Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen
Therese Charlotte Luise Friederike Amalie von Sachsen-Hildburghausen (also Therese von Bayern ; * July 8, 1792 in Seidingstadt , † October 26, 1854 in Munich ) was a princess of Saxony-Hildburghausen and through her marriage to Ludwig I since 1825 queen of Bavaria .
Therese, who grew up Protestant in the "generous, European-oriented society of the old empire", married the Bavarian Crown Prince Ludwig, almost the wife of Napoleon, in 1810. Despite the reprisals against the Protestant Church during the ultramontanism in her new home, she remained true to her denomination until the end of her life.
On the occasion of their wedding, the Oktoberfest is celebrated on the Theresienwiese to this day . The politically clever Therese was an important advisor to her husband and also to her favorite son Otto, King of Greece . Idealized to be an exemplary, docile wife and good mother, as well as a virtuous queen who devoted herself to welfare, Therese was extremely popular with the Bavarian population.
Origin and family
Therese comes from the house of the dukes of Saxony-Hildburghausen , an Ernestine branch of the Wettins . They had chosen Hildburghausen as their residence in 1680 and ran the country down financially over the next four generations to such an extent that an imperial debit commission had to be formed in 1769 to examine the claims of creditors and regulate income and expenditure. When she finished her work in 1806, when Theresa was fourteen, the situation was still not completely in order.
Therese was the sixth child of Duke Friedrich von Sachsen-Hildburghausen (1763-1834) and his wife Princess Charlotte (1769-1818), daughter of Duke Karl II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . Via her mother she was a niece of the queens Luise of Prussia and Friederike of Hanover . The future kings of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV. And Wilhelm I , King George V of Hanover and Tsarina Alexandra Fjodorovna were cousins of the princess.
Life
Childhood and adolescence
Therese was born in the summer residence of the ducal court - the now defunct Landséjour hunting lodge in Seidingstadt near Hildburghausen. At baptism on July 13, 1792 by the court preacher Andreas Genßler the princess was named the Empress Maria Theresa , as the court was close to at that time the Austrian imperial family, which is probably the work of the Prince Joseph Friedrich von Sachsen-Hildburghausen probably due who had been a close friend of the Empress and mentor of Therese's father. The princess's godparents were the Duchess of York , Countess Louise Henriette of Hessen-Darmstadt , Hereditary Prince Ludwig of Baden , "Prince Frederique" and the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg .
The princess grew up with her siblings Charlotte , Joseph , Luise , Georg , Friedrich and Eduard in the castle of Hildburghausen . Her parents' marriage was considered unhappy. When Therese's great-grandmother Princess George was in Hildburghausen in 1792, she remarked about Duke Friedrich: “[...] who of his duties only pursues marital duties with zeal. Charlotte, who never loved this man, is always pregnant. ”Charlotte was pregnant with Therese at that time.
The reduced civil list of the imperial administration of Duke Friedrich meant for Therese and her siblings a childhood full of privation. There was seldom meat, there was a lack of soap in the court wash house and a court ball had to be prematurely ended because the burned out candles could not be replaced. When Therese's aunt Luise and her husband, King Friedrich Wilhelm III. von Prussia, who visited Hildburghausen for the first time in 1803, was granted a sum of money by the administrators in order to mend paths and to renew the "furniture" in the castle rooms.
Therese's mother, the art-loving and intelligent Duchess Charlotte, however, knew how to promote the intellectual life of the residence. She relaxed the etiquette regulations and brought musicians, painters and poets to court, including the writer Jean Paul , to whom she conferred the title of Legation Councilor in 1799 and who became engaged to one of her ladies-in-waiting. Hildburghausen was also known as "Little Weimar" in Charlotte's time. Friedrich Rückert was one of the poets who had responded to the Duchess' call to Hildburghausen , to whom Therese and her sisters Charlotte and Luise dedicated his poem With Three Moosrosen , which begins with the following lines:
- Drey sister flowers, a cradle of children,
- Coming from a mother's womb moss,
- I bring, chosen wreath winder,
- Drey-eyed, scented roses,
- As pictures of those Dreye who are no less
- Blooming together in sisterly looses,
- Show too much honor to the roses themselves,
- When they let themselves be called their peers.
Therese was raised in the Evangelical-Lutheran faith mainly by Johanna Nonne (1760-1837) and the court preacher Heinrich Kühner (1772-1827). The princess spent her teenage years in a cultivated and liberal home, which, despite the difficulties of the parental marriage, was characterized by a loving family life with close siblings. She was trained in German classical literature and the French language. She received painting lessons from the court painter Carl August Keßler, and the piano was taught by Johann Peter Heuschkel , who also gave lessons to Carl Maria von Weber .
Marriage candidate
Originally intended by her family to be the wife of her uncle Georg , Therese was on the list of princesses that Napoleon had put together in 1809 in order to marry into an old European princely house as a self-appointed emperor.
But Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria had decided more quickly for Therese. On the one hand, the prince feared, like his sister Auguste , that Napoleon would force a marriage: “I absolutely have to get married. Once that has happened, such attacks on my freedom can no longer be made from Paris. ”On the other hand, his father Maximilian I advised the Saxon princess from Hildburghausen:“ [...] a princess from Hildburghausen [...] be nice, friendly and kind and could make an excellent woman. Of course, she will not be able to bring a lot of money and goods into the marriage, but the small size of the country that has been forced into the Rhine Confederation makes the marriage politically harmless. "
From December 21 to 24, 1809, Ludwig visited the ducal residence in Hildburghausen. At that time his parents accepted an invitation from Napoleon to Paris. The Crown Prince believed that they were negotiating with the Emperor to marry a French princess. When choosing between the princesses Therese and Luise, he decided on Therese, although her sister is said to have been the prettier of the two. In January 1810, Ludwig's father gave his consent to the election of his son from Paris and let it be known that Napoleon himself had decided to marry Princess Therese: “In the public there was talk for eight days that the emperor would marry your future wife. Imagine my fear, including how he himself began to talk to me about it at a ball near Savari . "
On February 12, 1810, the engagement took place in Hildburghausen, while Ludwig's parents were still in Paris. At the engagement ball at the latest, as can be seen from the lively correspondence between the bride and groom, the easily flammable Ludwig seemed to have completely fallen in love with Therese. The quick marriage he wanted was delayed, however, as a detailed marriage contract still had to be negotiated, which was mainly due to the different denominations of the engaged couple and Therese's unwillingness to change faith.
The Bavarian ambassador, Baron Karl Ludwig von Keßling, appeared in Hildburghausen for the solemn recruitment of the bride. On June 23, 1810, the official advertisement at court took place and Therese received a portrait of the groom set with diamonds as a present from the bride. The princess left for Munich with her parents and sister on October 6th. Therese was given a festive farewell in Hildburghausen. Friedrich Rückert wrote the wedding and farewell poem To a princely bride on this occasion . On the occasion of this solemn farewell, the Theresienfest has been celebrated annually in Hildburghausen since the beginning of the nineties, which has since developed into the largest festival in southern Thuringia.
The journey went via Bamberg , where the reception by Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria took place, to Regensburg , where the family was greeted with the thunder of cannons and where Therese's aunt Therese Mathilde Princess of Thurn und Taxis stayed in St. Emmeram . Therese's father Friedrich was awarded the Order of Hubertus here and Therese was introduced to her future court master, Count Fabrizio Evaristo Pocci (1766–1844), who had to hand over a wistful letter from Ludwig.
Wedding, Theresienwiese and Oktoberfest
On the morning of October 12, 1810, the royal family celebrated King Maximilian I's name-day celebration in St. Michael's Church . In the evening Ludwig and Therese, who was plagued by severe toothache at the time, were married in the court chapel of the Residenz in Munich . The wedding was the first princely wedding in Munich since 1722. The only four-year-old Kingdom of Bavaria had the opportunity to present itself splendidly over the course of the five-day, elaborate wedding celebration.
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The celebrations began on October 13th on Max-Joseph-Platz. The city was illuminated, folk festival, opera with free admission, musical academy, drama and ball followed.
In the area in front of Sendlinger Tor, “on the side of the road that leads to Italy”, a large horse race of the National Guard Cavalry took place on the occasion of the wedding on October 17th. Therese had already had a dress made in the Bavarian national colors in Hildburghausen for the occasion, and the couple was welcomed in their traditional costumes by nine peasant couples from the new administrative districts of the Bavarian kingdom. The area was named "Theresenwiese" in honor of the Crown Princess. The festivities were repeated a year later, and the annual Oktoberfest has been taking place on today's Theresienwiese ever since .
Ludwig's initial euphoria for his wife was, however, fairly gone by the time of the wedding. Already after the ball that followed the horse race, Therese said goodbye to the Residenz early due to malaise and Ludwig returned without her. In his diary he wrote: "[...] I did it to show my freedom and so that my wife would not think that I had to stay away because she did it." He wrote to his sister Charlotte : "[...] but I married dispassionately, it may be more beneficial for the future. "
The state of Saxony-Hildburghausen had to bear a heavy burden with the costs for the wedding and the bride's trousseau. A year later the wedding wasn't fully paid for. Therese's father, Duke Friedrich, noted on June 26, 1811 that he was unable to pay for the wedding from the current budget.
Bavarian Crown Princess
After the Crown Prince was appointed Governor General of the Inn and Salzach districts, the couple resided in Innsbruck and at Mirabell Palace in Salzburg . Therese preferred Salzburg, where her son Otto was born. On the anniversary of the Battle of Nations in 1814, she organized a feeding of the poor and became the patroness of the “Salzburg Women's Association”. After the district fell to Austria in 1816, Ludwig and Therese moved into residence in Würzburg , where Therese joined the Protestant community of St. Stephan . At times they also lived at Johannisburg Castle in Aschaffenburg . The couple spent the summer in Bad Brückenau . The Crown Prince couple, who were considered attractive, often attended public appointments together.
During her time as Crown Princess Therese gave birth to seven of her nine children, including the Hereditary Prince Max Joseph , who was born in Munich at the express request of her father-in-law.
