Automobile World Championship 1970
World Champion | |
Driver: | Jochen Rindt |
Constructor: | Lotus Ford |
Season dates | |
---|---|
Number of races: | 13 |
<1969 season |
The 1970 Automobile World Championship was the 21st season of the Automobile World Championship, which is now known as the Formula 1 World Championship . Over 13 races between March 7, 1970 and October 25, 1970, the drivers' world championship and the International Cup of Formula 1 Constructors were held in this context .
Jochen Rindt won the drivers' world championship for the first and only time. He died during training for the Italian Grand Prix in Monza on September 5, 1970 and is the only Formula 1 world champion to be awarded this title posthumously because his points advantage was no longer overtaken. Lotus-Ford became constructors' world champion for the fourth time.
Changes in 1970
Regulations
Apart from an increase in the minimum weight of the cars to 530 kg, the Formula 1 rules remained unchanged compared to the previous year .
As before, alternatively charged engines with a displacement of up to 1.5 liters or uncharged engines with a maximum displacement of 3.0 liters were permitted. In fact, as in previous years, no manufacturer used the option of charging. The Cosworth DFV engine , financed by Ford, became the standard engine in Formula 1: 18 of 21 teams used exclusively or predominantly DFV engines. Only BRM , Ferrari and Matra used their own engines. There was also an eight-cylinder Alfa Romeo engine , which was entered for individual races in a third works car from the McLaren team. In the course of the season there was a drop in performance in the Cosworth DFV engines, which have also dominated sport in recent years. It was mainly due to the fact that Cosworth was temporarily overwhelmed with the maintenance of the numerous engines in circulation in the summer of 1970.
Teams
In 1970 there were some changes in the team area. With March Engineering , a new designer was added who not only ran his own works team, but also sold newly built racing cars to customer teams. The March 701 was the most widespread car of the 1970 season: this year five racing teams fielded a total of eight 701s.
As the season progressed, Tyrrell went from being a customer team to being a designer. After the alliance with Matra, which had existed since 1968 , was broken at the end of 1969 for reasons of corporate policy - Matra, which is now part of the Chrysler group, rejected the combination of the Matra chassis with engines from Cosworth and Ford, as practiced by Tyrrell - Ken Tyrrell began it Season with chassis from March, but at the same time had his first own chassis developed, which was initially ready for use as a single piece in the summer of 1970. In return, Matra, which in 1969 had limited itself to equipping the Tyrrell team, returned to Formula 1 with its own works team in 1970 after a one-year break.
Team Surtees , the newly founded racing team of multiple motorcycle and Formula 1 world champion John Surtees, was added as a new designer in 1970 . After an unsuccessful pre-season at BRM for 1970, Surtees had no longer received a factory cockpit and decided, like Jack Brabham a decade earlier, to continue his driving career with his own racing team. Until the first Surtees car was ready for use, the team helped themselves with older McLaren customer cars.
Also new was the Bellasi F1 70 , a car designed by Vittorio Bellasi and used by the Ticino racing driver Silvio Moser in his private racing team.
The British racing team Frank Williams Racing Cars , which had previously used customer cars from Brabham , brought the Italian sports car manufacturer De Tomaso back to Formula 1. Williams was the only team to use racing cars that had been designed and built by De Tomaso. The connection ended after a year; De Tomaso then withdrew permanently from Formula 1.
In addition to the ten factory teams who used self-designed cars, eleven customer teams competed in 1970, which usually only started in individual races. The Rob Walker Racing Team was the only private racing team that registered for almost all world championship races of the year.
driver
In 1970 François Cevert , Emerson Fittipaldi , Peter Gethin , Ignazio Giunti , Henri Pescarolo , Ronnie Peterson , Clay Regazzoni , Tim Schenken , Rolf Stommelen and Reine Wisell made their Formula 1 debuts .
