I. Vienna Mountain Spring Line
The first Viennese high spring pipeline , called Kaiser-Franz-Josef high spring pipeline in its time , is part of the Viennese water supply and was the first supply of safe drinking water to Vienna . After four years of construction, the 95-kilometer line was opened on October 24, 1873. Today it supplies around 62 million cubic meters per year (53 percent of the total amount of Viennese drinking water, as of 2007).
There are also water purchase agreements with several municipalities that are crossed by the aqueduct.
The high spring water is obtained from springs in the Rax and Schneeberg areas in southern Lower Austria and Styria .
Since 1910, the more northerly and longer II. Vienna Spring Pipeline has opened up an area to the west.
History and overview of the entire system
Reason for establishment
Originally, the city of Vienna was supplied with water from domestic wells. Since the quality of the groundwater was getting worse and worse due to the lack of a functioning sewer system and thus more and more often the trigger for diseases and epidemics, water pipes were increasingly built into the city from the west and south . The beneficiaries of these facilities were in most cases the imperial court, the nobility and monasteries. The broad mass of the Viennese population only had the opportunity to obtain better quality drinking water from a few outlet wells in the city, which was usually given to them free of charge.
The first aqueduct with a slightly larger area coverage was the Albertine aqueduct , built between 1803 and 1804 , which carried spring water from the Hütteldorf area to Vienna. However, it was not enough for the growing Vienna, and so from 1836 the Kaiser-Ferdinands-Wasserleitung was built, which went into operation in 1841 with bank filtrate and from 1854 also used artificially filtered water from the Danube Canal .
With the exception of Leopoldstadt and Landstrasse, this supplied the urban area of what was then Vienna with water, mainly through outlet wells. Its quality was initially acceptable, but quickly deteriorated due to the dwindling filter effect, and so their water also became a health risk. Despite all the efforts of the city administration, the performance of this waterworks soon lagged behind the demand.
There were various projects to solve the Viennese drinking water crisis: In 1856, Lieutenant Colonel Scholl proposed that the Pitten and Schwarza should be dammed up shortly before they were united, that the water should be filtered and piped to Vienna. Another project from 1858 envisaged a waterworks similar to that of the Kaiser-Ferdinand-Wasserleitung in Brigittenau . War Commissioner General Streffleur, in turn, presented a project to channel water from the Warmen Fischa , Fischa- Dagnitz and Wiener Neustädter Canal as well as the water-bearing areas between Unter-Eggendorf and Baden near Vienna to Vienna.
Preliminary work
Calculation of requirements
In order to get a planning basis for the amount of water the city of Vienna needs to supply to maintain the drinking water supply, a requirement calculation was carried out first:
According to the last census before the planning work from 1869, 607,514 residents and 24,613 active military men lived in Vienna within the line wall that formed the city limits - i.e. 632,127 people. As a basis for calculation, this number was rounded up to one million.
- 0.6 buckets (converted: about 34 liters) of water per person and day were assumed to be required for the normal household. This amount corresponded to that which was also collected in Paris and London and which corresponded to 600,000 buckets daily for a million people.
- The daily water requirement of industry and other major customers was assumed to be 250,000 buckets.
- Another 300,000 buckets a day were charged for sprinkling the roadways, which was done up to four times a day.
- 200,000 buckets of water a day should meet the needs of the fountains and bathing facilities.
- 30,000 buckets of water a day were added to water the green spaces.
- 20,000 buckets of water per day were calculated for the operation of the sewer system.
The total of 1,400,000 buckets of water resulting from these partial amounts was rounded up by a further 200,000 buckets to a daily requirement of 1,600,000 buckets to make the project of a high spring pipeline future-proof.
Altitude
The building regulations of 1859 and 1868 stipulated a maximum height of about 13 fathoms (about 25 m). This corresponded to a height of 250 feet (76 m) above the Wiener Null , located at Ferdinand's Bridge . This meant that the then urban area of Vienna and parts of the suburbs could only be supplied with water under sufficient pressure through the natural gradient. Only parts of the Schottenfeld were excluded.
Since the planned Viennese mountain spring pipeline was to lead into the city in a free gradient, the lowest point of the pipeline was determined.
Planning work
Search for bodies of water to produce water
After the need for drinking water had been determined, a body of water with high quality drinking water in sufficient quantities had to be found. A commission of the Vienna City Council searched first in the Vienna area and later and further south in the Vienna Basin for possible sources of supply with sufficient capacity, quality and at the required altitude.
The open rivers of the Vienna Basin ( Danube , Vienna River , Traisen ), the open channels and the groundwater as well as the deep springs of the Wiener Neustädter Plain and the high springs in the mountains were discussed as the starting point for the aqueduct .
Due to the experiences made with the water of the Kaiser-Ferdinand-Wasserleitung, the Danube quickly retired as a water supplier. Since the construction of pumping systems should also have been avoided, the water should have been taken from the Danube at Wallsee and fed through a pipe to Vienna (information on the length of a possible pipe canal is not available, the linear distance between Vienna and Wallsee is around 120 kilometers ).
The Vienna River was also eliminated because of the water quality. During the summer months, the temperature of the tap water was to be expected too high, and in winter it was to be expected that it would freeze over. In addition, the use of hoists would also have been necessary here.
The Traisen had sufficient water, and the altitude also met the requirements. But because of the expected high water temperature and for quality reasons, the Traisen was also rejected as a water supplier.
The Pitten , the Schwarza and the Leitha were high enough to meet the requirement, and their water quantity was sufficient, but the quality also caused problems here. It was the same with the water of the Wiener Neustädter Schifffahrtskanal .
The examination of the Fischa was satisfactory. The water of the Fischa-Dagnitz, which rises near Haschendorf , received the best ratings . The Commission expected problems above all from the 35 farms that used hydropower for their own purposes and from the increasing use of ammonia through the increasing use of fertilizers in agriculture.
The Alta spring in Brunn near Pitten was considered as an interesting place of origin for a water pipe . The bed was high, but not even.
Finally, the high springs in the area between Schneeberg, Raxalpe and Würflach were examined:
- on the east side of the Schneeberg,
- at the column of Rohrbach im Graben,
- the Kaiserbrunnen in Höllental and
- further sources in the Höllental (Eichenbrünnl-Quelle, Weichtal -Quelle, First and Second Großes-Höllental -Quelle, source at the Singerin and others),
- the springs of the Gahn ,
- the springs of Stixenstein,
- the sources of the Kettenlois and in the northern part of the limestone zone
- the sources of Furth an der Triesting and Pottenstein and
- the springs on the upper reaches of the Schwechat .
The investigating commission came to the conclusion that there was no shortage of water in the Vienna area. Among the springs, the deep spring of the Fischa-Dagnitz was favored because of its productivity, followed by the more distant high springs Kaiserbrunnen, Stixenstein and the Alta spring. The former, however, was a bit too low and would have made the use of a hoist necessary.
The data collected in the course of these investigations were summarized in a memorandum by the Vienna City Planning Department and presented to the Vienna City Council on July 31, 1861.
Planning competition
In a bankruptcy (competition) announced on December 1, 1861, domestic and foreign engineers and companies were asked to submit projects for a future water supply for the city of Vienna.
Twelve offers and one project from the Vienna City Building Authority were submitted. Several of these projects provided for the extraction of the water from the Danube, two more planned to extract the water from the Traisen above St. Pölten and channel it to Vienna. Another offer saw the Wiener Neustädter level with its groundwater as the starting point for the pipeline. Two other tenderers and the Vienna City Building Office planned the version of the source of the Fischa-Dagnitz. The city building authority also planned to use the water from the Wiener Neustädter Canal as industrial water in some of Vienna's districts. Sources further away were not taken into account.
