Brody (Ukraine)

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Brody
Броди
Brody Coat of Arms
Brody (Ukraine)
Brody
Brody
Basic data
Oblast : Lviv Oblast
Rajon : Brody Raion
Height : 223 m
Area : 8.67 km²
Residents : 23,919 (2010)
Population density : 2,759 inhabitants per km²
Postcodes : 80606
Area code : +380 3266
Geographic location : 50 ° 5 '  N , 25 ° 9'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 4 '48 "  N , 25 ° 9' 5"  E
KOATUU : 4620310100
Administrative structure : 1 city
Mayor : Bohdan Semchuk
Address: пл. Ринок 20
80 600 м. Броди
Website : http://www.brody.lviv.ua/
Statistical information
Brody (Lviv Oblast)
Brody
Brody
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Brody ( Ukrainian Броди , Polish Brody , Russian Броды - Brody , Yiddish בראָד- Brod ) is a small Ukrainian town with 23,239 inhabitants (2001); it is located 90 km northeast of Lviv (Lemberg) in the Lviv Oblast .

history

Archaeological finds indicate that in the vicinity of what is now the urban area as early as 12,000 BC. Were human settlements.

Kievan Rus

Brody (German: Furten ) was first mentioned in a document in 1084, at that time it belonged to the Kievan Rus .

Kingdom of Poland

In 1340 it came under the rule of Poland . It was conceived and rebuilt as the “ideal” city by the Polish nobility . In 1584 she received Magdeburg city rights . In the 16th and 17th centuries the city experienced a rapid boom due to the influx of Jews , Armenians , Scots and Greeks .

A large part of the population was Jewish. From the second half of the 18th century in particular, they dominated long-distance trade. Brody became a hub for goods from Western Europe in exchange for raw materials from Poland-Lithuania , Russia and the Ottoman Empire . Brody was one of the richest and most important cities in Poland at that time.

Since the middle of the 18th century Brody was the seat of the four-country council , the important judicial and administrative council of the Jews in Poland-Lithuania.

Empire of Austria

After the first partition of Poland in 1772, Brody came to the Habsburg Monarchy , there in the newly created crown land of Galicia . The monarchy was constituted as the Austrian Empire in 1804 and referred to as the Austro-Hungarian monarchy from 1867 .

Economic development

In 1779, based on the model of the Adriatic ports of Trieste and Fiume , the city was declared a free trade zone with an area of ​​264 square kilometers . Now the city experienced an unprecedented boom and soon became one of the most important trading centers in Central and Eastern Europe. For ten years, the state exempted the citizens of Brody from taxes so they could renew their homes and start new businesses.

Galician and Polish-Lithuanian tobacco products , wax and honey, hemp and linen were handled in Brody and further to the west at the Breslau , Frankfurt and, above all, Leipzig trade fairs, for cotton fabrics, fine fabrics such as French silk and English industrial products. From Italy came silks, jewelry and corals, from Styria and Upper Austria were scythes delivered for Eastern Europe. Spices, pearls and jewels were imported from the Far East. Russia supplied tea, sugar, wool, bristles, feathers, fur products and horses, which were offered twice a year at a large horse market.

Since 1809, Brody was the most important transshipment point for the import of colonial goods to Austria after the latter had lost the Illyrian port cities to France. Since there was an import ban on these goods due to the continental blockade, a large part of these goods was smuggled across the border until 1815 . In the 18th and 19th centuries, Brody was an important trading center for fur skins and bristles, as well as a focus of furring.

After 1815 the economic importance of the city declined significantly, as the trade in goods with Russia decreased and Illyria again belonged to Austria.

Until 1860 Brody was the third largest city in Galicia after Lviv and Krakow. In 1850 it became the seat of the Brody district of the same name , and a district court was set up in 1867. In 1869 the city was connected to the Austrian railway network, and in 1873 the cross-border connection to the neighboring town of Radsiwilow in the Russian Empire was established. At this time, a little further south at Pidvolochysk , a connecting line had also been built, which Brody made strong competition.

The revocation of the free trade patent at the end of 1879 also worsened economic development, as Brody had hardly developed any industry.

population

Jews in Brody
year Ges.-Bev. Jews proportion of
1869 18,700 15,138 80.9%
1880 20,000 15,316 76.3%
1890 not specified
1900 16,400 11,854 72.1%
1910 18,000 12,150 67.5%

The population had peaked at 20,000 in 1880 (1820: 18,000 inhabitants). At a time when the cities were growing rapidly through industrialization, Brody's population stagnated, dropping to 16,400 by 1900.

Until the 1860s, Brody was the third largest city in Galicia after Lviv and Krakow ; in 1910 it was only tenth. The previously almost completely Jewish city with a Jewish population of 80.9% and 18,700 inhabitants in 1869 also experienced a noticeable decline in the Jewish population group for the first time with the economic crisis. Simon Ehrlich , born around 1840 in Brody, writes in his autobiography about Brody's Jews:

“Not all are Hasidim. It is true that four fifths of the inmates are all Jews, but the Jews consist of Orthodox and enlightened people; the former are partly poor, partly wealthy, and run various trades; They are brokers, changers, usurers, rabbis, butchers, tailors, plumbers, shoemakers, water carriers and carters. The latter are rich and trade. Most of them go to the Leipzig Trade Fair every year, then return with a blessed bag and lead a happy, enjoyable life with their families. "

education

In addition to its importance as a trading town, Brody's role as an educational center should be emphasized. From Brody, the Jewish Enlightenment ( Haskala ) reached Galicia, supported mainly by the wealthy and well-traveled merchants of the city and their employees, and flourished between 1815 and 1850. The German-Jewish secondary school in Brody, which was founded in 1815/16 as an Israelite private school connected to the Haskala, should be mentioned in particular. In 1854 it became a public non-denominational school, which was finally converted into a complete state grammar school in the 1860s and was officially called the kk Kronprinz-Rudolf-Gymnasium from 1883 . It is noteworthy that the language of instruction was German until 1906 (in existing classes until 1914), while in the rest of Galicia, apart from Lemberg, there were only Polish and (few) Ukrainian high schools. Joseph Roth graduated here in German in 1913.

