Greater Vienna
Greater Vienna is the name of the city of Vienna, which has been enlarged by incorporations . The first attempts to create Greater Vienna were made during the Habsburg monarchy . After Austria was " annexed " to the German Reich in 1938, Vienna was expanded to become the "largest city in the Reich in terms of area".
The term “Greater Vienna” is mainly used today to distinguish Vienna, which was enlarged by the incorporation during the Nazi era , from today's city, because most of these extensions were reversed during the occupation in 1954. The incorporations during the Nazi era still have an impact on the region's infrastructure . In the remaining urban area of Vienna, some district reorganizations carried out as part of the project were retained.
"Greater Vienna" in the imperial era
The idea of Greater Vienna first appeared in the second half of the 19th century. In 1850 Vienna's first major city expansion took place. The Viennese suburbs, which were within the line wall , were incorporated by Lower Austrian provincial law and divided into districts. In this way, the previous city became the first district, all previous suburbs became districts II to VIII (after the division of the IV. District: II to IX).
In the period that followed, discussions arose as to whether Vienna should not be united with its suburbs to form a metropolis. The lawyer Leopold Florian Meißner addressed a petition to the Lower Austrian provincial committee on behalf of the suburb of Währing , in which he suggested the formation of Greater Vienna, which should incorporate the suburbs into the city. However, these proposals were rejected by the Vienna City Council . In the event of a further expansion of the city, high costs were feared, as this would have meant, for example, an expansion of Vienna's water supply . The restless industrial proletariat of the suburbs was seen only reluctantly to be included in the Viennese population. Some suburbs also advocated independence.
On September 30, 1888, Emperor Franz Joseph I gave a speech on the occasion of the opening of the Türkenschanzpark in the then still independent municipality of Währing. It was probably inspired by the imperial government of Count Eduard Taaffe and caused a sensation, because the emperor commented positively on the incorporation of the suburbs. In 1890, despite the objections , the Lower Austrian Landtag decided to unite Vienna with the suburbs. The law came into force on January 1, 1892. At that time there was a lot of construction activity and high immigration in Vienna. The free areas between the still un-urbanized suburbs were soon filled and the center of the city was given a new luster through representative public buildings.
In 1898 the Österreichische Illustrierte Zeitung wrote :
“Greater Vienna has changed tremendously in just a few decades. In the place of narrow and angled alleys, wide streets with magnificent palaces have taken place; just a few years ago, undeveloped areas now contain huge house complexes. The construction activity is enormous, and you will hardly find a street in which the demolisher's pick does not cut down some piece of old Vienna to make room for a modern, magnificent building. In the so-called old districts, this dwindling of houses we have come to love is particularly noticeable ... "
At the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna reached the 2 million inhabitant mark for the first time. With the incorporation of the large municipality of Floridsdorf in 1904 - which the Lower Austrian governor actually wanted to develop into the capital of Lower Austria - Vienna also expanded to the left (northern) bank of the Danube. During this time, the Vienna City Council developed plans to expand the city into Greater Vienna with four million inhabitants. In this context, the City Regulatory Bureau was established. Half a century was estimated as the period for the urban development, the final boundaries were only vaguely defined. The implementation of the first projects began, but the work had to be interrupted at the time of the First World War and finally ended after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy in 1918. Vienna lost hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, any idea of Greater Vienna had to be given up again.
The National Socialist Greater Vienna
After the " Anschluss of Austria " to the German Reich on March 13, 1938, the new city administration was particularly interested in major expansion plans. The National Socialist leadership therefore decided to announce the expansion of Vienna from the "second largest German city" to the "largest in terms of area" of the empire, Greater Vienna, in the extensive propaganda campaign for the referendum on the Anschluss on April 10, 1938.
In contrast to the “ Führerstadt Linz ”, Vienna did not have a priority in the urban development program of the “Third Reich”. The city should at best maintain its capital city claim in the cultural area. Nevertheless, the expansion of Vienna was also planned from 1938. Among others, the Berlin architect Franz Pöcher was consulted . This envisaged extensive demolitions of land for Leopoldstadt, a district with a traditionally high proportion of the Jewish population. Instead of this densely built-up area, a huge party forum was planned between two parallel axes. This was also intended to meet Hitler's wish to bring the city closer to the Danube. The ring road was to be extended on both sides. Individual aspects of the National Socialist urban planning for Vienna were pursued until well after the Second World War, such as the idea of the Danube Island .