There were a few driver changes at the start of the season. Graham Hill , who had started for the Lotus factory team the year before, did not receive a new contract and switched to the private Rob Walker team. The top driver at Lotus was Jochen Rindt ; John Miles drove in the second factory car . After Rindt's fatal accident in Monza , Emerson Fittipaldi and Reine Wisell brought the season to a close for Lotus. In addition to the reigning world champion Jackie Stewart, Tyrrell now used Johnny Servoz-Gavin , who replaced Jean-Pierre Beltoise , who was closely associated with Matra . However, Servoz-Gavin withdrew from Formula 1 after a few races. Ken Tyrrell initially wanted to replace him with Brian Redman , but then decided on the recommendation of Jackie Stewart for the French debutant François Cevert . Chris Amon , who had driven for Scuderia Ferrari the year before, switched to the newly established March works team. Next to him was the Swiss Jo Siffert , whose driver salary was almost entirely financed by Porsche this year .
In terms of drivers, the 1970 season turned out to be one of the most tragic in Formula 1 history. Several fatal accidents occurred during the year.
On June 2, 1970, Bruce McLaren had a fatal accident while test driving a CanAm racing car in Goodwood . In the accident, the rear paneling of the vehicle was torn off as a result of the high contact pressure, and the car hit a wall at 200 km / h. Bruce McLaren was thrown out of the car and died instantly.
On June 21, 1970, Piers Courage had a fatal accident in an accident during the Dutch Grand Prix in Zandvoort . His de Tomaso - Ford caught fire after an accident. Courage could not be released from the vehicle in time and burned.
On September 5, 1970, Jochen Rindt had a serious accident half an hour after the start of training on the Monza race track . Rindt drove towards the Parabolica at top speed. While still on the straight, the Lotus suddenly pulled sharply to the left at 30 degrees, hit the guardrail with its flat nose, turned several times losing the entire front structure, hit the planks a second time and finally got stuck in the sand in the direction of travel. Rindt suffered a rupture of the trachea and died of his serious injuries while being transported to the hospital in Milan .
Teams and drivers
The following overview lists all drivers who were registered as regular drivers for World Championship races during the season. No fixed start numbers were assigned to the drivers; the starting numbers changed from race to race.
Race calendar: The world championship races
The 1970 season included 13 world championship races. In addition, numerous races were held according to the Formula 1 regulations that were not part of the world championship.
Race reports
This section contains a summary of what happened at the 13 world championship races of the 1970 Formula 1 season.
South Africa Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jack Brabham | Brabham-Ford | 1: 49: 35.4 |
2 | Denis Hulme | McLaren-Ford | + 8.1 |
3 | Jackie Stewart | March-Ford | + 17.1 |
PP | Jackie Stewart | March | 1: 19.3 |
SR |
Jack Brabham / John Surtees |
Brabham / McLaren |
1: 20.8 |
The 1970 South African Grand Prix took place on March 7, 1970 at the Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit . He went over 80 laps of 4.094 km each and had a total distance of 327.52 km.
All factory teams as well as the private teams of Rob Walker , STP , Surtees and Tyrrell were registered . In addition, there were two South African teams, Scuderia Scribante and Team Gunston , who brought three local drivers to the start and did not take part in any other world championship run of the year. The racing car designer March Engineering , who had only been founded a year earlier, made his Formula 1 debut at this race . A total of five March 701 vehicles were at the start in Kyalami . In practice they were the fastest cars. Jackie Stewart (Tyrrell) and Chris Amon (March works team) achieved identical lap times with their 701 in qualifying training and occupied the front row. In the race, Stewart first led in Tyrrell's customer march. But after the first quarter he was overtaken by Jack Brabham ( Brabham ), who had started from third place. Brabham won the race ahead of Denis Hulme in the factory McLaren and Stewart, who achieved the first podium finish for March Engineering with third place in the first race. Jack Brabham and John Surtees , who drove an older McLaren customer car, shared the fastest race lap with a time of 1: 20.8 minutes.
Spanish Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jackie Stewart | March | 2: 10: 58.2 |
2 | Bruce McLaren | McLaren-Ford | + 1 lap |
3 | Mario Andretti | March-Ford | + 1 lap |
PP | Jack Brabham | Brabham | 1: 23.9 |
SR | Jack Brabham | Brabham | 1: 24.3 |
The Spanish Grand Prix was the second World Championship run of the 1970 season. It took place on April 19, 1970 on the Circuito del Jarama . The race went over 90 laps of 3.404 km and had a total distance of 306.36 km.