Establishment of the water supply commission
After an examination of the offer by the commission, a report was made to the municipal council, whereupon it passed some resolutions on November 21, 1862:
- The formation of a commission with twelve members. This should carry out the necessary surveys and preparatory work for a water pipe.
- Apply to the government for permission to carry out all necessary preparatory work.
- The city of Vienna is supplied with water for the account of the municipality.
Cajetan Felder , Heinrich von Fellner, Ludwig Förster , Ferdinand Hessler , Leopold Jordan, Josef Klucky, Johann Natterer, Franz Neumann, Leopold Schuch, Wenzel Sedlitzky, Franz Freiherr von Wertheim and August Zang were elected to the newly formed commission .
Because of the death of Ludwig Förster and the resignation of August Zang, Eduard Suess and Eduard Kopp were nominated for the water supply commission.
At the beginning of the spring of 1863, the water supply commission began to examine the area of the Traisen and the Vienna Woods as well as the headwaters in the Wiener Neustadt area . The Fischa-Dagnitz was scrutinized particularly carefully, as it played an essential role in many projects despite the insufficient altitude.
For reasons of quality as well as quantity, the water supply commission extended its search area further south to the higher regions until it examined the Kaiserbrunnen in Höllental for its suitability and recognized it as suitable for the water supply of the city of Vienna.
A report that concludes these investigations - the “Report on the Surveys of the Water Supply Commission of the City Council of Vienna” - was written by Eduard Suess, self-published by the City Council in 1864 and then published. An important conclusion of this report was that the three springs Kaiserbrunn, Stixenstein and Alta could supply enough water of the best quality and the construction and operation of the longer pipeline would be far more cost-effective than the version of the Fischa-Dagnitz spring, which involved the construction and the Operation of a pumping station would be necessary.
The report, written by Eduard Suess on behalf of the Water Supply Commission, was presented to a group of experts and confirmed by them in an expert report dated July 6, 1864. The Society of Doctors in Vienna also took the side of the water supply commission and supported them in feeding the water pipes to be built from the sources mentioned.
Based on the expertise of the expert group, the water supply commission submitted a report to the municipal council on July 12, 1864 and made three motions:
- "The city can only be supplied with water by combining the sources of Kaiserbrunn, Stixenstein and Alta."
- "The union and supply of these sources is to be striven for with all our might and carried out as soon as possible."
- “The water supply commission should immediately strive for the availability of the high spring of the Kaiserbrunnen and that of Stixenstein for communal purposes, also undertake the exact tracing and terrain mapping of the future water supply and have the construction plans and the cost estimates drawn up, but during this time consult with the Finance Program Commission regarding the necessary funds and their procurement method, and when all these tasks have been completed, to report to the municipal council again. "
It took almost six hours to discuss these motions in the same session. The motions were accepted with 94 against 2 votes.
Start of concrete planning work
In order to be able to carry out the exact routing and terrain survey required in point 3, the water supply commission hired the necessary technical personnel and divided them into two groups.
While the 1st department was responsible for planning the spring development and the construction of the high spring pipeline up to the future water reservoir on the Rosenhügel , the 2nd department was entrusted with the planning of the reservoirs , the pipe network and the other necessary facilities in the urban area. With the inclusion of the preparatory work for the basic redemption, this work was completed by the two senior engineer departments under civil engineer Carl Junker and the engineer of the city building authority Karl Gabriel at the end of October 1865 and then publicly exhibited in the Augarten-Palais until December of the same year.
In order to secure the result of this planning work, it was also presented to a group of experts, which completed its work in February 1866 with broad approval.
On May 25, 1866, the finished project for the construction of the high spring pipeline was submitted to the municipal council for a resolution and, after lengthy debates, it was decided on June 19, 1866 with the order to apply to the competent authority for permission to carry out the construction.
The water supply commission, which had thus fulfilled its assigned tasks, was replaced on July 3, 1866 by a new one from Cajetan fields: Wilhelm Gross, Josef Herr , Johann Hönig, Karl Hoffer, Franz Khunn, Eduard Kopp, Alfred Lenz , Archilles von Mellingo, Leopold Edler von Mende, Johann Natterer, Franz Neumann , Julius Newald , Leopold Paffenrath, Franz Schneider, Wenzel Sedlitzky, Berthold Stadler, Eduard Suess, Eduard Uhl , Johann Umlauft and Franz Freiherr von Wertheim replaced the existing commission.
The then Vice Mayor Cajetan Felder was elected chairman, and the Suess and von Mende local councils as his deputy; Wenzel Sedlitzky became the secretary.
The main task of this new commission was to obtain the building consensus and to take the necessary precautions for the construction.
Building consensus
The building consensus for the construction of the 1st high spring pipeline was given by the Imperial and Royal Lieutenancy on July 22, 1868. The objection raised by municipalities, land and factory owners on the Schwarza and Sierningbach rivers was rejected by decree of the Imperial and Royal Ministry of the Interior on March 22, 1869.
Acquisition of the sources
In order to be able to realize the planned high spring pipeline at all, the acquisition of the two missing main springs was absolutely necessary. The Alta spring was already owned by the City of Vienna.
Alta spring
The Alta spring is located in the Höllerloch (Höhler Loch) , a small cave in Brunn near Pitten and is the exit of the Altabach .
Negotiations about their purchase were conducted with the then independent municipality of Brunn bei Pitten (today a cadastral municipality of Bad Erlach ). The result of these negotiations was approved by the Vienna City Council on October 23, 1863 at the request of the Water Supply Commission. Ultimately, land and the buildings on it were acquired with a size of 10,127 square fathoms and worth 10,000 guilders.
It is not possible to determine why the Alta spring was ultimately not integrated into the first Viennese high spring pipeline, although the pipeline channel required for this was still part of the construction tender. Today the Alta spring is a natural attraction and is protected as a natural monument ( NDM WB-025 ).
Stixenstein spring
The Stixenstein spring near Stixenstein Castle near Sieding (Ternitz municipality) was, like the castle, owned by Count Ernst Karl von Hoyos-Sprinzenstein (1830–1903).
The latter answered the request of the City of Vienna to sell the source on July 27, 1864 with a written notification that he would give it to the city as a gift. He did set some conditions, but Vienna could easily meet them. The corresponding contract was concluded on July 17, 1868 and approved by the kk regional court on August 11, 1868 by the fideicommiss authorities. As a thank you for the donation, he was made an honorary citizen of Vienna in 1873 .
The spring version is a listed building .
Kaiserbrunnen
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After the decision taken on 12 July 1864 a bat deputation in an audience with Emperor I Franz Joseph , the provision of belonging to the Finanzärar Kaiser fountain at Kaiserbrunn am Schneeberg approve today municipality Reichenau an der Rax, to the city of Vienna graciously.
This request was answered on May 1, 1865 on the occasion of the opening of the Vienna Ringstrasse by the emperor, when he gave it to the city as a gift in his address. However, problems later caused the Ministry of Finance, which made demands for the indemnification of the Arar . Lengthy negotiations resulted in which the ministry imposed difficult conditions.
A municipal council resolution of November 29, 1867 was followed by a renewed audience with the emperor, which, with a resolution of February 21, 1868, prompted the Ministry of Finance to conduct further negotiations. The resulting draft contract, acceptable to the city, was approved by the Vienna City Council on March 6, 1868 and signed a short time later.