Brody in the 20th century

Tarnopol Voivodeship until 1939, location of the city

In November 1918, after the collapse of the Danube Monarchy at the end of the First World War, the city was briefly part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . In the Polish-Ukrainian War , Poland occupied the last parts of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in July 1919. On November 21, 1919, the High Council of the Paris Peace Conference awarded Eastern Galicia to Poland for a period of 25 years. After the regaining of Polish independence, the place was from 1921 to September 1939 in the Tarnopol Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic .

In September 1939, the Red Army occupied the city in accordance with the agreements in the secret additional protocol of the German-Soviet Border and Friendship Treaty , whereupon it was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR (see History of Ukraine ).

After the invasion of the Soviet Union , a large tank battle between the German 1st Panzer Army and five Soviet mechanized corps took place nearby from June 26 to 29, 1941 , in which both sides suffered heavy losses. From August 1, 1941, the district of Galicia with Brody belonged to the Generalgouvernement . In the following three years under German occupation, practically all of the approx. 9,000 Jewish residents of Brody were first looted, some were used for forced labor, locked in a ghetto from December 1942 and finally murdered, with only the smaller part being deported to extermination camps. The much larger part was shot at the edge of the forest behind the Jewish cemetery or on the palace square. A trilingual memorial stone next to the cemetery, on which nowadays (as of June 2016) some vegetable patches are laid out, commemorates this mass murder.

In the further course of the Second World War , Brody was severely destroyed, especially when the Wehrmacht tried to hold the city together with the SS-Halychyna ( Brodyer Kesselschlacht July / August 1944). Almost 2000 houses were completely destroyed, especially the city center around the Ringplatz.

In 1945, the eastern border of Poland was redefined by the Allies and ran largely along the demarcation line of the Hitler-Stalin Pact. The area around Lviv finally fell to the Soviet Union.

The city, largely depopulated after the Second World War, was repopulated with Ukrainian farmers from the area. Large parts of the city had to be rebuilt, and in the late 1970s work began on draining the swamps surrounding the city .

As a Rajonsstadt Brody has only a subordinate administrative role today. The city's most important employers are the Druzhba and Odessa- Brody pipelines , which intersect in Brody.

City sponsorships

Brody as a literary place

Life in the border town is dealt with in several works by Joseph Roth , born in Brody , who described the world of mostly Jewish traders and portrayed soldiers, customs officers and smugglers. Mention should be made, for example, of The False Weight , but also the story The Leviathan , for whose fictional setting Progody Brody is or has clearly been the godfather. In Roth's novel Radetzkymarsch , too , Brody provides the desolate backdrop for Carl Joseph Trotta von Sipolje's place of work at the extreme end of the Danube monarchy. In his volume of essays, Jews on the move, Roth describes a nameless “Jewish town” which, according to his description, fits Brody completely.

In Isaak Babel's work Die Reiterarmee several chapters play in Brody.

After the First World War, Brody was fought over by the Polish army, White Guards, Ukrainian nationalists and the Soviet cavalry army under General Budjonny . In his memoir , Budjonny describes the completely destroyed city.

sons and daughters of the town

  • Church in Brody

  • City administration building

  • synagogue

  • Tyszkiewicz Manor

  • Bell tower

  • The old citadel in Brody

  • The castle in the Brody Citadel

  • A building monument in decline: Synagogue in Brody

  • Where Joseph Roth once went to school

  • Pedagogical College

literature

Web links

Commons : Brody  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Emil Brass : From the realm of fur . 2nd improved edition. Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1925, p. 278 .
  2. ^ Reichsgesetzblatt of October 8, 1850, No. 383, page 1741
  3. ^ Results of the censuses of the KK Statistische Central -ommission u. a. In: Anson Rabinbach : The Migration of Galician Jews to Vienna. Austrian History Yearbook, Volume XI, Berghahn Books / Rice University Press, Houston 1975, pp. 46/47 (Table III).
  4. ↑ Quoted from Yvonne Kleinmann: “Foreigners” - “Russians” - “Socialists” - Jewish students from Eastern Europe in Leipzig 1880-1914 ; in Stephan Wendehorst (ed.): Building blocks of a Jewish history of the University of Leipzig , Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2006, ISBN 3-86583-106-0 , p. 520
  5. ^ Monica Rüthers and Desanka Schwara : Regions in portrait ; in Heiko Haumann (Ed.): Air people and rebellious daughters - On the change in Eastern Jewish life in the 19th century , Böhlau Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-412-06699-0 , p. 54
  6. ↑ І. Дацків: Дипломатія ЗУНР на Паризькій мирній конференції. 1919 р. ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Український історичний журнал . No. 5 (482), Kiev 2009, p. 134. ISSN 0130-5247 . (uk) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / library.ua 
  7. ↑ Wolfratshausen and Brody from now on twin cities. ( Memento of the original from July 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on www.nrcu.gov.ua.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nrcu.gov.ua