Therese traveled to her hometown in 1813 and 1815. In 1815 she visited with her mother Baron Christian Truchseß von Wetzhausen auf Bettenburg (1755-1826), a close friend of the ducal family in Hildburghausen and godfather of Prince Eduard. At the reception of the guests, Truchseß, to the consternation of the Bavarian entourage, wanted to lead the lower-ranking mother Charlotte first to the castle, who refused with reference to her daughter. The Truchseß replied: "Your Highness will graciously forgive, as long as the castle is here, the mother always had priority over the daughter." Therese cleverly saved the situation by taking the baron's other arm and the three of them through Castle gate went.
Also in 1815, Ludwig and his parents attended the Congress of Vienna . Therese, heavily pregnant with Otto, stayed in Salzburg. Without any political task, the Crown Prince indulged in any pleasures and jumped from flower to flower in his dealings with women in Vienna.
Therese and her husband attended the laying of the foundation stone of the constitutional column in Gaibach in 1821, together with 30,000 spectators . The event was recorded in a painting by the later court painter Peter von Hess .
Queen of Bavaria
King Maximilian I Joseph died on October 13, 1825. Thus Ludwig and Therese became King and Queen of Bavaria. There have been no royal coronations in Bavaria since Ludwig's accession to the throne, although there is a painting by Joseph Karl Stieler that shows Therese, the only Bavarian queen, in her coronation regalia. She wears the crown of the Bavarian Queen on it . The diadem in front comes from the workshop of the jeweler Nitot, who also made the imperial crown of Napoleon I and the insignia of Joséphine de Beauharnais ; the regalia is also based on that of the French empress.
When the royal couple traveled through the Rhine Palatinate in 1829 , Therese stepped into the public eye. The Queen also traveled a lot privately, including several times to Hildburghausen and Altenburg , the new residence of her father and later of her successively reigning brothers Joseph and Georg.
In 1827, Therese founded the Theresa Order, the most distinguished order of women in Bavaria, which set itself the goal of caring for the poor. The queen, who had always devoted herself to welfare and whose expenditure lists often include expenses for the poor, widows, orphans and hospitals, was the protector of numerous social associations and societies. Her involvement in the “Women's Association for Small Childcare Institutions” was important. She had a friendly relationship with one of the founders, Auguste Escherich, a simple woman from the people. She had to obtain the king's permission to deal with her. During a visit to Auguste Escherich's household, the queen confessed that she had never seen a kitchen and had to be instructed in the use of pots and pans.
It reports on the queen's sympathy for Kaspar Hauser's fate . The encounter with Hauser that she wanted came about in August 1833 during the eighth Royal Bavarian National Festival in Nuremberg. The meeting with the royal couple on the Schmausenbuck was planned , in fact it already took place on the occasion of a "rural breakfast" in the picture gallery of the St. Moritz chapel. There Kaspar Hauser is said to have wished Therese “it should be made known that nothing would happen to whoever held him prisoner”, because “this is the only way to protect his life from assassins”. A statement that she only entrusted to his “special curator”, the gendarmerie officer Josef Hickel, at an audience on January 4, 1834, after Hauser's death. Shortly before, Ludwig I noted in a diary entry: “I heard from Therese that our future son-in-law had said himself (unfortunately only yesterday) when he saw Kaspar Hauser with us at Schmausenbuck near Nuremberg on August 27th that he had the same resemblance to him Augen [ Grand Duke Karl von Baden ] and a cousin of Baden [ Marie Amalie von Baden ] noticed that he had changed the color ”. The alleged murder of Kaspar Hauser had rekindled the rumor that had been circulating in Munich for some time that he was in truth an Hereditary Prince of Baden.
On March 19, 1848, Ludwig I abdicated in favor of his son Maximilian as part of the Lola Montez affair. Prince Luitpold wrote to his brother Otto in Greece: "[...] that our beloved mother proved herself like an angel in this difficult time, I don't need to write to you!"
The unveiling of the Bavaria on Theresienwiese in 1850, on the 40th anniversary of the Oktoberfest, was a celebration of homage for the former royal couple. The royal couple were already present when the head was cast six years earlier. Ferdinand von Miller had thirty workers hidden in his head who, after cheering the king, stepped out one after the other, causing the king to exclaim “Theres! Another! ”Prompted.
Politics and diplomacy
The king valued Therese's political understanding. She showed interest in affairs of state and was considered to be a politically extremely clever companion of Ludwig. Whenever the king was far from Munich, she informed him about what was going on at court and in the country. In March 1830, she added comparative newspaper articles from the French Journal des Débats and German newspapers and drew his attention to the looming July Revolution in France . She took the view that the king, in the interests of his subjects, should "know" everything that was going on in the country. She also informed her son Otto in Greece about political events at home.
When her son Otto was elected King of Greece in 1832, Therese urged her husband to also listen to his opinion on the subject. She also warned Ludwig about Friedrich Thiersch , whom she considered too liberal, and Karl Wilhelm von Heydeck , whom she considered too unpopular in Greece.