The Kaiserbrunnen rises from a system of crevices and caves and was re-mapped in 2004 with a length of 36 m ( cadastral number 1854/10). The catchment area could overlap with that of the Fuchspaßquelle . The spring version is a listed building .
Construction of the high spring pipeline
After the building consensus had been granted, the necessary basic redemptions began on the one hand, but also the tendering of the construction work began on August 16, 1869 as the last date. Of the ten offers submitted, that of the building contractor Anton Gabrielli from London was finally proposed to the local council, which it accepted on October 12, 1869.
With this municipal council resolution, the offer made by Anton Gabrielli was also accepted to deduct one percent from all earnings until a maximum amount of 100,000 guilders was reached. For this money, a fountain - the later Hochstrahlbrunnen at Schwarzenbergplatz - was to be built, which was to be put into operation at the same time as the high spring pipeline.
Construction officially began on April 21, 1870, when Emperor Franz Joseph I deigned to break the first sod on the grounds of the Rosenhügel water reservoir . In fact, the work had already started on December 6, 1869 with the first blast for the construction of the tunnel in Höllental.
As, according to the provisions of the concluded contract, the date of completion of the high spring pipeline depended on the start of construction work, but an official test of a binding agent was still pending, the completion date was postponed to the end of July 1874. Problems arose primarily with the construction of the tunnel from Kaiserbrunn to Hirschwang an der Rax .
Anton Gabrielli had outsourced the construction work on the route of the high spring pipeline, which was divided into construction lots, to subcontractors who were supervised by him and his technicians. It soon turned out that the Viennese master builder Franz Schlögl, who was commissioned with the work on this tunnel, was overwhelmed with this assignment in every respect, so that the assignment was withdrawn from him in August 1870.
At first Gabrielli wanted to continue the construction on her own with workers recruited in Italy, but difficulties arose now. Unexpected help came from the 2nd Battalion of the Imperial and Royal Genie Regiment Archduke Leopold No. 2 . In May 1870 this had built an 85 fathom long tunnel of the high spring pipeline near Mödling for training purposes .
Gabrielli, who had an urgent deadline, turned to the Imperial and Royal Ministry of War with a request for assistance in the construction of the tunnel. Instead of the requested 250 men, however, he was only allowed 70 sappers with their superiors, who began their work on January 14, 1871 together with the civilian workers. After the intervention of the City of Vienna, the War Ministry finally approved an increase in troops and the takeover of the entire tunnel construction. The last section of the tunnel was completed on December 8, 1872.
stollen
Numerous tunnels had to be built over the course of the I. High Spring Pipeline:
- the main tunnel in Höllental from Kaiserbrunnen to Hirschwang (2,900 meters long)
- a tunnel near Reichenau an der Rax (185 meters long)
- a tunnel near Mühlhof , Rohr im Gebirge (72 meters long)
- two tunnels near Gloggnitz (62 and 204 meters long)
- a tunnel near Stuppach , Gloggnitz (176 meters long)
- a tunnel near Putzmannsdorf , Ternitz (114 meters long)
- a tunnel near Pottschach (405 meters long)
- a tunnel near Brunn am Steinfeld (319 meters long)
- four tunnels near Bad Fischau-Brunn (94, 291, 51 and 36 meters long)
- two tunnels near Bad Vöslau (747 and 66 meters long)
- five tunnels near Baden near Vienna (300, 179, 80, 252 and 192 meters long)
- a tunnel through the Eichkogel near Mödling (243 meters long)
- two tunnels near Mödling (145 and 282 meters long)
- a tunnel in the Hirschenkogel (220 meters long)
- a tunnel near Perchtoldsdorf (309 meters long)
- a tunnel in Liesing (201 meters long)
In order to be able to connect the Stixenstein spring to the first high spring pipeline, two further tunnels had to be built between the Stixenstein spring and Ternitz:
- a tunnel in the Stixenstein (303 meters long)
- a tunnel near Sieding , Ternitz (200 meters long)
More recently (1965–1968) the Schneealpenstollen was first built with a length of 9,680 meters to introduce the Seven Sources . With the construction of the Lärchstein tunnel (2.6 kilometers in length) and the Wetterin tunnel (8.1 kilometers in length), the Pfannbauern spring from the Hochschwab area, the headwaters of the second high spring pipeline, could also be fed into the first high spring pipeline.
Aqueducts
30 aqueducts and other valley crossings were built along the first high spring pipeline, all of which are now listed. Among the most conspicuous structures of this type belong among others
- the valley crossing over the Sierningtal (length around 154 meters),
- the valley crossing at Matzendorf (length around 493 meters),
- the valley crossing at Leobersdorf (length around 1,065 meters),
- the valley crossing at Gainfarn (length around 300 meters),
- the valley crossing at Dörfl (length around 105 meters),
- the valley crossing in Baden (length around 788 meters),
- the valley crossing in Mödling (length around 186 meters),
- the valley crossing in Vienna-Liesing (length around 794 meters),
- the valley crossing in Vienna-Mauer (length around 533 meters) and
- the valley crossing in Vienna-Speising (length around 197 meters).
Construction work in Vienna
In Vienna, in addition to the water reservoir on the Rosenhügel , the Schmelz and Wienerberg reservoirs were built, which were flooded for the first time on September 1, 1873. The Laaerberg drinking water tank was planned and built later.
The Rosenhügel reservoir was the highest water reservoir in the city at that time. From here the high spring water was distributed to the other reservoirs and from there over the city.
At the suggestion of the Water Supply Commission, on April 5, 1870, the municipal council approved the Prague Iron Industry Society (Alberthütte in Kladno in Böhmen), the Gambier & Company establishment in La Louvière near Charleroi ( Belgium ) and the Neuberg-Mariazeller union as suppliers for the im urban area needed pipes. Due to delivery problems - Gambier & Company had problems with the delivery because of the Franco-German War - later, the Princely Liechtenstein Iron Works in Aloisthal ( Moravia ), the Princely Salm Iron Foundry in Blansko (Moravia) and the Coerahne union ordered in Middlesbrough ( England ).
The fittings required were supplied by the Princely Liechtenstein machine factory Adamsthal, Elsner & Stumpf in Berlin , Paget in Vienna and Simson in England.
The delayed delivery of the pipes meant that the pipe-laying work carried out by Elsner & Stumpf in the city fell behind schedule. In addition, quality problems repeatedly came to light during stress tests on the pipe strings that had already been laid, which sparked heated debates.
To solve the problem, on the one hand, the wall thickness of the pipes was increased and, on the other hand, the original plan was abandoned to only supply Vienna with water from the high-lying water tanks Rosenhügel, Wienerberg and Schmelz, which in the low-lying regions of the city caused excessively high internal pressure the pipes.
In the spring of 1871 there was initially a construction freeze in the city. During this time, the pipeline network was rescheduled so that the low-lying districts of Vienna could be supplied from an additional water tank, the Laaerberg water tank, which had to be built at a lower level. With this step the pressure zones that are still common today were established. In April 1872 work could be resumed here.
Because of the lack of water in 1873, the city administration reached an agreement with Antonio Gabrielli to accelerate the construction work so that large parts of the city can be supplied by October of that year. Due to the fulfillment of this agreement, the agreed special payment was made by the City of Vienna without any problems.