15 teams with a total of 22 drivers registered for the race. For safety reasons, however, only 16 drivers were allowed to take part in the race. In qualifying training Jack Brabham ( Brabham ) prevailed against Denis Hulme ( McLaren ) and Jackie Stewart ( Tyrrell ). The gap between the three fastest in training was only a tenth of a second. Six drivers were not qualified. Among them were the German Rolf Stommelen (Brabham) and Jo Siffert in the 701 of the March works team. In the race, Jackie Stewart, who started from third place in Tyrrell's customer march, took the lead on the first lap. Stewart, who had lapped all other drivers at least once in the course of the race, won the Spanish Grand Prix ahead of Bruce McLaren ( McLaren Racing ) and Mario Andretti , who set up another customer march for the private team STP Corporation . As a designer, March succeeded in winning a grand prize in the second World Championship run and taking two podium places. In total, only five drivers came to the finish.
On the first lap there was a serious fire accident between Jacky Ickx ( Ferrari ) and Jackie Oliver ( BRM ): After a brake defect, Oliver's BRM crashed into Ickx 'Ferrari at high speed. The Ferrari's tanks were torn open by the impact. The leaking gasoline ignited. Both drivers escaped the burning cars, but Ickx's overall caught fire, which was put out by marshals after a while. Both drivers remain uninjured.
Monaco Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jochen Rindt | lotus | 1: 54; 37.4 |
2 | Jack Brabham | Brabham | + 23.1 |
3 | Henri Pescarolo | Matra | + 51.4 |
PP | Jackie Stewart | March | 1: 24.0 |
SR | Jochen Rindt | lotus | 1: 23.2 |
The Monaco Grand Prix took place on May 10, 1970 at the Circuit de Monaco . He went over 80 laps of 3.145 km each and had a total distance of 251.6 km.
A total of 13 teams with a total of 21 drivers registered. Ronnie Peterson made his Formula 1 debut here; he drove a March 701 for Colin Crabbes Antique Automobiles Racing Team . Again only 16 drivers were allowed to race. On pole position was Jackie Stewart in Tyrrell's private March 701, ahead of Chris Amon , who drove a car of the same type for the March factory team, and Denis Hulme ( McLaren ). Rolf Stommelen and John Miles in the Brabham and Lotus factory cars and Johnny Servoz-Gavin , the team mate of the pole driver, did not qualify in the second Tyrrell March. Servoz-Gavin ended his motorsport career after this Grand Prix. In the race, Stewart led the field for 56 laps until an engine failure ended his race prematurely. Stewart's pursuer Jack Brabham (Brabham) then took the lead , who in turn was followed by Jochen Rindt in the Lotus after the drivers Amon and Hulme between them had also had to give up. In the last corner of the race, Brabham braked while trying to lap some of the previous competitors and slipped into the straw bales on the edge of the track. Rindt dodged, passed by and won. As Brabham was only lightly hit, he was able to finish the race in second place in front of Henri Pescarolo ( Matra ). This third place was the best result that Pescarolo achieved in his Formula 1 career, and it was also his only podium finish in this series. Ronnie Peterson was the last to cross the finish line on his Formula 1 debut. He finished seventh.
Belgian Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Pedro Rodríguez | BRM | 1: 38.10.1 |
2 | Chris Amon | March-Ford | + 1.1 |
3 | Jean-Pierre Beltoise | Matra | +1: 43.7 |
PP | Jackie Stewart | March | 3: 28.0 |
SR | Chris Amon | March | 3: 27.4 |
The Belgian Grand Prix took place on June 7, 1970 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps . The race lasted 28 laps of 14.1 km and had a total distance of 394.8 km. Much of the route, which included roads dedicated to public transport, was unsecured. There were no run-off areas and only a few guard rails. The 1970 Belgian Grand Prix was the last GP in Formula 1 history to take place on a high-speed track with no run-off zones. In the following year there was no world championship run in Belgium, from 1972 the Belgian Grand Prix was held on the newly built course by Nivelles-Baulers .