In 1838 there was upset with the Russian Tsar Nicholas I , who wanted his daughter Olga to be married to the Bavarian heir to the throne Maximilian. Therese, who found emotional access to her eldest son late, declined the connection after initial enthusiasm for this marriage project, as did Ludwig I and Maximilian himself, who felt nothing for Olga after meeting in Berlin. In 1844 the tsar planned a cure in Bad Kissingen and wanted "no broadcasts" from the Bavarian court. The absent Ludwig instructed his wife to first draw up at least one "letter of compliments" signed by her for Nicholas, but rejected this plan again. Therese consulted with Ministers Gise and Abel on this matter .
The Wittelsbachers' secret house archive still contains a large number of letters from the Queen to Ludwig I, whose political content has not yet been evaluated.
Married life
Therese was the sensitive and devoted wife of an extremely difficult man who found it difficult to be faithful in marriage. She also suffered from the greed of her husband, who publicly appeared as a great patron and princely spoiled his mistresses. On her birthday in 1847, Lola Montez received from the king, among other gifts, a cash amount of 40,000 guilders. The queen only received an annual “pin money” of 12,000 guilders.
Every piece of clothing that the queen wanted to purchase had to be requested from the king beforehand. For the family's upcoming trips and spa stays, Ludwig asked for a cost estimate with a repayment agreement, and if the queen borrowed money from the cabinet, she had to sign a promissory note. She confided to her friend Auguste Escherich that her financial resources only last until the tenth of the month.
She tolerated many escapades of her husband, who had an extremely active erotic temperament. Since Ludwig's love life was largely played out in public, Therese's behavior earned her admiration among the population and also at foreign courts. When the king invited his Italian lover Marianna Marquesa Florenzi to the Bavarian court in 1831 , she demonstratively left Munich and traveled to Hildburghausen. Later she seemed to have made her peace with Marianna Florenzi, the Marquesa even had Ludwig bring Therese a drug for her eye disease, which she also used.
The affair with Lola Montez, which began in 1846, however, “went into political waters and gained historical significance”. The otherwise tolerant Therese reacted tense to the relationship with the "Spaniard" and embarrassed diplomats by staying away from her husband in the theater and at the table, clearly visible to the public. She strictly refused to be awarded the Order of Theresa to the mistress. The king was annoyed by the queen's “coldness and speechlessness”, which also included the new ministers. Friedrich Wilhelm IV. Of Prussia and his wife Elisabeth , Ludwig's half-sister, who found his behavior "terrible", refrained from a planned trip to Bavaria in order not to have to meet the king.
In the context of the subsequent escalation of events and after the expulsion of the Montez on February 11, 1848, Therese was again loyal to Ludwig. After he had signed the “March Proclamation” and received the cheers of the people, he said to his wife standing next to him: “You scream and humiliate me.”
In spite of everything, Ludwig was also an attentive husband and a warm-hearted family man who undoubtedly loved his wife and was well aware of what he had in his wife. In 1841 he wrote: “There is no better mother, like no better woman; Their love and their conscientiousness are unsurpassed. If I had to choose, I would know what position it would always be in, no one else I would choose but her. "
Otto, the favorite son
Otto , the third child of Theresa and Ludwig, was very similar to his mother. His father later discovered that he was more like the Altenburgers than the Wittelsbachers .
On May 7, 1832, Ludwig I accepted the offered Greek royal crown for his 17-year-old son. On December 6th, Otto traveled to Greece. The family accompanied the prince to what would later become Ottobrunn , only Therese and Otto continued to Aibling . At the point where Therese had to part painfully with Otto, the Theresienmonument was later built. Therese's brother Eduard moved with Otto at the head of the 3,500-strong military contingent to Greece and became governor of Nauplia .
After the Queen received news that Otto had been happily welcomed by his new subjects, she organized a feeding of the poor on May 28 in Munich. Until her death, Therese exchanged hundreds of letters with Otto. In her first letter, Therese recommended a Russian major in Otto's service, who, despite his Greek descent, was turned down for his military service. Therese was amazed: "To serve you and the country of his fathers seems to be the goal of all his wishes." Annoyed by the slow mail traffic, she recommended Otto to give his letters to Bavarian merchants on his way home.
In 1835 Ludwig traveled to Greece to visit Otto. His wife was not allowed to accompany him due to alleged health problems. It is more likely that Ludwig took a route through Italy to visit his lover in Perugia . Therese was in tears over this decision. The Queen never visited Greece.
In 1836 Otto visited his Bavarian homeland and spent a lot of time alone with his mother, since his father was in Bad Brückenau at the time . Mother and son drove to Franzensbad . Therese had arranged a meeting there between Otto and the evangelical Amalie , a daughter of Grand Duke Paul Friedrich August von Oldenburg, who she believed would suit her son's character well. In fact, Amalie was a "stroke of luck" for Otto. Therese also had extensive correspondence with her future daughter-in-law and temporary Greek regent.
Therese did not live to see Otto's failure in Greece. He was dethroned in 1862, eight years after the queen's death.
religion
Therese grew up in a family that lived deeply from the Protestant faith. Her mother Charlotte and the court preacher Heinrich Kühner, with whom she later took communion as queen during her visits to Hildburghausen, had a great influence on the princess. These impressions of her childhood made a major contribution to the fact that Therese remained Protestant in a Catholic environment throughout her life.