In addition, there was a “development program” that provided for extensive structural redesigns in Vienna. The driving force behind the Greater Vienna project was the mayor of Vienna at the time , Hermann Neubacher , who headed the non-profit settlement and building materials institute ( Gesiba ) in “ Red Vienna ” from 1919 to 1934 as general director . After Adolf Hitler's speech at Heldenplatz in Vienna on March 15, 1938, the National Socialist city administration dealt with the implementation plans for the large-scale expansion of Vienna, which should be based on the example of Greater Hamburg .
On April 23, 1938, the magistrate's office drew up an act on the enlargement of the area, and from May onwards there were discussions of the individual administrative groups about it. In some cases, extremely extensive expansions were considered (up to 8500 km 2 ), up to the sources of the high spring water pipes in the south and to the imperial border in the east. In particular, the officials who had been taken over earlier spoke out against it, as Vienna would then have had to take on the sometimes high debts of the Lower Austrian municipalities, with particular reference to the completely different situation than in Hamburg. In addition, Neubacher encountered resistance from the Lower Austrian NSDAP agencies.
On May 24th the incorporation of Fischamend , Klosterneuburg , Schwechat , Mödling and Hadersdorf-Weidlingau was announced. The incorporation of Korneuburg and Deutsch Wagram was also planned, but this was not done. On July 21, 1938 the incorporation of 97 municipalities was determined and the corresponding law was presented on September 2. It received Hitler's approval on October 1 and came into effect on October 15, 1938. On this date, the mayor's ordinance came into force, in which the new district boundaries were specified in detail.
Greater Vienna was formed partly from an economic point of view, partly from a military point of view. The expanded city of Vienna was now divided into 26 instead of the previous 21 districts: The previous 14th and 15th district, both particularly small, were merged to form the new 15th district. A new, large 14th district was created from parts of the previous 13th district and newly incorporated areas ( see below ).
With 1,218.98 km², Greater Vienna was almost five times the size of the former Vienna and gained around 200,000 new residents with the expansion. As of May 1, 1939, the city of Vienna was defined as Reichsgau in accordance with the Ostmark Act . The census of May 17, 1939 counted 1,929,976 people. Vienna became the sixth largest city in the world. As compensation, Lower Austria and, since 1939, Lower Danube received northern and central Burgenland and southern Moravia.
On the day of the expansion, NSDAP Gauleiter Odilo Globocnik and Mayor Hermann Neubacher organized a triumphal trip through the seven most important of the 97 incorporated towns. This ended in Mödling , where the 97 mayors of the affected communities symbolically handed over their official duties to the mayor of Vienna.
New districts in the west and north
In the west and north of Vienna there was a comparatively smaller extension of the urban area. Here the city bordered the mountainous Vienna Woods , so that the fastest possible urbanization of the incorporated districts would hardly have been feasible with a larger area. The northern incorporations were merged around the city of Klosterneuburg to form the new city district of the same name.
Before Austria was "annexed" to the German Empire, the west of Vienna was home to the small districts of Rudolfsheim and Fünfhaus . Rudolfsheim had the district number 14, Fünfhaus the number 15. However, these two small districts contradicted the concept of Greater Vienna, and so Rudolfsheim, which at that time also included Sechshaus, was attached to the 15th district, Fünfhaus. In place of Rudolfsheim as the 14th district, a completely newly formed urban district in the west of Vienna was named Penzing . The merger of the two small districts was maintained after the Second World War, but it was renamed Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus .
Penzing was originally a district of the 13th district, Hietzing , and was separated from it together with all other districts north of the Wien River - Breitensee , Baumgarten , Hütteldorf and Penzing . Then there were the Lower Austrian community in the Vienna Woods, Hadersdorf-Weidlingau , and the market town of Purkersdorf . Hadersdorf-Weidlingau was a composition of the communities Auhof , Mariabrunn, Weidlingau and Hadersdorf , which had existed in this form since 1848. Above all, the more densely populated suburbs in the west of Vienna were incorporated here. After the end of the war, Hadersdorf-Weidlingau remained near Vienna, but Purkersdorf was returned to Lower Austria. A similar restructuring also took place in Döbling, which Neustift am Walde and Salmannsdorf received from Währing.