The construction work on the high spring pipeline was largely completed by the end of August 1873, so that the Rosenhügel drinking water reservoir could be flooded for the first time on September 1st. The Schmelz and Wienerberg reservoirs followed.
The crowning highlight of the opening ceremony of the I. Mountain Spring Line on October 24, 1873 was the commissioning of the high-jet fountain on Schwarzenbergplatz, financed by Antonio Gabrielli, by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Antonio Gabrielli also financed the two fountains in the Rathauspark, which was laid out in 1873, together with the City of Vienna . In 1910, on the occasion of the completion of the second high spring pipeline, they were connected to it.
It took until the end of July 1874 to complete the pipe network as stipulated in the contract. The construction work on the Laaerberg drinking water tank was also completed.
The first expansion of the capacity of the water tanks took place between 1878 and 1879, because for economic reasons their capacity was not designed for one day's water requirements.
In order to accelerate the introduction of the high spring water into the houses, the water from the house wells was examined for possible health risks. If this was the case, the connection to the new water supply network was officially prescribed.
As a result of this measure, in 1883 80 percent and another five years later, in 1888, 91.2 percent of the inhabited houses within the line - today's belt and the city limits at that time - were supplied with high spring water.
The incorporation of the suburbs in 1890/1891 raised the population from around 840,000 to 1,360,000 people. In 1905 the population increased by around 60,000 when the two districts on the other side of the Danube were incorporated.
The increase in the population of Vienna and the growth of the city in the higher regions forced a departure from the original intention of getting by without pumping stations. At a cost of 528,645.46 guilders was pumping station Breitensee built and put into operation on November 6 1896th
The high spring water was raised from its own to 120,500 cubic meters by means of a 5,312 meter long water pipe (2,836 meters with 950 millimeters nominal diameter and 2,476 meters with 870 millimeters nominal diameter), which also supplied Speising , Lainz , Hietzing , Baumgarten , Hacking , Unter Sankt Veit and parts of Hütteldorf Rose Hill's extended water tank capacity was transferred here.
The first thing that was endowed was the newly built water tank 800 meters away in Braillegasse near the Flötzersteig . From there, the water continued to flow into the Schafberg reservoir on its own.
Between 1898 and 1899 the system at the Wienerberg reservoir with the Favoriten water tower was built as the second pumping station .
Extensions by 1910
The fact that during the winter months of 1876/77 and 1877/78 the performance of the high spring pipeline fell short of the expectations placed on it, triggered hectic efforts by the responsible authorities to establish a regulated supply of drinking water to the city through additional discharges. The development of new springs was delayed by the water law and finally culminated in the construction of the Second Vienna High Spring Pipeline, which was opened in 1910.
Pottschach pumping station
The construction company Freiherr von Schwarz offered the City of Vienna in May 1878 to build a pumping station near Pottschach with a capacity of 300,000 buckets of drinking water per 24 hours for the amount of 650,000 guilders and to hand it over ready for operation on December 15, 1878. The Vienna City Building Authority checked the offer and gave it a positive assessment, so that construction work began in 1878. Before the takeover by the City of Vienna, a test pump was carried out to check that the promised capacity was being met. The new system met the requirements; In later continuous operation, however, the plant fell short of the promised performance.
From 1886, the Pottschach pumping station was therefore expanded several times to include additional wells. Around 1950 the Pottschach pumping station, whose performance continued to decline due to the regulation of the Schwarza and technical obsolescence, was rebuilt.
Spring catchments above Kaiserbrunn
As early as February 9, 1877, the Vienna City Council decided to draw up sources above Kaiserbrunn and introduce them to the high spring line, the sources in the Großer Höllental , the Fuchspaßquelle (source near the Singerin), and three smaller sources in the Nassbachtal ( Übeltalquelle , Albertwiesquelle , Schütterlehnenquelle) in Hinternaßwald), and there also the Reissthal spring , the Wasseralm spring and three other smaller springs (Sonnleiten, Schiefauer and Letting spring).
These measures were hindered by the resistance of all downstream people, factory owners and communities. Their legal position had been significantly improved by the Reich Water Act of 1869 and the Lower Austrian State Water Act of 1870, so that the corresponding applications submitted by the City of Vienna had to go through all instances to the Administrative Court and lasted around 20 years.
In Vienna, meanwhile, from 1886 onwards, a decline in spring discharges resulted in major supply difficulties, which the Pottschach pumping station was also unable to compensate. So those responsible had no choice but to pump water from the Schwarza into the high spring pipeline using a pump operated by two locomobiles during the winter months near Kaiserbrunn . Up to the year 1893, this measure was required twelve times over and over again during the winter months.
Since in 1889 the version of the Höllentalquellen, in contrast to the necessary tunnel connection to Kaiserbrunn, was almost completed, a temporary wooden channel was built.
Matzendorf pumping station
Shortly before the completion of the Second Vienna High Spring Pipeline, in 1908 and 1909 there was again a major emergency in the water supply. On the one hand, this led to drastic water-saving measures in the city, but also to hectic efforts to ease the situation by increasing the supply of water to Vienna.
In the city of Vienna itself, water was pumped out of the Danube Canal in order to use it as industrial water. Four wells with electrically operated pumps were built in Matzendorf , which were put into operation on a trial basis on November 3, 1909.
Here, too, there were objections from interested parties and municipalities who feared that water would be withdrawn from them. This legal dispute was finally resolved on November 4, 1910 by the decision of the District Commission of Wiener Neustadt. This granted permission to feed 9,000 cubic meters of water daily into the first high spring pipeline on those days when the high springs were not able to supply the city.
In the years after the Second World War, the Matzendorf pumping station was rebuilt and modernized several times.
From 1910 to 1938
The opening of the Second High Spring Pipeline on December 2, 1910 initially made it unnecessary for the City of Vienna to invest in the expansion of the First High Spring Pipeline.
During the First World War, the two high spring pipelines, together with the Pottschach and Matzendorf pumping stations, were declared state-protected companies by means of an imperial ordinance of July 25, 1914. As a result, the monitoring of the pipeline systems was ordered, a task that was initially taken over by municipal employees and volunteers until they were replaced by landstorm contingents and continued until the end of the war.
Since the population of Vienna sank by around 326,000 after the end of the First World War and, moreover, economic output decreased as a result of the global economic crisis, there was a water surplus in Vienna. This was given to neighboring communities such as Klosterneuburg , Schwechat , Brunn am Gebirge and others.
During the summer of 1928 and 1929 as well as the winter of 1928/1929 it was initially the low and during the summer the high temperatures paired with drought that made the hope of finally being adequately supplied with spring water dwindled. Once again, the responsible authorities started looking for additional sources that could be accessed quickly.
With the decision of the Neunkirchen district administration on March 10, 1929, a temporary pumping station was built on the Nassbach near its confluence with the Preinbach. This pumping station, whose water had to be chlorinated, was in operation between July 24th and 29th, September 4th and 10th, and September 18th and 25th. The gasoline-powered pump originally located here was replaced by an electric pump at the end of 1929, after the first water pipeline power plant was built in the headwaters of the I. High Spring Pipeline.
After the right bank of the Schwarza had to be secured by protective structures in the area of the Pottschach pumping station in 1923, the first conversion was carried out in 1930 and two further conversions in the following two years due to the decreasing performance of the system.
Also in 1930 the connection of the so-called upper springs to the original duct was redesigned in Kaiserbrunn and the so-called metering chamber was built on this occasion. With their help, a precise measurement of the inflowing water volume of the upper springs should be made possible, even with changing water volumes. In addition, the Matzendorf pumping station was rebuilt and expanded during this time.