The marriage contract between Ludwig and Therese was worked out by the Minister Count Montgelas . The main problem was the diversity of the denominations of the future spouses. In this contract it was stipulated that Therese could continue to practice her faith. The possibility of their free religious practice should be guaranteed by the Bavarian king and a Protestant chapel with its own cabinet preacher should be set up. The children of the marriage of both sexes were to grow up in the Catholic faith and Therese was allowed to employ Protestant Christians in her court.
Nevertheless, Ludwig's side tried to persuade his wife to change her faith. In the summer of 1821 the Crown Princess fell so seriously ill in Bad Brückenau that she demanded the sacraments. Ludwig ordered the clergyman Prince Alexander zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (1794–1849), who is said to have already removed Ludwig's hearing loss as part of a miracle healing , in order to pray for Therese, who was already recovering. The subsequent recovery of the Crown Princess led Ludwig back to the work of the Catholic prince and tried urgently to persuade his wife to convert . But Therese, otherwise always loyal to her husband, resisted this wish until her death.
During the reign of Ludwig, with the support of the king, ultramontanism , whose fight against liberalism was also directed against the evangelical church, became more and more dominant. Despite the tolerance towards the first two Bavarian Protestant queens, Protestantism in Bavaria was harassed. Ludwig only gave up his indifference and harshness towards the Protestant Church after the funeral of his stepmother Karoline in 1841 was so undignified that he intervened personally after protests. By order of Archbishop Lothar Anselm von Gebsattel , the entire Catholic clergy of the collegiate monastery had appeared in secular clothing. After the consecration, all the evangelical clergy had to retreat, not a single candle burned inside the church, and the coffin was placed in the crypt without the usual songs of the dead and without prayer.
Therese had a very close relationship with this Queen Caroline, and both princesses were in close correspondence and personal contact until Caroline’s death. They went to church together and took sacrament together. The queens played an active part in the creation of the Matthäuskirche , the first Evangelical Lutheran parish church in Munich, which was built between 1827 and 1833 (this first building was demolished in 1938 at the instigation of the National Socialists). For this commitment, Therese was finally refused to be buried in Scheyern Monastery by Pope Pius VII .
After moving into the Villa Ludwigshöhe in 1852, Ludwig and Therese spent a few weeks there every other summer. While the king was going to mass in Edenkoben , Therese went to the church service in the Protestant church in Rhodt unter Rietburg , where she founded a kindergarten. Her armchair with the crowned letter "T" in the queen's box of the baroque St. George's Church can still be seen there today and was restored in 2003 with the help of donations. The street that the Queen used to drive to the church was planted with chestnut trees and renamed Theresienstraße.
death
Therese died as a victim of cholera on October 26, 1854 , after taking part in a thanksgiving service in Munich for the end of an epidemic in which 9,000 victims were mourned. King Ludwig wrote to his son Otto on November 4th: “Dear Otto, you have lost the best mother, I have lost the best wife! […] Within twelve hours still without danger to life and dead! […] Her death was as gentle as your mother's life, she slumbered painlessly […] after 44 years of marriage, in which she became dearer and dearer to me, because of her excellence. ”In her 26-page will, Therese Ludwig, who had her survived by fourteen years with loving words. On the first anniversary of her death, Ludwig wrote the sonnet To my transfigured Therese . He wrote to his daughter-in-law Amalie: "I have lost the throne [...] parents and siblings, but what are all that compared to the loss of my partner !!"
First Therese was buried in the princely crypt of the Theatine Church. Ludwig did not attend the funeral of his evangelical wife; Archbishop Karl August von Reisach refused to hold the funeral ceremonies. The way in which the Catholic Church dealt with the burial of an evangelical queen already ended in a scandal with Queen Caroline , to which Ludwig probably did not want to expose himself again. Duke Ernst von Sachsen-Altenburg was the only federal prince to appear to bid farewell to his aunt.
In 1857 Therese's coffin was buried in the Abbey of St. Boniface , which Ludwig had designated as the burial place of the royal family in 1856. The foundation stone of the abbey was laid in 1835 on the occasion of Ludwig and Therese's silver wedding anniversary. The heart of the evangelical queen was not brought to the chapel of grace in Altötting ; it was also buried in an urn in St. Boniface. Therese's zinc coffin was also transferred to a separate crypt under her husband's sarcophagus.
In 2002, Therese was reburied from her coffin next to her husband in a marble sarcophagus and underwent late rehabilitation. The Protestant regional bishop Johannes Friedrich and former abbot Odilo Lechner blessed the grave on November 11, 2002 in the presence of members of the Wittelsbach family, including Franz Duke of Bavaria .