Währing was not awarded a replacement for the loss of its northern parts of the district, Hietzing was assigned the Peace City , the Auhofer Trennstück settlement and neighboring settlements to the west . The Lainzer Tiergarten moved into the new 25th district, in 1954 in the 23rd district and in 1956 in the 13th district.
In the north, what is now the third largest city in Lower Austria and its surroundings was connected to Vienna: Klosterneuburg and its surrounding communities Weidling , Weidlingbach , Scheiblingstein , Kritzendorf , Höflein an der Donau , Kierling and Maria Gugging were combined to form the new 26th district of Vienna, Klosterneuburg. It was limited to the area of the Wiener Pforte and initially refrained from expanding to Tulln .
The district was returned to Lower Austria after the Second World War - apart from smaller areas that remained in today's peripheral districts. The former communities were not restored, but incorporated into the city of Klosterneuburg.
New districts in the east
In the east of Vienna, on the north-eastern side of the Danube, a major expansion of Vienna was carried out as early as 1904 through the formation of Floridsdorf from several agricultural communities. Although this district was hardly urbanized around 1938, the decision was made to divide it and to expand the newly created districts under the names Floridsdorf and Groß-Enzersdorf, after the larger community of the same name, by several Marchfeld communities.
Floridsdorf was incorporated into Vienna in 1904 with the towns of Jedlesee, Großjedlersdorf, Donaufeld, Leopoldau, Kagran, Hirschstetten, Stadlau and Aspern. In 1910, Strebersdorf was added. In 1938 Floridsdorf lost Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and Lobau to the newly formed 22nd district, Groß-Enzersdorf; the border to the new 22nd district was drawn on the Laaer Ostbahn . In addition, there were the Lower Austrian communities from the administrative districts of Korneuburg, Flandorf , Hagenbrunn , Langenzersdorf , Bisamberg , Klein-Engersdorf , Enzersfeld , Königsbrunn , Gerasdorf , Stammersdorf , Kapellerfeld and Seyring , some of which also came from the administrative district of Floridsdorf-Umgebung . As the 21st district, Floridsdorf formed the northern part of Vienna's half east of the Danube. Of the eleven newly incorporated communities, only Stammersdorf near Floridsdorf remained in 1954.
The new 22nd district, Groß-Enzersdorf, formed the southern part of half of Vienna east of the Danube. The district was recreated in 1938. In addition to the parts that Groß-Enzersdorf received from Floridsdorf, the municipalities of Andlersdorf , Breitenlee , Eßling , Franzensdorf , Glinzendorf , Groß-Enzersdorf , Großhofen , Mannsdorf , Mühlleiten , Oberhausen , Probstdorf , Raasdorf , Rutzendorf were also received from the Floridsdorf-Umgebung administrative district , Schönau an der Donau , Süßenbrunn and Wittau as well as Kaisermühlen from Leopoldstadt . After the Second World War, however, almost all of the Lower Austrian municipalities were given back, with the exception of Breitenlee, Eßling and Süßenbrunn. Since the eponymous district of Groß-Enzersdorf was lost, the name was changed to Donaustadt . Although most of the municipalities were returned to Lower Austria, the Danube city is now the largest municipality in Vienna in terms of area.
New districts in the south
During the great expansion of Vienna, emphasis was placed on the incorporation of numerous communities in the industrially highly developed and densely populated south of Vienna. For example, places such as Gumpoldskirchen and Moosbrunn, which were originally 20 km from the city limits, were incorporated here. The three cities of Liesing , Mödling and Schwechat were chosen as the central communities of this development in the Vienna Basin , around which three completely new districts were formed. A maximum plan would originally have provided for an expansion of Vienna to Wiener Neustadt , 50 km from the old city limits (similar considerations had already been made in 1918–1921 when Vienna was separated from Lower Austria).
