Women's soccer

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Women's football refers to the sport of football when it is played by women . After initial deviations, the rules no longer differ from those in men's football. There are only minor deviations in terms of style of play, tactics and strategy. The women's game was temporarily as morally reprehensible and is still fighting in many countries for social recognition.

history

British Ladies Football Club with Nettie Honeyball (back row, second from left), 1895
Alexander Boyd: Women's Football, 1895

In France in the 12th century, women and men participated in a game called la sioule , a forerunner of today's football. Women also took part in a soccer-like game among the Eskimos .

Beginnings of modern football in Great Britain

When football became a sport in 1863 through the international standardization of rules, girls in English schools also played this game. In 1894 the first British women's soccer team, the British Ladies , was founded by Nettie Honeyball .

The first game of the soccer players, England North against England South on March 23, 1895, which ended 7-1, was watched by a good 10,000 spectators. The soccer players wore hats and (for the time relatively) short skirts over knickerbockers to maintain decency. The following took part in the game:

England north
Misses Ethel Hay (goal), Bella Osborne and Georgina Wright (defense), Rose Rayman and Isa Stevenson (midfield), Emma Wright, Louise Cole, Lily St Clair, Maud Riweford, Carrie Balliol and Minnie Brymner (forward)
England south
Misses May Goodwin (goal), Mabel and Maud Hopewell (defense), Maud Starling and Ada Everston (midfield), Geraldine Vintner, Mabel Vance, Eva Davenport, Minnie Hopewell, Kate Mellon and Nelly Sherwood (forward)

Boom between the world wars

Women's football experienced its greatest boom during the First World War . Like other areas of sports and culture, football was also severely affected by the massive recruiting for military service; in men's football, many associations were unable to maintain regular game operations. Thanks to these circumstances, an unprecedented level of attention was paid to women's football overnight, which brought new resources and players to the clubs.

In Great Britain

As a result, women's football was still a major public attraction on the island in the 1920s. Every larger town had its own women's team. In 1920 the top game between the Dick Kerr's Ladies and the St. Helens Ladies at Everton was watched by 53,000 paying viewers.

In France

French women's selection team 1920

The first women's teams were formed in France during the First World War. Because of the negative attitude of the existing associations ( Comité Français Interfédéral and Fédération Française de Football Association ) towards women's sports, they founded their own women's sports association, the Fédération des Sociétés Féminines Sportives de France (FSFSF), and regularly carried national championships and under its organizational umbrella until 1932 Cup competition. In 1920 the French women met for the first time in England, where the Dick Kerr's Ladies scored a 2-1 win over a selection of players from the Parisian clubs Fémina Sport , En Avant and Les Sportives . In 1924, a female Equipe Tricolore played against Belgium, the first in a series of regular internationals.

In Germany

In Germany, women still played a kind of "football for women" at the turn of the century, where they stood in a circle and passed the ball to each other. While women's football reached its first peak in other European countries in the 1920s, the sport was still a marginal phenomenon in Germany. Its origins lie in the academic field, although it must be remembered that there were hardly more than 1,000 female students in the country in the early 1920s. Playing with the ball in the manner of men was considered morally reprehensible for women; The German Gymnastics Federation complained about female students of the German Student Union (DSV) playing in shorts, saying that such behavior was “inappropriate for future German academics”.

The first organized games by female students took place as part of the German University Championships in 1922. The first documented result of a game between women's teams was a 2-1 win by a Munich team against a Berlin team in 1927. In 1930, the first “women's soccer club” was established in Frankfurt; founded by Lotte Specht . This could only compete against men's teams and was disbanded after a year in the face of massive protests. Under National Socialism , women's football was considered undesirable because it contradicted one's own idea of ​​seeing women as mothers above all else. It was only in the 1950s that women's teams were re-established as clubs or departments. In 1968, the first women's soccer team was founded in the GDR with the BSG Empor Mitte-Dresden . From 1969 to 1971 there was a women's soccer team at 1. FC Union Berlin

In Poland

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Polish women have sporadically organized themselves into teams and carried out individual competitions. After the independence of the Polish state was regained , this development briefly took on more concrete forms. In September 1921, the first official women's football division in Poland was established in the Unja Poznań Sports Club . So far nothing is known about the further fate of this team, whose photo appeared in the local press at the time. There are many indications that it was dissolved again just a few months after its founding - probably under the influence of the English Football Association's proclamation (see under Prohibitions ).