progeny
The marriage with Ludwig had nine children:
- Maximilian II. (1811–1864) ⚭ 1842 Princess Marie Friederike of Prussia (1825–1889);
- Mathilde Karoline of Bavaria (1813–1862) ⚭ 1833 Grand Duke Ludwig III. of Hesse and the Rhine (1806–1877);
- Otto I. (1815–1867) ⚭ 1836 Duchess Amalie von Oldenburg (1818–1875);
- Theodolinde Charlotte Luise (1816-1817);
- Luitpold , Prince Regent of Bavaria (1821–1912) ⚭ 1844 Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria- Tuscany (1825–1864);
- Adelgunde Auguste Charlotte (1823–1914) ⚭ 1842 Archduke Franz V of Austria-Modena (1819–1875);
- Hildegard Louise Charlotte (1825–1864) ⚭ 1844 Archduke Albrecht of Austria (1817–1895);
- Alexandra Amalie (1826–1875), chief director and abbess of the royal dynasty of St. Anne in Munich and Würzburg, writer;
- Adalbert Wilhelm (1828–1875) ⚭ 1856 Infanta Amalia Felipe Pilar of Spain (1834–1905).
ancestors
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Duke Friedrich von Sachsen-Hildburghausen |
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Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen, Queen of Bavaria (1792-1854) |
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Reception and afterlife
Numerous streets, squares, bridges, buildings, educational institutions are named after Therese, including the Theresienwiese and the Theresien-Gymnasium in Munich, the Theresienstein public park in Hof , the Theresienklause near Marktschellenberg and the Theresienthal glassworks . In the spa town of Bad Kissingen , she and her husband initiated the Theresienspital Foundation in 1839 . On the occasion of their marriage, the Oktoberfest is celebrated in Munich and, since 1991, the Theresienfest in Hildburghausen.
About seventy poems and a few sonnets by Ludwig I of Bavaria were dedicated to his wife. The poet Friedrich Rückert also dedicated poems to her. Therese has been portrayed several times, among the most famous paintings are those of the painter Joseph Karl Stieler and Julie Countess von Egloffstein . The Stieler painting became widespread and very popular through an engraving and a lithograph. In the center, Therese can also be seen in the painting Laying the Foundation Stone of the Gaibach Constitutional Column (1822/1823) by the painter Peter von Hess .
As part of the Kingdom of Bavaria series, Anita Eichholz produced the film Queen Therese for Bayerischer Rundfunk in 2006 . In this article, in addition to her "not so unhappy marriage", the social work, the skilled diplomacy and the great popularity of the queen are emphasized.
literature
- Adalbert Prince of Bavaria : Max I. Joseph of Bavaria. Count Palatine, Elector and King. Bruckmann, Munich 1957.
- Manfred Berger : Therese Charlotte Luise Friederike Amalie. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 23, Bautz, Nordhausen 2004, ISBN 3-88309-155-3 , Sp. 1485-1491.
- Norbert Klaus Fuchs : The Heldburger Land - a historical travel guide. Rockstuhl Publishing House, Bad Langensalza 2013, ISBN 978-3-86777-349-2 .
- Egon Caesar Conte Corti: Ludwig I of Bavaria. 7th newly illustrated, shortened edition. Bruckmann, Munich 1979.
- Heinz Gollwitzer : Ludwig I of Bavaria. Kingship in March. A political biography. Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-7991-6287-9 .
- Elfi M. Haller: Ludwig I and Princess Therese of Saxony-Hildburghausen. Portrait of a royal marriage. In: Parade to celebrate the jubilee marriage of King Ludwig and Queen Therese in Munich on October 4th, 1835. = Parade for the celebration of the jubilee marriage of Her Majesties King Ludwig and Queen Therese of Munich on October 4th, 1835. Bayerische Vereinsbank, Munich 1983, pp. 7-28.
- Rudolf Armin Human: Chronicle of the city of Hildburghausen. = Chronicle of the city, the diocese and the duchy of Hildburghausen. Kesselring, Hildburghausen 1886 (reprint, edited by Hans-Jürgen Salier . Verlag Frankenschwelle, Hildburghausen 1999, ISBN 3-86180-082-9 ).
- Georg Lohmeier: The ancestors of the House of Bavaria. The history of the Wittelsbacher (= Goldmann-Taschenbuch. Bavarica 26527). Goldmann, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-442-26527-4 .
- Golo Mann : Ludwig I of Bavaria (= Fischer 14491 monograph ). Edited and with a foreword by Hans-Martin Gauger . 3. Edition. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2002, ISBN 3-596-14491-4 .
- Ina Ulrike Paul: Therese Charlotte Luise, Queen of Bavaria. In: Karl Bosl (ed.): Bosls Bavarian biography. Supplementary volume. 1000 personalities from 15 centuries. Pustet, Regensburg 1988, ISBN 3-7917-1153-9 , p. 161 ( digitized version ).
- Carolin Philipps : Therese of Bavaria. A queen between love, duty and resistance. Piper, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-492-30444-3 .
- Hans Rall : Guide through the princely tombs with a list of all Wittelsbach burials and graves. Wittelsbach life pictures from Emperor Ludwig to the present day. Wittelsbach Compensation Fund, Munich 1979.
- Hans Rall, Marga Rall: The Wittelsbacher. From Otto I to Elisabeth I special edition. Tosa Verlag, Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-85001-485-1 .
- Martha Schad : Bavaria's queens (= Piper 4598). Reviewed paperback edition, new edition. Piper, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-492-24598-6 .
- Martha Schad: Bavaria's royal family. The Wittelsbach family history in pictures. Pustet, Regensburg 1994, ISBN 3-7917-1396-5 .