The new 23rd district, Schwechat, in the southeast of Greater Vienna, comprised the communities of the court district of the same name from the administrative district of Bruck an der Leitha with the exception of the community of Enzersdorf an der Fischa . In addition to Schwechat, these were Albern , Ebergassing , Fischamend , Gramatneusiedl , Himberg , Klein-Neusiedl , Lanzendorf , Leopoldsdorf , Maria Lanzendorf , Moosbrunn , Oberlaa , Rauchwarth , Rothneusiedl , Schwadorf , Unterlaa , Velm and Zwölfaxing . The district thus almost reached the old borders of Burgenland and increased Vienna's share of the Danube considerably. After the Second World War, however, this 23rd district was completely dissolved again (and the district number used for the new Liesing district). Only the smaller communities Rothneusiedl, Oberlaa and Unterlaa remained with Vienna as part of the 10th district, Favoriten and Albern as part of the 11th district, Simmering .
The new 24th District Mödling emerged from the judicial district of Mödling, which the churches today Achau , Biedermannsdorf , Brunn am Gebirge , Gaaden , Gießhübl , Gumpoldskirchen , Guntramsdorf , Hennersdorf , Hinterbrühl , Laxenburg , Maria Enzersdorf , Mödling , Münchendorf , Wiener Neudorf and the Vienna Woods included . The newly created district was the southernmost and at the same time the most distant from the historic city center. Its borders never touched the city limits of 1937. For this reason, after the Second World War, the decision was made to give the district back to Lower Austria as the only one.
The 25th district, Liesing, was formed in the south-west of Vienna. The partly hilly country already comprised parts of the Vienna Woods . The new district of Liesing also included the places of the judicial district of Liesing: Atzgersdorf , Breitenfurt , Erlaa , Inzersdorf , Kalksburg , Kaltenleuthaben , Liesing , Mauer , Perchtoldsdorf , Rodaun , Siebenhirten , Vösendorf and Laab im Walde . After the end of the war, the northern half of the district remained with Vienna after tough negotiations - now Liesing as the 23rd district. The new number had become available through the dissolution of the previous districts 23 and 24. The eponymous city of Liesing with Atzgersdorf, Erlaa, Inzersdorf, Kalksburg, Mauer, Rodaun and Siebenhirten remained near Vienna. The Lainzer Tiergarten in the north of the district came to the 13th district of Hietzing.
Expansion of the new city
National Socialist city plans for Greater Vienna
Despite the initial National Socialist propaganda, the Nazi leadership did not plan a generous redesign for Vienna. Hitler himself preferred to devote himself to other cities in the "Ostmark", such as the new Führer city of Linz . Vienna was only viewed as an inland port and base of the Wehrmacht and Air Force in Wehrkreis XVII, which could serve as a base for the conquest of the eastern and south-eastern regions. For these reasons, the Nazi leadership and Gauleiter Josef Bürckel came to the conclusion that Vienna should be conserved in terms of urban development.
Despite this requirement from Adolf Hitler, several plans arose to redesign the city. These were mainly commissioned by the city administration itself. The first plans to convert Vienna were made in Albert Speer's office even before the connection , albeit without his involvement. These plans were taken up by civil servant architects in the Vienna City Planning Office. Numerous feasibility studies have been commissioned. Especially under Vienna's second Gauleiter, Baldur von Schirach , there was a lively construction and planning activity. From 1940 to 1942 Schirach entrusted the German Reich architect Hanns Dustmann with redesigning Vienna. The preparation of plans for Greater Vienna was stopped again as the war progressed.
The unrealized plans for the redesign of the new Greater Vienna included, among other things, moving the center of Vienna “closer to the Danube”. This should have led through two monumental, parallel street axes, which should have led from the respective end point of the ring road, the Schottenring and the Stubenring, starting over the Danube to a new "Donauforum" in the area of the Old Danube. Among other things, a 350 m high stone dome building, similar to the one in Berlin, was to be built there on the banks of the Danube. Furthermore, a "Via triumphalis" running over 100 m high on huge viaduct arches was to be built, which would lead from the Votive Church on the Ring via Gaußplatz in Brigittenau to the Kahlenberg to a Nazi memorial and spanning the vineyards of Sievering and Grinzing. Historical models from the Baroque period or ideas from the Wilhelminian era served as a model for these reconstruction plans.
