Extended periodic table

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Superactinoids

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The extended periodic table was introduced in 1969 by Glenn T. Seaborg . On the whole, it corresponds to the previous periodic table in function and structure, but supplements it with elements with ordinal numbers greater than 118 and indented further subgroups . Since these additional elements have not yet been created, they have systematic element names for the time being . In addition, it is strictly sorted according to the occupancy of the electron orbitals , which is why, for example, helium (He) can be found on the left side, to the right of hydrogen (H) and not on the far right above neon (Ne).

Nuclear physics

Nothing is known of the generation of the elements additionally considered in this scheme with ordinal numbers beyond 118. However, based on theoretical considerations, it is very likely that they can be generated by nuclear fusion . It is expected that these elements will decay with half-lives of less than one second. Some of these elements are believed to be relatively long-lived in relation to their neighbors as they are located on islands of stability . In the true sense of the word, “stable” super-heavy elements are not in the range of what is expected.

Anomalies and peculiarities that would only occur with larger ordinal numbers (e.g. from 300 or 500) cannot yet be reliably predicted.

Historically, neutron stars with very large atoms with atomic numbers in many powers of ten were compared, but this is not permitted due to the physical phenomena involved ( gravitation , plasma formation ).

chemistry

It is assumed that the elements with ordinal numbers greater than 118 follow the known laws of the elements with lower ordinal numbers. However, their predicted is life too short and the producible amount too small to chemical or most of the physical properties (eg. As the physical state to observe).

It is expected that elements 123 to 140 will gradually have the 5g orbitals filled in and elements 122 and 141 to 153 will gradually fill the 6f orbitals. Glenn T. Seaborg coined the term superactinoids for the common group of 5g and 6f elements . Similar to the lanthanides and actinides, these elements are indented or shown apart. As with the lanthanides and actinides, the exact assignment to the superactinides is not uniform in the specialist literature either.

It is generally expected that the chemical properties of the heaviest elements do not necessarily have to follow the trends of the previous periods due to the relativistic effect . In this respect, the assignment to individual groups of the periodic table is a purely formal assignment as long as no experimental data are available.

The extended periodic table

The table below shows the periodic table in the eighth period according to Seaborg's assumptions.

In the case of the elements of the eighth period, it should be noted that, according to Nefedov, the first 9s electron is already occupied in element 159 in the ground state. In the model by Fricke et al., Which is based on the relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater calculations. (1971), and the model by Pyykkö (2011), which is based on Dirac-Fock calculations, as in Nefedov, the eighth period ends only with element 172, to which these authors attribute noble gas behavior, but which then already has two 9s and two 9p electrons are occupied.

Note that in the eighth period the energy ranges of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p electrons are so close to each other or overlap that a direct assignment of 123 to 5g ¹ , 124 to 5g ² etc., as suggested in the table below, is not possible. See Chemical Elements of the Eighth Period # List , where some of the calculated electron configurations from Nefedov et al. are listed.

period	s ¹	s ²																																																	period
1	1 H.	2 He																																											p ¹	p ²	p ³	p ⁴	p ⁵	p ⁶	1
2	3 li	4 Be																																											5 B	6 C	7 N.	8 O	9 F.	10 Ne	2
3	11 Well	12 mg	d ¹																																	d ²	d ³	d ⁴	d ⁵	d ⁶	d ⁷	d ⁸	d ⁹	d ¹⁰	13 Al	14 Si	15 p	16 pp	17 cl	18 ares	3
4th	19 K	20 approx	21 Sc																																	22 Ti	23 V	24 Cr	25 mn	26 feet	27 Co	28 Ni	29 Cu	30 notes	31 Ga	32 Ge	33 As	34 Se	35 Br	36 kr	4th
5	37 Rb	38 Sr	39 Y	f ¹																			f ²	f ³	f ⁴	f ⁵	f ⁶	f ⁷	f ⁸	f ⁹	f ¹⁰	f ¹¹	f ¹²	f ¹³	f ¹⁴	40 Zr	41 Nb	42 Mon	43 Tc	44 Ru	45 Rh	46 Pd	47 Ag	48 Cd	49 in	50 Sn	51 Sb	52 te	53 I.	54 Xe	5
6th	55 Cs	56 Ba	57 La	58 Ce																			59 Pr	60 Nd	61 pm	62 Sm	63 Eu	64 Gd	65 p	66 Dy	67 Ho	68 he	69 Tm	70 yb	71 Lu	72 Hf	73 days	74 W	75 Re	76 Os	77 Ir	78 Pt	79 Au	80 ed	81 Tl	82 Pb	83 bi	84 Po	85 at	86 para	6th
7th	87 Fr	88 Ra	89 Ac	90 th	g ¹	g ²	g ³	g ⁴	g ⁵	g ⁶	g ⁷	g ⁸	g ⁹	g ¹⁰	g ¹¹	g ¹²	g ¹³	g ¹⁴	g ¹⁵	g ¹⁶	g ¹⁷	g ¹⁸	91 Pa	92 U	93 Np	94 Pu	95 am	96 cm	97 Bk	98 Cf	99 it	100 m	101 Md	102 No.	103 Lr	104 para	105 Db	106 Sg	107 hours	108 ms	109 m	110 Ds	111 Rg	112 cn	113 Nh	114 bottles	115 Mc	116 Lv	117 Ts	118 above	7th
8th	119 uue	120 Ubn	121 Ubu	122 Ubb	123 Ubt	124 Ubq	125 Ubp	126 Ubh	127 Ubs	128 Ubo	129 exercises	130 Utn	131 Utu	132 sub	133 Utt	134 Utq	135 Utp	136 Uth	137 Uts	138 Uto	139 Ute	140 Uqn	141 equ	142 Uqb	143 Uqt	144 Uqq	145 Uqp	146 Uqh	147 Uqs	148 Uqo	149 Uqe	150 rpn	151 Upu	152 Upb	153 Upt	154 Upq	155 Upp	156 Uph	157 oops	158 Upo	159 Upe	160 uhn	161 eagle owl	162 Uhb	163 Uht	164 Uhq	165 Uhp	166 Uhh	167 Uhs	168 Uho	8th