1938 to 1945
The water consumption in Vienna rose rapidly from 1939, this trend was only interrupted in 1944 and 1945. From 1942, the water consumption of Greater Vienna exceeded the capacity of both high spring pipelines. In the event that one of the lines failed, groundwater works such as the Nußdorf groundwater works were built near the Nussdorf weir and lock system. In 1939 it could supply up to 50,000 cubic meters of drinking water.
As in 1929, a water catchment was operated again at the confluence of the Preinbaches and the Nassbach and fed into the first high spring pipeline. This measure was approved in the event that water-saving measures had previously been introduced in Vienna and all other additional water supply sources had already been put into operation. This permit was valid for the duration of the war.
On April 12, 1944, the 1st high spring line was affected by bombs. During an air raid on Kottingbrunn Air Base , the pipeline was slightly damaged by the pressure waves from nearby impacts. The consequences of an attack on the Wöllersdorf air park , which was on the route of the high spring pipeline, on May 29, 1944, were much more severe . The pipeline channel was severely damaged here in several places. Closer to Vienna, drops of the same entry lead to multiple hits in the area of the Mauer aqueduct. In order to temporarily repair the damage in Wöllersdorf, the Vienna fire brigade was finally deployed. The most professional possible repair of the bomb damage was carried out as part of a move away (business interruption) from June 8, 1944. A bomb drop by a Russian aircraft on March 29, 1945 caused the roof of the pipeline to collapse near Neunkirchen . The damage could only be repaired after the end of the war.
After the end of the fighting, the Soviet headquarters agreed to exhume the Red Army soldiers who had died and were buried in the spring protection areas on Schneeberg and to bury them in a Russian military cemetery between Ternitz and Pottschach.
1945 until today
Through the various bomb craters large gravel volumes were entering the duct, and these had by the drag force of the water the canal floor inside the line between Neunkirchen and Matzendorf eroded . Since only the short turns , during which the high spring pipeline was taken out of service, were available to remove the ballast and repair this damage , the repair of the canal took several years.
Another problem was the construction of the south autobahn , which crosses the first Viennese spring pipeline four times between Bad Vöslau and Bad Fischau. In order to protect the pipeline from the consequences of possible accidents on the motorway in these areas, appropriate structural precautions had to be taken between 1961 and 1963.
The first major construction project on the 1st Viennese high spring pipeline after commissioning was the construction of the Neusiedl reservoir in Neusiedl am Steinfeld (municipality of St. Egyden am Steinfeld ). It was decided to build it on November 30, 1951, and the foundation stone was laid on November 21, 1953. The water reservoir was put into operation on April 25, 1959. Each of the four chambers can store up to 150,000 cubic meters of high spring water, making the Neusiedl am Steinfeld reservoir the largest closed water reservoir in Europe at the time of its completion.
With the establishment of the Schneealpenstollen in 1968 with the spring water of the so-called Sieben Quellen or Karlgrabenquelle in the municipality of Neuberg an der Mürz , drinking water from Styria was for the first time introduced into the first Viennese high spring pipeline. With a length of 9,680 meters, this tunnel was the longest water transfer tunnel in Europe at its time. The water application of the first high spring pipeline could be increased by 20 percent.
The Scheibling tunnel, the Lärchstein tunnel (2.6 kilometers in length) and the Wetterin tunnel (8.1 kilometers in length) were then built. This made it possible to introduce the Pfannbauern spring in the Hochschwab area .
Data and facts on the 1st mountain spring line
Route length and catchment area
At the time of the official opening of the Kaiser-Franz-Josefs-Hochquellenleitung in Vienna, the length of the line was 94.75 kilometers. Of this, 89.09 kilometers were accounted for on the Kaiserbrunn – Ternitz – Rosenhügel section and 6.2 kilometers on the route from the Stixensteiner Quelle to Ternitz to the confluence with the pipeline canal.
As a result of the later additions, the length of the 1st Vienna High Spring Pipeline was extended to around 112 kilometers.
The catchment area before the expansion into Styria, i.e. the Rax-Schneeberg area between Wasseralm and Stixensteinquelle, is 25,000–28,000 ha (due to the karst groundwater flows, no precise data are available). Around 6000 hectares of this are owned by the City of Vienna (→ Source protection measures ).
In Vienna, new pipes of various diameters were laid with a total length of around 248 kilometers. Including the already existing pipes of the Kaiser-Ferdinands-Wasserleitung and the so-called Ringstrasse water pipe, which had previously been used as a service water pipe, the City of Vienna had a water pipe network of 336.56 kilometers in total in 1879.
Water delivery statistics
Of the annual demand in 2008, the 1st high spring pipeline supplied 43.9 percent or 61.93 million cubic meters of drinking water to Vienna. Slightly more than half, 53.6 percent or 74.95 million cubic meters of drinking water come via the second high spring pipeline, the rest (3.54 million cubic meters or 2.5 percent) comes from the various groundwater works.
The maximum they can
- I. Vienna high spring pipeline 220,000 cubic meters, the
- II. Vienna high spring pipeline 217,000 cubic meters, the
- Lobau groundwater works 80,000 cubic meters, that
- Moosbrunn waterworks 62,000 cubic meters and
- further smaller water dispensers 10,000 cubic meters
Deliver drinking water daily. With an average daily consumption of around 390,000 cubic meters, they deliver
- I. High spring line around 180,000 cubic meters and the
- II. Spring pipeline around 210,000 cubic meters
Drinking water to Vienna.
Water quality
Before construction began on the 1st Vienna High Spring Pipeline, extensive and careful water analyzes were carried out in accordance with the knowledge of chemistry at the time, in order to be able to objectively assess the quality. The result of these analyzes was 10,000 parts of each spring water:
| Chemical Analysis | Kaiserbrunn source | Stixenstein source |
|---|---|---|
| ammonia | 0 | |
| Potash | 0.006 | |
| Baking soda | 0.021 | |
| Potash and Soda | 0.043 | |
| lime | 0.609 | |
| Limestone | 1.049 | |
| magnesia | 0.088 | 0.172 |
| Iron oxide | traces | traces |
| Silica | 0.018 | 0.025 |
| sulfuric acid | 0.060 | 0.187 |
| chlorine | 0.009 | 0.020 |
| Sodium chloride | 0.015 | 0.033 |
| Soda sulfuric acid | 0.017 | 0.054 |
| Potash sulfuric acid | 0.011 | |
| Sulfuric lime | 0.076 | 0.267 |
| Carbonate of lime | 1.031 | 1.677 |
| Carbonic Magnesia | 0.185 | 0.361 |
| Carbonic iron oxide | traces | traces |
| Silica | 0.018 | 0.025 |
| Organic matter | 0.042 | 0.060 |
For the spring water of the Kaiserbrunnes, 1.808 parts were calculated as sulfuric acid compounds and weighed 1.785 parts. The water hardness was determined to be 7.3 degrees of German hardness (° dH). Of this, 6 parts were lime and 1.3 parts magnesia.
A hardness of 12.89 degrees was determined for the spring water of the Stixenstein spring.
Today Viennese drinking water has a hardness of 6 to 11 ° dH. Only in districts 2 , 3 , 11 , 20 , 21 and 22 , which are occasionally supplied by the Lobau groundwater works , the water hardness can rise up to 16 ° dH.