Housing construction and infrastructure
After the completed area expansion of Vienna, the newly developed areas were to be rapidly developed in terms of infrastructure and the numerous gaps in construction were to be gradually closed. Already in autumn 1938 the completion of the “First National Socialist Settlement of Ostmark”, the “SA-Dankopersiedlung Leopoldau”, was celebrated, which however was almost completed before the “Anschluss”. In 1939, a comprehensive residential construction program was finally presented, which envisaged the construction of 60,000 new apartments. 12,000 of these planned apartments were part of a special immediate housing program that was to be implemented particularly quickly.
These programs should overshadow the achievements of the social democratic city administration in the area of municipal housing before the “Anschluss”. Nevertheless, only around 3,000 new apartments were built. The largest newly built housing estate was the Wienerfeld West and East housing estate in the south of Greater Vienna with 500 apartments. Most of the new apartments, however, were built in smaller vacant lots in the more densely populated area of Vienna.
The National Socialists' housing plans had failed, and in the last years of the war from 1942 onwards, no new apartments could be completed. The increasing immigration caused by the war was covered in the early years by those apartments that had previously been in Jewish ownership: Before the "Anschluss", around 170,000 Jews lived in Vienna. Through expulsion and deportation, around 78,000 apartments came into the hands of the National Socialist city administration and were " Aryanized ". However, as the war progressed, housing shortages and supply bottlenecks increased. As a result of this, new allotment gardens were laid out in Vienna . The city administration finally decided that the housing stock would be compulsorily managed and, from the end of 1943, a ban on immigration .
The infrastructural expansion of the city strongly affected the expansion of public transport. The new outlying districts should be quickly adapted to the public transport system of the old urban area. For example, an S-Bahn line to Franzensdorf was planned in order to better reach the former Marchfeld communities in the east. The sparsely populated areas on the new outskirts were to be connected to the city center by the newly created trolleybus . In 1943 construction began on the first two lines to Salmannsdorf and Klosterneuburg . For this purpose, five substations, including one in Klosterneuburg, were built, as well as a Reichspostgarage (also in Klosterneuburg) adapted for this route. The tram (360) to Mödling used to go south. The center of Vienna was to be accessed by a subway . Siemens-Bauunion took on the planning for this . After the Second World War, these projects were partially resumed. The trolleybus network was originally to be expanded and operated. After Klosterneuburg separated from Vienna, however, the project was finally stopped entirely. However, the substations are still partially preserved today. The subway was built with a similar route in the 1970s and 1980s.
Furthermore, the construction of an urban motorway and a motorway ring should take place. In 1940, many basic redemptions were made and the first bridges were built for today's Vienna outer ring motorway A 21, which was not built until the 1970s - largely according to the old route. Today's Vienna outer ring expressway S 1 was already planned at that time, but had to be rescheduled according to today's conditions. At Groß-Enzersdorf and Schwechat, in the new south of Greater Vienna, ocean-going Danube ports were also to be built. This should happen in connection with the planned opening of the Rhine-Main-Danube and Danube-Oder canals in 1945. The new ports should also attract industrial companies. In addition to the planned Danube ports, a grain port was actually built in Albern near Schwechat. In the years 1939 to 1942, forced laborers built the huge grain port through which grain was transported from Eastern and Southeastern Europe to Germany. The Albern harbor is still in operation today.
Military rearmament
One of the most obvious changes in the cityscape in the course of the city's military armament was the erection of the Vienna flak towers . The three completed flak pairs are still in the city today. Originally, after the victory, clad in marble , they should have served as memorials to the fallen German soldiers. Other new military buildings were the establishment of a base for the German Air Force and an air combat school near Vienna- Seyring . The city's current airport, Vienna-Schwechat , also goes back to a military airfield that was built in Greater Vienna at the time.
Gauleiter and Reich Governor
The NSDAP party structure for the city of Vienna was founded in 1926. In 1939 the city of Vienna and the former Austrian states that remained after the changes in autumn 1938 were constituted as Reichsgaue (see Ostmarkgesetz ). The NSDAP Gauleiter (from 1939 also Reich Governor of the respective Reichsgau) were:
- 1926: Robert Derda
- 1928: Eugen Werkowitsch
- 1930: Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld
- 1937: Leopold Tavs
- 1938: Franz Richter
- 1938: Odilo Globocnik
- 1939: Josef Bürckel
- 1940: Baldur von Schirach
The end of Greater Vienna
After the end of the Second World War , various parties called for the annulment of the incorporations on October 15, 1938. The Soviet occupying power succeeded in dividing the four-sector city of Vienna into four sectors under occupation law only within its 1937 borders; all areas added in 1938 were militarily part of Lower Austria , part of the Soviet occupation zone .