12 teams with 18 drivers registered for the race. The McLaren team did not compete because Bruce McLaren died five days before the race while driving a CanAm racing car at the Goodwood Circuit and Denis Hulme was still suffering from an accident that he had three weeks earlier while training for this year's Indy 500 race . Tyrrell showed up for the race with only one car. After Johnny Servoz-Gavin's retirement in early May 1970, François Cevert was hired as his successor. In view of the high degree of difficulty of the Ardennes course, Ken Tyrrell decided not to let Cevert make his debut in Spa.
In qualifying practice, Tyrrell's only driver Jackie Stewart dominated in March 701 . He took pole position, followed by Jochen Rindt ( Lotus ) in the new Lotus 72 . Chris Amon , who used another March 701 for the March factory team, started from third place. The only non-qualified driver was the Spaniard Àlex Soler-Roig , who fielded the third factory Lotus under the name World Wide Racing. The race was won by Pedro Rodríguez ( British Racing Motors ). It was the second and last Formula 1 victory for Rodríguez and the last for the tire manufacturer Dunlop .
Grand Prix of the Netherlands
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jochen Rindt | Lotus - Ford Cosworth | 1: 50: 43.410 |
2 | Jackie Stewart | March - Ford Cosworth | + 30.0 sec. |
3 | Jacky Ickx | Ferrari | + 1 lap |
PP | Jochen Rindt | lotus | 1: 18.50 |
SR | Jacky Ickx | Ferrari | 1: 19.23 |
The Dutch Grand Prix took place on June 21st at Circuit Park Zandvoort . He went over 80 laps of 4.193 km and had a total distance of 335.44 km.
13 teams with 24 drivers registered for the race. The McLaren team started again after skipping the previous race. The drivers were Peter Gethin and Dan Gurney . Silvio Moser appeared for the first time with the Bellasi F170 designed on his behalf , which turned out to be not fully developed. François Cevert made his debut at Tyrrell and the Swiss Clay Regazzoni at Ferrari , who replaced Ignazio Giunti . 20 drivers were admitted to the race.
Jochen Rindt , who raced the new Lotus 72 , started from pole position, Jackie Stewart (Tyrrell) and Jacky Ickx (Ferrari) from positions two and three. After the start, Rindt immediately took the lead. In lap 22 accident Piers Courage , one of Frank Williams used De Tomaso 505 drove fatal. Despite the fact that his car burned for a while at the edge of the track, the race was not abandoned. Rindt maintained the lead until the end of the race. With the exception of the runner-up Jackie Stewart, Rindt had overtaken all competitors at least once. Its success was the first of 20 victories that the Lotus 72 achieved in the 1970s.
French Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jochen Rindt | Lotus - Ford Cosworth | 1: 55: 57.0 |
2 | Chris Amon | March - Ford Cosworth | + 7.61 |
3 | Jack Brabham | Brabham-Ford | + 44.83 |
PP | Jacky Ickx | Ferrari | 2: 58.22 |
SR | Jack Brabham | Brabham | 3: 00.75 |
The French Grand Prix took place on July 5, 1970 at the Circuit de Charade . The race went over 38 laps of 8.055 km each and had a total distance of 306.09 km. It was the penultimate Formula 1 run, the one on the winding and unsafe course in the Auvergne in central France .
12 teams with 23 drivers registered for the race; 20 drivers were allowed to start. The teams of Frank Williams and John Surtees did not compete.
In qualifying, Jacky Ickx ( Ferrari ) took pole position, Jean-Pierre Beltoise ( Matra ) took second place on the grid. Beltoise achieved the best qualification result of his Formula 1 career here. Silvio Moser ( Silvio Moser Racing Team ), Àlex Soler-Roig ( Lotus ) and the US car dealer Pete Lovely ( Pete Lovely Volkswagen Inc. ) did not qualify . Ickx initially took the lead, but retired on lap 15 due to an engine failure. Beltoise, who had been second up to that point, took the lead, which he held until lap 26, when he had to head for the pits due to a puncture. Then Rindt took the lead. He won the race ahead of Chris Amon in the works March and Jack Brabham ( Brabham ).
With his victory, Rindt took the lead in the drivers 'championship, and Lotus took first place in the constructors' championship. The team and drivers did not give up these positions until the end of the season.