Prohibitions

On December 5, 1921, the Football Association banned women in England from using stadiums. Football is "not suitable for women and should therefore not be promoted". This effectively spelled the end of women's football in Great Britain until the ban was lifted in 1970. The originally very rough character of the sport game soccer seduced the anthropologist Frederik Jacobus Johannes Buytendijk in 1953 to the statement: The soccer game as a game form is essentially a demonstration of masculinity. It has never been possible to get women to play football. [...] Kicking is specifically male, I leave it open whether being kicked for it is female. In any case, not stepping is female.

When the German men's team won the World Cup in 1954 , the discussion about women's football came up again in Germany. In 1955, the DFB decided on its association day to stop playing football with women's teams. He forbade the clubs affiliated to him to set up women's departments or to make sports facilities available. The reason for the ban was stated in the corresponding declaration by the DFB, among other things: "In the fight for the ball, feminine grace disappears, body and soul inevitably suffer damage and the exposure of the body hurts propriety and decency."

Nevertheless, women continued to play in their own clubs or as departments of clubs that were not under the DFB, such as the women's soccer department of the Frankfurt shooting club, Colonel Schiel . In 1956 there was even an unofficial international match between a German and a Dutch selection in Essen , which ended 2-1 for Germany.

In Austria, too, the ÖFB banned women's departments in 1957. The women's league, which was founded in 1972, was not officially recognized by the ÖFB until 1982.

Revival and institutionalization in the 1970s

On October 31, 1970, the DFB lifted the women's football ban on its association day in Travemünde. However, there were some requirements: the women's teams had to take a six-month winter break because of their “weaker nature”, cleats were forbidden and the balls were smaller and lighter. The game itself lasted only 70 minutes. The playing time was later increased to 80 minutes. Since 1993 the playing time of 45 minutes twice has also applied for women. The first leagues quickly formed at the local level.

In November 1971, UEFA recommended that women's football be restarted. It was feared that women would split off, and not without reason: The Confederation of Independent European Female Football was founded in November 1969, and in 1970 (in Italy) and 1971 (in Mexico) the Fédération Internationale et Européenne de Football Féminin hosted two of the Spirits manufacturer Martini & Rossi sponsored, unofficial women's world championship tournaments, in which a German team took part in the first edition - even before the legalization of women's football by the DFB.

Germany's first association champion was determined in Berlin in 1971. In 1977 the DFB appointed Hannelore Ratzeburg as a consultant for women's football. On her initiative, new competitions were introduced with the national cup and the DFB cup. In 1986, at its association day in Bremen, the DFB decided to introduce a Bundesliga in women's football.

Introduction of international competitions

The first Asian Cup was held in Hong Kong as early as 1975 , in which four Southeast Asian teams and the two oceanic teams from Australia and New Zealand took part. The 1st Women's Oceania Cup followed in 1983 with four participants. UEFA has hosted the women's European football championship since 1984 , initially at irregular intervals, and since 1997 every four years. Germany is the record European champion with eight European Championship titles so far.

At the 45th FIFA Congress in 1986, the delegate of the Norwegian Football Association, Ellen Wille , called for greater support for women's football. She met with open ears from the then FIFA President Havelange. As a test of the feasibility of a Women's World Cup 1988 took place in the People's Republic of China , the FIFA Women's Invitational Tournament in 1988 instead. The first women's soccer World Cup took place three years later, also in China. In the period that followed, as with the men, world championships were held every four years.

To qualify for the first World Cup, the first championships were held in Africa in 1991 with four participants, in Central and North America with eight participating teams and in South America with three starters.

Women's football has been part of the Olympic program since 1996 . In contrast to men, there is no age limit for women at the Olympic Games, so the senior national teams compete there. So far, three teams have been able to become Olympic champions: USA (4 ×), Germany and Norway (both 1 ×).

In 2004, Sepp Blatter , President of the world football association FIFA , received criticism from players 'and women's associations after he had asked in interviews with the Swiss Sunday newspaper that football players' sportswear should be made more “feminine”. This measure should attract new donors, for example from the cosmetics and fashion industries. Blatter compared his idea with the development in volleyball.

UEFA has been hosting the UEFA Women's Cup , the European women 's championship cup , since the 2001/02 season . This was renamed the UEFA Women's Champions League in line with the men's competition for the 2009/10 season . At the 2012 finale in Munich's Olympic Stadium , a record crowd of 50,212 spectators was achieved for a game between two club teams. Since 2009, CONMEBOL has organized the South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores Femenina .