In 1946 negotiations between Vienna and Lower Austria regarding the resettlement, it was agreed to leave 17 former municipalities near Vienna, but to unite them exclusively with Soviet-occupied districts so as not to conflict with occupation law. The Territorial Change Act was passed as a constitutional law by the two state parliaments and on June 29, 1946 by the National Council. However, the Allied Commission surprisingly objected to a Soviet veto, so that the law could not be announced and come into force. The Soviets did not want any change in the status quo until 1954 .
From 1946 to 1954, the affected communities belonged to Lower Austria under occupation law; they were not clearly assigned under constitutional law: Although they belonged to Vienna, they had no elected district representatives, but only a local chief appointed by the Vienna mayor as his representative. The citizens concerned were not entitled to vote in the Viennese municipal council elections, but were allowed to vote for members of the Lower Austrian state parliament who, however, were not entitled to vote there. The taxes in turn benefited the city of Vienna. The legal situation that arose made it impossible until 1954 to hold district representative elections or any local elections in all parts of Greater Vienna that had joined them. The district representatives were appointed on the basis of the overall election results. In the districts with incorporated places, these were only represented in the district council by advisory mayors.
In the Mödling district, as a district that will be spun off in the future, the district representation was taken over by the provisional Mödling community committee and later the community council, with voting proportions based on local state election results. In addition, the Mödlinger Mayor, designated by the Mödlinger Municipal Committee, was appointed by the Mayor of Vienna to be a local mayor and entrusted with the municipal function of a district chief .
During this time there were repeated polls in the affected areas as to whether the citizens wanted to stay in Vienna. Finally, the Allied Commission gave in, and on June 23, 1954, the Territorial Change Act of 1946 was announced and came into force on September 1, 1954: 17 places now remained permanently in Vienna, 80 became part of Lower Austria again. Some of the places spun off from Vienna were promptly incorporated into other communities, so Klosterneuburg received all six communities of the district of the same name and Schwechat was expanded to include Kledering , Altkettenhof , Neukettenhof , Rannersdorf and Mannswörth . Also Gutenhof (after Himberg ) and Wöglerin (after Sulz im Wienerwald ) were not independent again, also merged Ober-Lanzendorf and sub-Lanzendorf to the municipality Lanzendorf . Thus 66 new parishes emerged.
Some of the places affected by the resettlement now resisted this law. The city of Schwechat , in particular , advocated remaining with Vienna or reintegration. In the years after 1955, when the occupying powers withdrew, the city of Vienna tried to incorporate satellite cities in the south such as Vösendorf . Nevertheless, Vienna's city limits have remained unchanged since 1954.
The question was a domestic political issue that was mainly shaped by the political majority in the communities. Since most of the larger municipalities concerned had SPÖ majorities, the curious situation arose that the Viennese SPÖ was in favor of retaining the incorporations, but the Lower Austrian against, as this would have meant a further weakening in the ÖVP- dominated Lower Austria. At the ÖVP, the situation was exactly the opposite. This even led to mutual accusations from the respective national organizations.
In the years 1945 and 1946 a place of inquiry held on the reconstruction of Vienna after the war. At the same time, a proposal for a new demarcation was worked out, which, however, became obsolete due to the political decisions of 1946.
Effects of the dissolution of Greater Vienna
The dissolution of Greater Vienna in 1954 caused numerous infrastructural problems. First of all, it had to be decided how the 80 fallen back municipalities should be distributed among the already existing districts of Lower Austria. The former Viennese district Mödling was raised again to a Lower Austrian district, this district also received those parts of Liesing that did not remain with Vienna. The remaining communities were simply declared to be the Vienna-Umgebung district , although this was not a contiguous area. Already in 1957 almost all the communities left of the Danube left the district; the former Floridsdorf district parts except Gerasdorf changed to the Korneuburg district , the former Groß-Enzersdorf district parts came to the Gänserndorf district . The district was not completely dissolved until the end of December 2016 and divided into the districts of Korneuburg, Tulln , St. Pölten-Land and Bruck an der Leitha .