According to the current version of the Drinking Water Ordinance, Wiener Wasserwerke is obliged to publish pesticide and nitrate values. The control of the concentration of these pollutants in the spring water was suspended for five years by the food supervisory authority according to the decision of MA 59 / II-1260/07, as the corresponding values have been below the limit of quantification for years.
| Analysis date: October 7, 2008 | ||
|---|---|---|
| examined on | found: | unit |
|
Colony-forming units (CFU / ml at 22 ° C incubation temperature) |
0 | |
| Colony-forming units (CFU / ml at 37 ° C incubation temperature) |
3 | |
| Coliform bacteria / 250 ml | 0 | |
| Escherichia coli / 250 ml | 0 | |
| Electric conductivity | 290 | ( µS / cm) |
| PH value | 7.91 | |
| Total hardness | 8.8 | ° dH |
| Carbonate hardness | 7.5 | ° dH |
| Total organic carbon | 0.71 | mg / l |
| ammonium | <0.01 | mg / l |
| nitrite | 0.008 | mg / l |
| nitrate | 4.9 | mg / l |
| chloride | <1.7 | mg / l |
| sulfate | 14th | mg / l |
| fluoride | <0.2 | mg / l |
Accompanying infrastructure measures
Water supply for Naßwald and Matzendorf
The water consensus for the discharge of the upper springs obliged the city of Vienna to take over the drinking water supply of the locality Naßwald . In 1928, the wooden pipes that had meanwhile been disused were exchanged for steel pipes and private houses were also connected to the pipeline network.
Since more and more house wells dried up in Matzendorf , the City of Vienna suggested the construction of a water pipe to the district administration on June 19, 1931. The water for this came from an artesian well 68 meters deep. According to an agreement, the municipality of Vienna bore 70 percent of the construction costs, the province of Lower Austria and the municipality each 15 percent. In addition, the municipality of Vienna took over the electricity costs for the pumping station of the municipality of Matzendorf while its own pumping station was in operation. The municipality of Matzendorf in turn agreed to a possible increase in the consensus from 9,000 to 12,000 cubic meters of water per day.
Verbundwirtschaft
The network economy between the municipality of Vienna and the municipalities located on the 1st mountain spring pipeline began during the Second World War. The increasing demand for water in the city and the need to create an emergency supply in the event of a prolonged interruption of one of the two high spring pipelines were the decisive factors.
- The first network was formed between the city of Vienna and the municipality of Ternitz in 1942. The municipality of Vienna provided Ternitz with drinking water from the pipe coming from the Stixenstein spring to supply higher-lying residential areas and received new surplus drinking water from one of Ternitz against payment developed well area. With the water supply agreement signed on February 24, 1943, Ternitz saved itself the construction and operation of a pumping station to supply these residential areas, and Vienna got additional water. This water supply agreement was short-lived. It was extended several times during the Second World War and lay fallow in the years after the end of the war. It was not extended again until August 1, 1947.
- According to a contract signed on March 11, 1950 between the city of Vienna and the municipality of Bad Fischau, Bad Fischau receives around 400 cubic meters of drinking water daily from the 1st high spring pipeline. In return, the municipality of Vienna receives up to 1200 cubic meters of water from a thermal spring. The mutual water supplies should be balanced annually.
- A well drilling 126 meters deep in the area of the joint waterworks of Felixdorf and Sollenau proved to be so productive that the two municipalities also concluded a water supply agreement with the city of Vienna on June 5 and 7, 1951, respectively. Felixdorf and Sollenau undertook to supply the City of Vienna with up to 3500 cubic meters of drinking water a day, covering their own needs. The City of Vienna, in turn, pledged to provide assistance in emergencies and, in the event of excess water in the 1st high spring pipeline, to give water to the two municipalities in order to conserve the groundwater resources. Vienna also financed another well for the two communities. The repayment was made through water supplies.
- Another network came about with a water supply agreement concluded on March 1 and 4, 1952 between the City of Vienna and the municipality of Neunkirchen. Based on a comparison from 1890, the City of Vienna gave Neunkirchen free 566 cubic meters of high spring water every day, plus a maximum of 2500 cubic meters of water. However, this amount was reduced to 2150 cubic meters by another agreement.
In return, Vienna received a higher amount of water from a well field built by the municipality of Neunkirchen on the Mahrwiese, whereby the City of Vienna has to pay for the water surplus. Neunkirchen, on the other hand, saved the construction and operation of pump systems by introducing the water into the high spring pipe. - Two further water supply contracts from 1960 concerned the city of Vienna on the one hand and the municipality of Reichenau an der Rax and the municipality of Maria Enzersdorf on the other . Reichenau an der Rax discharged 16 liters of water per second into the first high spring pipeline, of which the municipality of Maria Enzersdorf received twelve liters per second. The City of Vienna was left with four liters of water per second as a transit fee. Instead of Maria Enzersdorf, the Niederösterreichische Siedlungswasseraktiengesellschaft NÖSIWAG entered the contract on January 1st, 1968 .
- An agreement concluded with the municipality of Matzendorf in 1961 also resulted in a water exchange with the city of Vienna. The fountain built by the City of Vienna for the municipality of Matzendorf in 1931 decreased in capacity for reasons of age. High spring water from the 1st high spring pipeline was given to Matzendorf, while the municipality of Matzendorf built a new groundwater plant with financial help from the City of Vienna, from which drinking water was given to the 1st high spring pipeline, but also to the municipality of Maria Enzersdorf.
Aqueduct power plants
The often considerable difference in height between the sources and the collecting tunnel made structural measures necessary to convert the excess energy. In 2014, 15 such drinking water power plants were operated on the Vienna water pipes, and more are under construction and planning. Four of them are in the Hirschwang headwaters, two in Schwarzau.
- Between 1915 and 1971 there was a water pipeline power plant in addition to the Wienerberg reservoir built for the 1st high spring pipeline. Today the building is the location of the Vienna Water School .
- Naßwald drinking water power plant : In 1929 the first water pipeline power plant was built on the 1st Viennese high spring pipeline itself. The electricity generated by a Francis turbine was mainly used to operate a pumping station at the confluence of the Nassbach and the Preinbach, but it was also used to supply municipal and private buildings in Naßwald. In addition to the expansion in the course of the construction of the Schneealpenstollen to transfer the Sieben Quellen and in 2010/12, the increased water supply from Styria will benefit the operation of the systems in Hinternaßwald, Hirschwang and Kaiserbrunn.
- Hinternaßwald drinking water power plant: The next such hydropower plant was built in Hinternaßwald in 1951 after an electricity cooperative had previously been founded. It supplies the place that was not connected to the NEWAG network because of the remoteness. To celebrate the commissioning of the power plant on September 29 of the same year, a kerosene lamp was symbolically buried.
- Hirschwang drinking water power plant : The reason for the construction of the third water pipeline power plant on the First High Spring Pipeline was the sawmill operated by MA 49 , which originally obtained the electricity required for operation from NEWAG. In 1952, rising electricity costs and technical and economic feasibility prompted the City of Vienna to build their own power plant in Hirschwang an der Rax . The Hirschwang hydropower plant was opened on August 17, 1953. Any surplus electricity was taken over by NEWAG .
- Drinking water power plant Kaiserbrunn : The water law approval for the construction of a water pipeline power plant in Kaiserbrunn was granted on October 26, 1954 by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the electricity law approval by the state of Lower Austria on September 29 of the same year. To protect the landscape, the powerhouse had to be built underground. The spiral turbine is operated by the spring water from the springs above the Kaiserbrunnen. This power plant is accessible through the listed building tower number 1 at the Kaiserbrunn water pipe museum.