Great Britain Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jochen Rindt | Lotus - Ford Cosworth | 1: 57: 02,000 |
2 | Jack Brabham | Brabham - Ford Cosworth | + 32.9 sec. |
3 | Denis Hulme | McLaren - Ford Cosworth | + 54.4 sec. |
4th | Clay Regazzoni | Ferrari | + 54.8 sec. |
5 | Chris Amon | March - Ford Cosworth | + 1 lap |
6th | Graham Hill | Lotus - Ford Cosworth | + 1 lap |
The British Grand Prix took place on July 18th at the Brands Hatch Circuit . The race went over 80 laps of 4.265 km each and had a total distance of 341.2 km. 14 teams with 25 drivers were registered. The Surtees team competed for the first time with a self-designed racing car that was driven by team boss John Surtees . Williams returned to the World Cup, reporting Brian Redman as a replacement for the late Piers Courage . Before the start, however, the team withdrew the report due to technical problems. Jochen Rindt ( Lotus ) and Jack Brabham ( Brabham ) drove the fastest training time; since Rindt was the first to reach this time, he was on pole position. Jacky Ickx ( Ferrari ) initially led the race . When Ickx retired due to a technical defect, Rindt and Brabham moved up to the first two positions. Brabham led the majority of the race, but rolled towards the home straight on the last lap without fuel. Rindt overtook Brabham just before the end of the race and won the race. Brabham rolled across the finish line in second.
Grand Prix of Germany
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jochen Rindt | Lotus - Ford Cosworth | 1: 42: 00,300 |
2 | Jacky Ickx | Ferrari | + 0.7 sec. |
3 | Denis Hulme | McLaren - Ford Cosworth | +1: 21.8 min. |
4th | Emerson Fittipaldi | Lotus - Ford Cosworth | +1: 55.1 min. |
5 | Rolf Stommelen | Brabham - Ford Cosworth | + 1 lap |
6th | Henri Pescarolo | Matra | + 1 lap |
The German Grand Prix took place on August 2, 1970 at the Hockenheimring . It was the first Formula 1 race on this circuit. The Nürburgring , which had previously hosted the German Grand Prix , had been heavily criticized in advance by the GPDA drivers' association for its safety deficiencies. Since the organizer had not complied with the driver's request for additional guard rails to be built, the GPDA threatened to boycott a race at the Nürburgring.
The race at the Hockenheimring went over 50 laps of 6.789 km each and had a total distance of 339.45 km.
GP Austria - Österreichring (August 16)
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jacky Ickx | Ferrari | 1: 42: 17.320 |
2 | Clay Regazzoni | Ferrari | + 0.610 sec. |
3 | Rolf Stommelen | Brabham - Ford Cosworth | +1: 27.880 min. |
4th | Pedro Rodríguez | BRM | + 1 lap |
5 | Jackie Oliver | BRM | + 1 lap |
6th | Jean-Pierre Beltoise | Matra | + 1 lap |
For the first time, a Formula 1 race will take place at the Österreichring , which was inaugurated the year before .
Rolf Stommelen is on the podium for the first and only time in his Formula 1 career.
GP Italy - Monza (September 6th)
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Clay Regazzoni | Ferrari | 1: 39: 06.880 |
2 | Jackie Stewart | March - Ford Cosworth | + 5.730 sec. |
3 | Jean-Pierre Beltoise | Matra | + 5,800 sec. |
4th | Denis Hulme | McLaren - Ford Cosworth | + 6.150 sec. |
5 | Rolf Stommelen | Brabham - Ford Cosworth | + 6.410 sec. |
6th | François Cevert | March - Ford Cosworth | +1: 03.460 min. |
The leader in the overall standings, Jochen Rindt , died in a training accident at the Italian Grand Prix on September 5th.
Canadian GP - Mont-Tremblant (September 20)
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jacky Ickx | Ferrari | 2: 21: 18,400 |
2 | Clay Regazzoni | Ferrari | + 14.8 sec. |
3 | Chris Amon | March - Ford Cosworth | + 57.9 sec. |
4th | Pedro Rodríguez | BRM | + 1 lap |
5 | John Surtees | Surtees - Ford Cosworth | + 1 lap |
6th | Peter Gethin | McLaren - Ford Cosworth | + 2 rounds |
Ickx, who was previously poorly placed in the World Cup, wins ahead of his teammate Regazzoni and can become world champion with two more victories.