Since 2002, the U-20 Women's World Cup has been held every two years (initially twice for under 19-year-olds) and since 2008 the U-17 Women's World Cup has also been held every two years . The corresponding continental championships serve as qualifications for these tournaments. B. existed in Europe before.

The proportion of women in FIFA is now around ten percent; it is highest in Canada , where almost “half of the active population are women” and the USA with 40 percent. As of June 2016, Senegalese diplomat Fatma Samoura will be the first woman General Secretary of FIFA, but she has so far had nothing to do with women's football.

Women's football today

UEFA Women's Cup Final 2005 in Potsdam
Women's football at a university

Europe

Germany

The top German division is the women's Bundesliga . Its introduction was decided in 1989 and for the 1990/1991 season , 20 teams, divided into two groups, started playing. At the end of the 1990s, women's football was still a fringe sport in Germany, but acceptance and audience numbers grew slowly but steadily.

In 1989, the German national team made it to the European Championship for the first time and won it with a 4-1 win over Norway. Each national player received a coffee service as a bonus. The national team under Gero Bisanz diligently collected titles in the 1990s. Tina Theune-Meyer replaced Gero Bisanz as national coach on August 1, 1996. In 2001 another European championship was held in Germany . The German team again won the final, which was held in Ulm. In 2003 , the German national team was voted world champion in the USA and for the first time Germany's team of the year . In 2007 she was able to defend the world title under the new coach Silvia Neid in China. For the 2007 world championship, there was a bonus of 50,000 euros per player.

Since taking part in the European Championship in 1989, the German women's national team has consistently won the title of European champion until 1993 and 2017 , and has now won eight European championship titles. In April 2009, a European record for a women's soccer game was set at the friendly against Brazil with 44,825 spectators. At the game against the USA at the end of October 2009, the newly built impuls arena in Augsburg was sold out for the first time with 28,367 spectators. In 2011 the Women's World Cup took place in Germany for the first time. The opening match between Germany and Canada on June 26th brought a new European attendance record with 73,680 spectators in the sold-out Berlin Olympic Stadium , so that the record from April 2009 was only valid for friendly games. The World Cup ended for Germany in the quarter-finals against eventual tournament winners Japan with a 0-1 defeat after extra time. On June 29, 2013, the European record for friendly matches was increased to 46,104 spectators in the friendly against Japan.

German clubs have won the UEFA Women's Cup and its successor, the UEFA Women's Champions League, nine times , most recently in the 2014/15 season.

Switzerland

The top division, today's National League A , was founded in 1970. The Swiss national football team for women has existed since 1972 . For the 2015 World Cup , she was able to qualify for a final round for the first time and reached the round of 16, where she was unlucky enough to be eliminated against hosts Canada . This was followed by the first qualification for a European Championship finals, which will take place in the Netherlands in 2017. The record champions are SV Seebach, now called FC Zurich Women , with 19 titles.

Austria

Austria originally played a pioneering role in the history of women's football. A championship for women's teams was established as early as 1936, but it only lasted for a short time. The top division, the ÖFB Women's Bundesliga , was founded in 1972.

The Austrian national soccer team for women has existed since 1990. It has not yet qualified for a World Cup. At the European Championships in the Netherlands in 2017, the team won Group C in the preliminary round and the quarter-finals. After beating Spain on penalties, the team failed in the semi-finals to Denmark, also on penalties. Reaching the semi-finals represents the team's greatest success so far.

France

A women's soccer championship has been held in France since 1974 . In 1992 , the National 1 A championship, the highest national league, was established, which since 2002 - under the name Division 1 Féminine  - also allows players to be paid. The first women's international match officially recognized by FIFA was also played by France's national team (against the Netherlands in April 1971 ).

For a number of years now, France has had an exemplary screening, training and promotion system for young girls from the national association FFF, with the result that the senior national women under the then coach Élisabeth Loisel made it to fifth place in the FIFA world rankings in 2005 , although the major international successes have not yet materialized. At the 2011 World Cup , the French women achieved fourth place, qualifying as one of only two European teams for the 2012 Olympic football tournament , which was again fourth. In 2011, with Olympique Lyon, a French club was able to win the UEFA Women's Champions League for the first time, after Olympique had failed in the final after penalties in the previous event; Lyon defended this title the following year. Because of its playing strength, France has been entitled to two Champions League places since 2009, and in six of the previous nine playouts (up to and including the 2017/18 season) both participants reached at least the round of the last eight teams. For several years now, the French league has been attracting large numbers of players from other countries, such as Germany, Sweden, Japan, Brazil and the USA.