Source protection measures
The spring protection measures in the area of the two high spring pipelines are jointly set by MA 31 ( Vienna Waterworks ) and MA 49 ( Forestry Office and Agricultural Company of the City of Vienna ). The responsibilities are regulated by the business division of the City of Vienna.
- MA 31 acquires the land necessary for source protection from its own budget and manages it. It also represents the interests of the City of Vienna in the protected and closed areas in accordance with the ordinances issued for the protection of water resources.
- MA 49 manages the urban spring protection, water protection and sanctuary areas and, for this purpose, also operates ancillary forestry operations such as a sawmill. Measures are carried out to maintain or create an optimal condition of the soil and forest.
The acquisition of land for the creation of spring protection areas began in 1869. In 1870, the City of Vienna still owned around 5,800 hectares in the area of the I. High Spring Pipeline, today it is around 18,300 hectares. In July 2008, Vienna City Hall Correspondence announced the renewed purchase of a total of 660 hectares of land for the expansion of the spring protection areas. 470 hectares are in the Rax / Schneeberg area and a further 190 hectares in the Hochschwab area.
In 2006, MA 31 managed around 332,326,000 square meters of floor space, including around 551,000 in Vienna, around 177,000,000 in Lower Austria and around 155,000,000 square meters in Styria.
|
Rax – Schneeberg – Schneealpe sanctuary
IUCN Category VI - Protected Area with Sustainable use of Natural Resources |
|
| location | Styrian-Lower Austrian Limestone Alps |
| Area / extent | 18,354 km² / 33.7 km |
| Identifier | Water reserve no. 3/4 (Lower Austria) |
| Sea level | from 506 m to 2076 m |
| Setup date | 1965 |
| administration | City of Vienna (MA31, MA49), Province of Lower Austria , Province of Styria |
| particularities | I. Vienna Mountain Spring Line |
A comprehensive water reserve was created as early as 1965 , the Rax – Schneeberg – Schneealpe water reserve (sanctuary no. 3/4, Federal Law Gazette no. 353/1965). It includes Schneealpe , Rax , Höllental , Schneeberg , Gahns and Sierningtal near Stixenstein. The scope of the protected area is 18,354 ha, of which 12,447 ha in Lower Austria and 5,907 ha in Styria. The surroundings of the individual springs are strictly water protection areas within a radius of 500 meters .
The protective measures include in particular forest conversion to near-natural forest, cooperation in agriculture and alpine farming, wildlife management and education in relation to tourism. In 2006, around € 200,000 was spent on protective measures of all kinds (excluding extraordinary research projects, for all of the city's water supply systems).
Two forest administrations are active in the area of the I. mountain spring line.
- The Hirschwang Forest Administration is responsible for almost 10,300 hectares of land, including around 5,600 hectares of forest in the southeastern half of the Rax and Schneeberg area. A sawmill is also operated in Hirschwang. The clients are the free market and municipal offices.
- The Naßwald forest administration is responsible for an area of around 8,000 hectares, of which over 6,700 hectares are forest, in the northwest half of the Rax and Schneeberg area.
The conversion of the spruce monocultures that arose after extensive deforestation at the beginning of the 19th century into mixed forests suitable for the location is one of the main tasks of the forest administrations. Today, around 30,000 cubic meters of harvest per year are felled in the entire protective forest of Vienna .
The source protection is also operated by the Vienna waterworks on a scientific level. Wiener Wasserwerke, along with other Austrian institutions, played a leading role in the EU research project KATER II (KArst waTER research program) between January 2003 and December 2006 , in which Italy, Slovenia and Croatia collaborated across borders. The aim of the 3.3 million euro project, 42 percent of which was funded by the EU, was to develop a decision-making system for karst regions in order to be able to take into account the interests of tourism, agriculture and spring protection equally. Another project is the EU-funded forest site mapping in the source protection forests.
telecommunications
The first telegraph lines for establishing contact between the headquarters in Vienna and the reservoirs were already set up during the construction of the I. High Spring Pipeline . Along the outer line itself, which is in the vicinity of the southern railway line , the establishment of a separate line network was dispensed with and the state telegraph (this is what the state telephone network was called at the time ) was used to transmit messages.
Today the MA 31 has an approximately 500 kilometers long ring-shaped radio link with 29 stations along the two high spring lines. The starting and end point of this system is the Favoriten water tower , which is connected to the Grabnergasse office building in Mariahilf, the headquarters of MA 31, with a fiber optic cable.
Cultural and tourism
Kaiserbrunn water pipe museum
The Kaiserbrunn Water Pipeline Museum has existed in Kaiserbrunn since 1973, the second museum alongside the Wildalpen Water Pipeline Museum, which documents the history of the building and the function of the water supply system. Organizationally, it is part of the Hirschwang management of the Vienna MA 31 (Wiener Wasser), which, according to the rules of procedure of the City of Vienna, is responsible for the operation of its two water supply museums in addition to supplying the City of Vienna with drinking water.
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The water pipeline museum consists of two buildings with seven rooms and an open-air area and documents the history and construction of the first Viennese spring pipeline and the Viennese drinking water supply from 1869 to the present. A total of 950 objects and several display boards give visitors a comprehensive overview with free admission, which is further supplemented by video presentations.
The main building is a former water supervisor's house, which is a listed building . The single-storey square building with a gable roof was built in 1875 and documents the Wilhelminian functional architecture of the construction period. The extension building was made available in 1998, stylistically adapted.
Water pipe hiking trail
In 1998, for the 125th anniversary of its existence, a long-distance hiking trail was marked out along the first high spring pipeline , the water pipeline hiking route . It leads in two daily stages from Kaiserbrunn via Gloggnitz and from Bad Vöslau to Mödling ( leaving out the less attractive areas in Steinfeld ). But it can also be fully hiked from Vienna to the Salzatal. The hike is as interesting in terms of landscape as it is technical and connects the numerous monuments and other sights of the water supply system.
Postage stamps
- On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the 1st Vienna High Spring Pipeline , a special postage stamp was issued by the Austrian Post on October 23, 1973, designed by Otto Stefferl and engraved by Wolfgang Seidel . The face value of this stamp, which shows the moated castle of the Kaiserbrunnen spring, was 2 schillings.
- On the occasion of the 75th anniversary of Eduard Suess's death, on April 26, 1989, the Austrian Post issued a special postage stamp with a face value of 6 Schilling. It is a portrait of Eduard Suess.
See also
literature
- City of Vienna: The water supply as well as the systems of the municipal electricity works, the Vienna river regulation, the main collecting canals, the light rail and the regulation of the Danube Canal in Vienna. On behalf of the Mayor Dr. Karl Lueger edited by the Stadtbauamt, self-published by the Vienna City Council, Vienna 1901, first part. The urban water supply. ( archive.org ).
- Alfred Drennig: 100 years of the 1st Viennese high spring water pipe. Festschrift. Published by the Vienna City Administration, Department 31 - Waterworks on the occasion of the 100th anniversary on October 24, 1973. Jugend und Volk, Wien u. a. 1973, ISBN 3-7141-6829-X .
- Hermann Stadler, Ralf Benischke, Elmar Strobl: Hydrogeology Schneeberg / Rax. Final report. Study by the Institute for Water Resource Management Hydrogeology and Geophysics, on behalf of the City of Vienna MA31 (as part of KATER II), Graz, March 2008 ( PDF. At: ccwaters.eu. Accessed on May 7, 2015.)