- Heinrich Ferdinand Schoeppl: The dukes of Saxony-Altenburg formerly of Hildburghausen. Tyrolia, Bozen 1917 (Unchanged reprint. Altenburger Verlag, Altenburg 1992 (= The ducal house of Saxony-Altenburg 1)).
- Gabriele Stadler: Queen Therese of Bavaria. Bayerischer Rundfunk, Munich 1994.
- Hanspeter Wulff-Woesten: Hildburghausen Highnesses - Connected to the people (1792–1992). Evangelical parish, Hildburghausen 1992.
Web links
Notes and individual references
- ^ Hans and Marga Rall: Die Wittelsbacher - From Otto I. to Elisabeth I. Tosa Verlag 1996
- ^ Rudolf Armin Human: Chronicle of the City of Hildburghausen Hildburghausen 1886, p. 193.
- ↑ Later owned by Theresa and her brother Eduard, demolished after a fire at the end of the 1970s
- ^ HP Wulff-Woesten: Hildburghauser Highnesses - connected to the people. Hildburghausen 1992, p. 20.
- ↑ Therese was related to the English royal family through Elisabeth Albertine von Sachsen-Hildburghausen
- ↑ Hofkirchenbuch der Kirchgemeinde Hildburghausen, no. V., Hildburghausen 1776–1795
- ↑ Destroyed by American fire in 1945
- ^ HP Wulff-Woesten: Hildburghauser Highnesses - connected to the people. Hildburghausen 1992, p. 22.
- ^ Rudolf Armin Human: Chronicle of the City of Hildburghausen Hildburghausen 1886, p. 247.
- ↑ Luise had already taken refuge with her sister in Hildburghausen from 1792 to 1793 while fleeing from French troops
- ↑ a b Rudolf Armin Human: Chronicle of the City of Hildburghausen Hildburghausen 1886, p. 238.
- ^ Gunther de Bruyn: The life of Jean Paul Friedrich Richter. Halle-Leipzig 1975, p. 210.
- ↑ Karoline von Feuchtersleben, daughter of the adjutant general of Duke Friedrich von Sachsen-Hildburghausen
- ↑ Hildburghausen on religio.de
- ↑ a b Rudolf Armin Human: Chronicle of the city of Hildburghausen. Hildburghausen 1886, p. 242.
- ^ Mother of Ludwig Nonne (1785–1854), head of the school system in the Duchy of Saxony-Meiningen and general superintendent
- ↑ Hans Rall: Guide through the princely tombs. Wittelsbach life pictures from Emperor Ludwig to the present day. Munich undated, p. 133.
- ↑ a b c Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 103.
- ↑ Bavaria, Adalbert von: Max I. Joseph von Bayern. Count Palatine, Elector and King. Munich 1957, p. 594.
- ↑ Hans and Marga Rall: The Wittelsbachers - From Otto I. to Elisabeth I. Tosa Verlag 1996, p. 326
- ↑ a b Hans and Marga Rall: Die Wittelsbacher - From Otto I to Elisabeth I. Tosa Verlag 1996, p. 327.
- ↑ a b Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 104.
- ↑ a b Heinrich Ferdinand Schöppl: The Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. Bozen 1917, reprint Altenburg 1992, p. 170.
- ^ Rudolf Armin Human: Chronicle of the City of Hildburghausen Hildburghausen 1886, p. 151.
- ↑ Theresienfest.de
- ↑ Schad incorrectly refers to her as godmother on p. 107
- ^ Father of Count Franz von Pocci
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 107 f.
- ↑ The beginnings of the Oktoberfest on oktoberfest.tv
- ↑ Some sources also give October 16
- ↑ The calendar sheet in Bayern2Radio on br-online.de ( Memento from September 25, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ History of the Oktoberfest on muenchen.de ( Memento from December 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b Manfred Berger: Therese Charlotte Louise Friederike Amalie. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 23, Bautz, Nordhausen 2004, ISBN 3-88309-155-3 , Sp. 1485-1491.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 110.
- ↑ a b H. P. Wulff-Woesten: Hildburghausen Highnesses - Linked to the People, Hildburghausen 1992, p. 33.
- ^ Friederike Zaisberger : History of Salzburg. Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-7028-0354-8 .
- ↑ The Grand Duchy of Würzburg fell to Bavaria in 1814
- ↑ Martin Elze: The Evangelical Lutheran Church. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 482-494 and 1305 f., Here: p. 486.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bayerns Königinnen Piper 2005, p. 116.
- ^ Rudolf Armin Human: Chronicle of the City of Hildburghausen Hildburghausen 1886, p. 240.
- ^ Rudolf Armin Human: Chronicle of the City of Hildburghausen Hildburghausen 1886, p. 205 f.
- ↑ EC, Conte Corti: Ludwig I of Bavaria. Munich 1979, p. 111.
- ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: Hilmar Spiegel and Kurt Scheuering on weinkulturland.de
- ↑ The coronation diadem on royal-magazin.de
- ↑ a b Hans and Marga Rall: Die Wittelsbacher - From Otto I. to Elisabeth I. Tosa Verlag 1996, p. 329.