The number 7 key was created to relieve the financial burden on the outsourced communities, most of which had a high proportion of second home owners . After that, even small communities received such high revenue shares per inhabitant as they normally get in a city of 50,000. This number 7 key was only fought against as inequality in the Constitutional Court in the 1990s by other small communities and subsequently abolished.
Another impact that still applies today is the network infrastructure of the surrounding communities. The electricity and gas network is partially provided by Wiener Netze GmbH and not by Netz Niederösterreich GmbH.
See also
- Vienna metropolitan area - today's cross-border metropolitan region
literature
- Wolfgang Mayer: The National Socialist Territorial Reform. In: Felix Czeike (Ed.): Vienna 1938 (= research and contributions to Viennese city history. Vol. 2, ZDB -ID 716753-2 ). Association for the History of the City of Vienna, Vienna 1978, pp. 77–87.
- Maren Seliger: Big or Small Vienna? Political disputes about post-war borders and urban development goals. In: Yearbook of the Association for the History of the City of Vienna. Vol. 51, 1995, ISSN 1027-8788 , pp. 209-241.
- Klaus Steiner: Planning for Vienna during the Nazi era. In: Siegwald Ganglmair (Red.): Vienna 1938 (= Historical Museum of the City of Vienna. Special exhibition 110). Österreichischer Bundesverlag u. a., Vienna 1988, ISBN 3-215-07022-7 , pp. 430-450.
- Helmut Weihsmann: Building under the swastika. Architecture of doom. Promedia, Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-85371-113-8 .
Web links
- National Socialist architecture and urban development in Vienna
- Trolleybus routes to Klosterneuburg and Salmannsdorf
- Main statute of the Reichsgau Vienna
Individual evidence
- ^ Law on territorial changes in Austria, GBlLÖ No. 443/1938
- ^ Ordinance of the Mayor of the City of Vienna on the division of the area of the City of Vienna into districts of October 15, 1938
- ↑ http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&daten=19101130&seite=14&zoom=33
- ↑ Gau Wien of the NSDAP at www.territorial.de
- ↑ Overview of the NSDAP Gaue, the Gauleiter and the Deputy Gauleiter between 1933 and 1945
- ↑ Federal Constitutional Act of June 9, 1949, on the implementation of elections in the Lower Austria State Parliament and in the municipal council of the federal capital Vienna in 1949, Federal Law Gazette No. 155/1949 Federal Constitutional Act of April 7, 1954, on the implementation of elections in the State Parliament of Lower Austria and in the municipal council of the federal capital Vienna in 1954, Federal Law Gazette No. 111/1954
- ↑ District representatives. In: Vienna History Wiki. City of Vienna, accessed on February 15, 2020 .
- ↑ Peter Nics: Cold people from then to now. Episode 25 - Let's go from Vienna! In: Marktgemeinde Mödling Online. Marktgemeinde Mödling, accessed on February 15, 2020 .
- ^ Mödling provisional community committee. In: Austrian Volksstimme. Organ / central organ of the Communist Party of Austria , February 12, 1946, p. 5 (online at ANNO ).
- ^ The mayor of Mödling 80 years old. In: Wiener Zeitung , August 6, 1946, p. 3 (online at ANNO ).
- ↑ Galbavy, Teresa: The 24th District Mödling. Ed .: University of Vienna. 2012, p. 116 , doi : 10.25365 / thesis.23178 ( univie.ac.at [accessed on February 14, 2020]).
- ↑ Galbavy, Teresa: The 24th District Mödling. Ed .: University of Vienna. 2012, p. 115 f ., doi : 10.25365 / thesis.23178 ( univie.ac.at [accessed on February 14, 2020]).
- ↑ Federal Constitutional Act of July 26, 1946, regarding the change in the borders between the federal states of Lower Austria and Vienna (Territorial Change Act), Federal Law Gazette No. 110/1954
- ^ Landesgesetzblatt Niederösterreich, born in 1954, issue 14 , accessed on August 18, 2020