Contemporary (by appearance):
- Rudolph Stadler: The water supply of the city of Vienna in its past and present - memorandum for the opening of the high spring water pipeline in 1873. Publishing house of the Vienna City Council, Vienna 1873.
- Vinzenz Anderka: The high spring water pipe for Vienna. Vienna 1873.
- Alphons Makowiczka, First Lieutenant in the 2nd Genie Regiment: The participation of the Imperial and Royal Genie troops in the construction of the Kaiser Franz Josef mountain spring pipeline . Self-published by the kk technical and administrative military committee, Vienna 1874.
- Carl Mihatsch: The construction of the Viennese Emperor Franz Josefs high spring water pipe. Self-published by the author, Vienna 1881.
- Alexander Swetz: The waterworks of the city of Vienna in Matzendorf. In: Journal of the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects . 11, 1910, ISSN 0372-9605 , pp. 165-174 (also special reprint).
- Technical guide through Vienna. Published by the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects. Published by Gerlach and Wiedling, Vienna 1910.
More special:
- Richard Artner: Hazard potential of spring protection areas as a result of tourist use. Shown using the example of Rax. Diploma thesis, University of Vienna, Vienna, November 2002 ( PDF. At: ccwaters.eu. ).
Web links
- Wiener Wasserwerke (Municipal Department 31): Official homepage with the history of the Viennese water supply (with photos). Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- City of Vienna: Source protection areas - An overview. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- City of Vienna: Current individual results of drinking water inspections. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- Geological Federal Institute Austria: The two Viennese high spring water pipes - what else they bring. ( Memento of December 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ).
- Karst research program KATER. ( Memento of September 8, 2005 in the Internet Archive ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Alta-Quelle (Höllerloch) ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). At: noel.gv.at. Database entry with links to NÖGIS and plan presentation (PDF).
- ^ Wilhelm Hartmann: Annual reports 2004 of the speleological organizations of Austria: Vienna / Lower Austria. In: The cave. Volume 56, issue 1–4 / 2005, p. 106 f. ( PDF on ZOBODAT , p. 11 there).
- ↑ Lit. Stadler, Benischke, Strobl, 2008, p. 163.
- ↑ a b c Carl Mihatsch in The construction of the Viennese Kaiser Franz Josefs-Hochquellen-Wasserleitung. 1881, length details of the tunnels.
- ^ Sima: General renovation of the Speising aqueduct completed. At: Wien.gv.at. October 19, 2006, accessed on January 19, 2009.
- ↑ Rathauspark. At: Wien.gv.at. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- ↑ The “Seven Sources” flow for Vienna. Ceremonial breakthrough of the longest water transfer tunnel in Europe. At: Wien.gv.at. July 8, 1968, Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ↑ a b MA 31, examination of the basic administration. ( Memento from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) At: Kontrollamt.Wien.at. Retrieved on January 18, 2009 (PDF; 81 kB).
- ↑ a b c F. Schönbrunner: The safety measures in the headwaters of the I. Wiener Hochquellleitung. In: Journal of the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects . 1926. According to Emil Prinz, Robert Kampe: Handbuch der Hydrologie. Volume 2 springs (fresh water and mineral springs). Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-366241183-4 , p. 135; and map Fig. 137 The planned spring protection area of the city of Vienna (after Schönbrunner). P. 134 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ^ Vienna water statistics. ( Memento of November 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). At: Wien.gv.at. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ↑ Water hardness - quality of Viennese drinking water. At: Wien.gv.at. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
- ↑ Federal Law Gazette II No. 304/2001
- ↑ a b Results of drinking water reviews. At: Wien.gv.at. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
- ↑ Drinking water power plants. ( Memento from May 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) At: Smartcity.Wien.gv.at.
- ^ Hydroelectric power plants - Wiener Wasser. At: Wien.gv.at.
- ↑ Sima: Playful learning in the Viennese water school. At: Wien.gv.at. September 1, 2005, accessed on January 19, 2009.
- ↑ 1.14 million euros for the Naßwald drinking water power plant. At: Wien.gv, at. May 2012.
- ^ Wiener-Wasser: City bought 660 hectares in the spring protection area. At: Vienna.at. July 18, 2008, accessed on January 18, 2009.
- ↑ Harald Hitz, Helmut Wohlschlägl : Eastern Austria and neighboring regions: a geographical excursion guide. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-320578447-0 , p. 293 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
-
^ Ordinance of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of December 9, 1965 for the protection of water resources in the Schneeberg, Rax and Schneealpen areas. StF: Federal Law Gazette No. 353/1965, as of December 30, 1965 (as amended online, ris.bka ).
It nominally comprises two sub-areas, the Lower Austrian part (No. 3) and the later developed Styrian part (No. 4); see NÖGIS → Topic Water Book → Layer water law. Areas . - ↑ a b c d e f g MA 31 and MA 49, examination of the management of the protected areas. KA III - 31-2 / 08, 2008. At: Stadtrechnungshof.Wien.at. PDF, accessed on May 9, 2015. In particular. Area information 2. Historical view and basics of source protection. P. 8; 3. Significance and effects of source protection. P. 9 ff .; 3.1 Forest administrations of the municipal department 49 in the spring protection area. P. 10 f .; 3.7 research. P. 13; as well as 5.2 the expenditure situation for the source protection in the area of the municipal department 31. , p. 18 ff.
- ↑ Rax-Schneeberg-Schneealpe water reserve (spring water). Card statement. At: Wasserwirtschaft.Steiermark.at. Accessed May 9, 2015 (PDF).
- ↑ MA 31 and MA 49, examination of the management of the protected areas. At: Stadtrechnungshof.Wien.at. Accessed on January 18, 2009 (PDF; 125 kB).
- ↑ EU project on the "Karst water dispenser". ( Memento from May 11, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) At: ORF.at. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ↑ BASSENA - Employee Information for Wiener Wasserwerke, 5th edition from May 2004.
- ↑ Kaiserbrunn Water Pipe Museum. At: Wien.gv.at.
- ↑ a b c MA 31, examination of the water pipe museums in Kaiserbrunn and Wildalpen. At: Stadtrechnungshof.Wien.at. Esp. a more detailed description of the exhibition rooms p. 1 ff., accessed on January 19, 2009 (PDF; 52 kB).
- ↑ Kaiserbrunn Water Pipe Museum. At: Wien.gv.at. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- ↑ Kaiserbrunn Water Pipe Museum. At: NoeMuseen.at.
- ^ Gerhard A. Stadler: The industrial heritage of Lower Austria: history, technology, architecture. Böhlau Verlag Vienna, 2006, ISBN 978-320577460-0 , Hirschwang an der Rax: Wasserleitungsmuseum. P. 337.
- ↑ a b Water pipeline hiking trail . At: Wien.gv.at. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
- ↑ Herbert Werner gives a description: March 26, 2010 - September 29, 2010 Long-distance hike "To the sources of the 1st Vienna High Spring Water Pipeline" (5 hikes with a total of 119.6 km or 2 car trips with a total of 54 km). At: TarockClubSolo.at. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
- ↑ 100 years of the 1st Vienna Mountain Spring Line. ( Memento from September 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). At: Post.at. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ^ 75th anniversary of the death of Prof. Eduard Suess. ( Memento from September 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) At: Post.at. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
Coordinates: 48 ° 8 ′ 18 ″ N , 16 ° 16 ′ 25 ″ E