- ↑ Order of Theresa . In: Heinrich August Pierer , Julius Löbe (Hrsg.): Universal Lexicon of the Present and the Past . 4th edition. tape 17 . Altenburg 1863, p. 494 ( zeno.org ).
- ^ Rudolf Armin Human: Chronicle of the City of Hildburghausen II Hildburghausen 1912, p. 312.
- ↑ Robert Weinzierl: An Idea Becomes Reality - Small Children's Preserve on fuerstenfeldbruck.de ( Memento from May 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 142.
- ^ Antonius van der Linde : Kaspar Hauser. A modern legend. First volume, Wiesbaden 1887, p. 297.
- ↑ Hermann Pies: The official files on Kaspar Hauser's wounding and death. Bonn 1928, p. 229.
- ^ Hermann Pies: Kaspar Hauser. Counterfeits, false reports and trend reports. Ansbach 1973, p. 308.
- ↑ Prince Adalbert of Bavaria: Queen Karoline of Bavaria and Kaspar Hauser. in: Der Onion Dome, Volume 6, Issue 6, 1951, p. 124.
- ↑ Reinhard Heydenreuter : King Ludwig I and the case of Kaspar Hauser, in: State and administration in Bavaria. Festschrift for Wilhelm Volkert on his 75th birthday, Munich 2003
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 160.
- ↑ Michael Diers, Andreas Beyer: Mo (nu) mente. Forms and functions of ephemeral monuments. Akademie Verlag 1993, p. 35.
- ^ Elfi M. Haller: Ludwig I and Princess Therese of Sachsen-Hildburghausen. Portrait of a royal marriage. In: Festival procession to celebrate the jubilee marriage of King Ludwig and Queen Therese in Munich on October 4, 1835. Munich 1983, p. 7.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 132 f.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 133 f.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 134.
- ↑ a b c Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 143.
- ^ H. Gollwitzer: Ludwig I of Bavaria. Kingship in March. A political biography. Munich 1986, p. 252.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 138.
- ↑ M. Spindler: Legacy and obligation. Essays and lectures on Bavarian history Munich 1966, p. 310.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 155.
- ↑ von Maurer and zu Rhein - "Ministry of Dawn"
- ↑ a b Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 157.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 159.
- ↑ G. Lohmeier: The ancestors of the House of Bavaria. The history of the Wittelsbach family. Munich 1980, p. 206.
- ↑ Therese's father had been Duke of Saxe-Altenburg since 1826
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 124 f.
- ↑ Hans and Marga Rall: The Wittelsbachers - From Otto I. to Elisabeth I. Tosa Verlag 1996, p. 402.
- ^ Georg Kaspar Nagler: New general artist lexicon Munich 1852, p. 272.
- ↑ Edward . In: Heinrich August Pierer , Julius Löbe (Hrsg.): Universal Lexicon of the Present and the Past . 4th edition. tape 5 . Altenburg 1858, p. 481-483 ( zeno.org ).
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 126.
- ↑ a b c Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 129.
- ^ HP Wulff-Woesten: Hildburghauser Highnesses - connected to the people. Hildburghausen 1992, p. 26.
- ^ HP Wulff-Woesten: Hildburghauser Highnesses - connected to the people. Hildburghausen 1992, p. 30.
- ^ Renunciations document, Thuringia. Main State Archive, Weimar, Altenburg Branch, Secret Ministry, Loc. 43 No. 4
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 115.
- ↑ Claus-Jürgen Röpke: The Protestants in Bavaria , p. 352.
- ↑ Claus-Jürgen Röpke: The Protestants in Bavaria , p. 356ff.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 94. f.
- ↑ The missed Klenze chance on sonntagsblatt-bayern.de ( Memento from February 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
- ↑ Heribert Hoven: To Therese thg.musin.de
- ↑ Stalls of the Queen's Box on rhodt-suew.de
- ↑ Ludwig I. on weyher-pfalz.de ( Memento from December 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ HP Wulff-Woesten: Hildburghauser Highnesses - connected to the people. Hildburghausen 1992, p. 41.
- ↑ Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 173.
- ↑ a b Martha Schad: Bavaria's queens. Piper 2005, p. 170.
- ↑ Hans and Marga Rall: The Wittelsbachers - From Otto I. to Elisabeth I. Tosa Verlag 1996, p. 331.
- ↑ St. Bonifaz on erzbistum-muenchen.de ( Memento from June 9, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ It was set up there on April 9, 1857 while Ludwig was still alive
- ↑ Odilo Lechner: Bavarian way of life between tradition and modernity , essay in: Maximilianeum , the online magazine of the Bavarian State Parliament, issue 1/2007, p. 15.
- ↑ Table of contents on programm.ard.de
| predecessor | Office | Successor |
|---|---|---|
| Caroline of Baden | Queen of Bavaria 1825–1848 |
Marie of Prussia |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Therese Charlotte Luise Friederike Amalie von Sachsen-Hildburghausen (full name); Therese of Bavaria |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Queen of Bavaria |
| DATE OF BIRTH | July 8, 1792 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Seidingstadt |
| DATE OF DEATH | October 26, 1854 |
| Place of death | Munich |