowice (Krackwitz) | Laskowice (Laskowitz) | Pasieki (Weidich) | Zwierzyniec (Thiergarten)