GP USA - Watkins Glen (October 4th)
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Emerson Fittipaldi | Lotus - Ford Cosworth | 1: 57: 32.970 |
2 | Pedro Rodríguez | BRM | + 36.210 sec. |
3 | Pure Wisell | Lotus - Ford Cosworth | + 44.990 sec. |
4th | Jacky Ickx | Ferrari | + 1 lap |
5 | Chris Amon | March - Ford Cosworth | + 1 lap |
6th | Derek Bell | Surtees - Ford Cosworth | + 1 lap |
Ickx is training fastest falls in the race but due to defective one lap down, so the accident in Italy Jochen Rindt as posthumous established world champion. Emerson Fittipaldi wins his first Formula 1 race, and with six wins , Lotus becomes the constructors' world champion early.
GP Mexico - Mexico City (October 25)
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jacky Ickx | Ferrari | 1: 53: 28.360 |
2 | Clay Regazzoni | Ferrari | + 45.460 sec. |
3 | Denis Hulme | McLaren - Ford Cosworth | + 45.970 sec. |
4th | Chris Amon | March - Ford Cosworth | + 47.050 sec. |
5 | Jean-Pierre Beltoise | Matra | + 50.110 sec. |
6th | Pedro Rodríguez | BRM | +1: 24.760 min. |
After a collision with a dog on lap 15, Jackie Stewart had to retire on lap 33.
World championship ratings
Driver ranking
1 | Jochen Rindt | Lotus - Ford | 45 |
---|---|---|---|
2 | Jacky Ickx | Ferrari | 40 |
3 | Clay Regazzoni | Ferrari | 33 |
4th | Denis Hulme | McLaren - Ford | 27 |
5 | Jack Brabham | Brabham - Ford | 25th |
6th | Jackie Stewart | March - Ford | 25th |
7th | Pedro Rodríguez | BRM | 23 |
8th | Chris Amon | March - Ford | 23 |
9 | Jean-Pierre Beltoise | Matra - Simca | 16 |
10 | Emerson Fittipaldi | Lotus - Ford | 12 |
11 | Rolf Stommelen | Brabham - Ford | 10 |
12 | Henri Pescarolo | Matra - Simca | 8th |
13 | Graham Hill | Lotus - Ford | 7th |
14th | Bruce McLaren | McLaren - Ford | 6th |
15th | Pure Wisell | Lotus - Ford | 4th |
16 | Mario Andretti | March - Ford | 4th |
17th | Ignazio Giunti | Ferrari | 3 |
18th | John Surtees | McLaren - Ford & Surtees - Ford | 3 |
19th | John Miles | Lotus - Ford | 2 |
20th | Jackie Oliver | BRM | 2 |
21st | Johnny Servoz-Gavin | March - Ford | 2 |
22nd | François Cevert | March - Ford | 1 |
23 | Peter Gethin | McLaren - Ford | 1 |
24 | Dan Gurney | McLaren - Ford | 1 |
25th | Derek Bell | Surtees - Ford | 1 |
The first six places got 9, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 points. The best six results of the first seven and the best five of the remaining six races counted towards the championship.
Constructors' championship
1 | Lotus - Ford | 59 |
---|---|---|
2 | Ferrari | 52 |
3 | March - Ford | 48 |
4th | Brabham - Ford | 35 |
5 | McLaren - Ford | 35 |
6th | BRM | 23 |
7th | Matra | 23 |
8th | Surtees - Ford | 3 |
News in brief Formula 1
- The German Grand Prix will take place in Hockenheim for the first time - the Nürburgring will be rebuilt.
- At the age of 23, Emerson Fittipaldi won his first Formula 1 race at the US Grand Prix in Watkins Glen , making him the third youngest winner at the time.
literature
- Adriano Cimarosti: The Century of Racing. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-613-01848-9 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Adriano Cimarosti: The century of racing. Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-613-01848-9 , p. 226.
- ↑ photo