blocks
s block	p block	d block	f block	g block

literature

Harry H. Binder: The limits of the periodic table of the elements . In: Lexicon of the chemical elements - The periodic table in facts, figures and data. Hirzel, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7776-0736-3 , pp. 761-767

Individual evidence

^ Glenn T. Seaborg: Prospects for Further Considerable Extension of the Periodic Table . In: Journal of Chemical Education . tape 46 , October 1969, p. 626-634 . Also found as a reprint in GT Seaborg: Prospects for Further Considerable Extension of the Periodic Table . In: GT Seaborg (Ed.): Modern Alchemy: Selected Papers of Glenn T. Seaborg . World Scientific, 1994, ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
↑ Seaborg's designation and element range is also used in the following book: DC Hofman, DA Shaughnessy: Superheavy Elements . In: Attila Vértes et al. (Ed.): Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry . 2nd Edition. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4419-0719-6 ( limited preview in Google book search).
↑ VI Nefedov, MB Trzhaskovskaya, VG Yarzhemskii: Electronic Configurations and the Periodic Table for super heavy element . In: Doklady Physical Chemistry . tape 408 , no. 2 , 2006, p. 149–151 , doi : 10.1134 / S0012501606060029 ( copy on Russian website [PDF; 111 kB ; accessed on July 11, 2020]).
↑ Fricke, B., Greiner, W. and Waber, JT: The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements . In: Theoret. Chim. Acta . tape 21 , 1971, p. 235-260 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01172015 .
↑ Pekka Pyykkö: A suggested Periodic Table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac-Fock calculations on atoms and ions . In: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. tape 13 , no. 1 , 2011, p. 161–168 , doi : 10.1039 / C0CP01575J ( preprint version from the author's homepage [PDF; 164 kB ; accessed on July 13, 2020]).

[1] Glenn T. Seaborg: Prospects for Further Considerable Extension of the Periodic Table . In: Journal of Chemical Education . tape 46 , October 1969, p. 626-634 . Also found as a reprint in GT Seaborg: Prospects for Further Considerable Extension of the Periodic Table . In: GT Seaborg (Ed.): Modern Alchemy: Selected Papers of Glenn T. Seaborg . World Scientific, 1994, ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

[2] Seaborg's designation and element range is also used in the following book: DC Hofman, DA Shaughnessy: Superheavy Elements . In: Attila Vértes et al. (Ed.): Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry . 2nd Edition. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4419-0719-6 ( limited preview in Google book search).

[3] VI Nefedov, MB Trzhaskovskaya, VG Yarzhemskii: Electronic Configurations and the Periodic Table for super heavy element . In: Doklady Physical Chemistry . tape 408 , no. 2 , 2006, p. 149–151 , doi : 10.1134 / S0012501606060029 ( copy on Russian website [PDF; 111 kB ; accessed on July 11, 2020]).

[4] Fricke, B., Greiner, W. and Waber, JT: The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements . In: Theoret. Chim. Acta . tape 21 , 1971, p. 235-260 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01172015 .

[5] Pekka Pyykkö: A suggested Periodic Table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac-Fock calculations on atoms and ions . In: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. tape 13 , no. 1 , 2011, p. 161–168 , doi : 10.1039 / C0CP01575J ( preprint version from the author's homepage [PDF; 164 kB ; accessed on July 13, 2020]).