England

The top division in England has been the FA WSL since 2011 , previously it was the FA Women's Premier League , founded in 1992 , which is now the second top division in England . The record champions are Arsenal London . The English cup competition is the FA Women's Cup . It has been held since 1971. In 2007, Arsenal LFC was the only team that did not come from Germany or Sweden to win the UEFA Women's Cup, the predecessor of the UEFA Women's Champions League . In 1984 and 2009 the national team reached the European Championship finals, but could not build on the successes at the last European Championship , so that national coach Hope Powell was dismissed after almost 15 years of work for the association. With the introduction of the FA WSL, the popularity of women's football in England has increased to such an extent that women's football is "now the most popular women's sport in England and the third most popular overall". The friendly international match between the English national team and Germany on November 24, 2014 at Wembley Stadium was attended by more spectators than the last friendly international match between the men's national team. The national team's greatest success is third place as the best European team at the 2015 World Cup . Since England is not a member of the IOC , the English team cannot take part in the Olympic Games, even if they have already qualified for it several times. At the 2012 Olympic Games in London , however, a team composed mainly of English players and composed by the then English national coach Hope Powell took part as Team GB for the host.

Ireland

In Ireland the new National Women's League started in November 2011 with six clubs. Previously, champions and champions league participants in the FAI Women's Cup were determined. Unlike their male counterparts, who mostly play in England, many Irish national players play in their home clubs.

Sweden

The top division in Sweden is Damallsvenskan . It was founded in 1988. The season runs from April to October due to the climatic conditions in Scandinavia. Alongside the German Bundesliga, it has long been considered the strongest division in Europe. The record champions are FC Rosengård , who started out as Malmö FF and later as LdB FC Malmö. Umeå IK , the two-time winner of the UEFA Women's Cup, is also well-known and very successful . The Swedish national soccer team for women was the only European team to always take part in all major tournaments (European Championship, World Cup and Olympic Games) and was first European champion in 1984, three times vice European champion and 2003 vice world champion and was also able to win the Algarve Cup three times . In 2013 the European Championship took place for the second time in Sweden, which also hosted the second World Championship in 1995 ; However, the Swedes lost to the Germans in the semi-finals despite being favorites and having a home advantage. At the European Championship finals, Damallsvenskan had the most players with 49 players in seven of twelve squads, most of whom were also used. In 2016, an Olympic medal was won for the first time with the silver medal, whereby the Swedes eliminated defending champions USA and hosts Brazil on penalties on their way to the finals , but then lost to Germany.

Finland

The top division in Finland is the SM-Sarja . It was founded in 1971. The record champions are HJK Helsinki . However, many Finnish national players are active in the Swedish league and Norway, and a few in Germany and the USA. The national team was able to qualify for an EM for the first time in 2005 , where the semi-finals were reached straight away. Finland hosted the European Championships in 2009 , but was eliminated in the quarter-finals. Finland has not yet qualified for a World Cup or the Olympic Games.

Norway

The top division in Norway is the top series . It was founded in 1984. As in Sweden, games are played in Norway from April to October. The record champion is Stabæk FK (formerly Asker SK) with eight titles, followed by Trondheims-Ørn SK with seven successes, but who was last champion in 2003. Since 2004 a third force has established itself in Norway with Røa IL , which has since won the championship five times. The Norwegian national soccer team for women is the most successful European team after Germany. It was the only team to become European and world champions as well as Olympic champions. In the meantime, however, she was no longer able to build on the performances of previous years and was eliminated at the World Cup in Germany for the first time in the preliminary round, which also meant that she missed qualification for the 2012 Olympic Games . In 2013, however, the EM final was reached again. For the 2016 Olympic Games , however, the Norwegians were again unable to qualify after failing in the 2015 World Cup .

Denmark

The top division in Denmark is the 3F Ligaen . It was founded in 1971. The record champions are HEI Aarhus (which has not been successful since the last championship in 1998) and Brøndby IF with ten championships. The Danish cup competition is the 3F Cup . It has been held since 1993 and here, too, the currently strongest Danish team Brøndby IF is record cup winners with nine titles. Until 2013, the Danish team was the last to win against the German team at a European Championship. In the match for third place at the European Championships in 1993, she managed a 3-1, and with two third places Denmark is a record third at European championships. In addition, the semi-finals were reached twice after there was no more game for third place.

Italy

The Italian women's national soccer team was one of the pioneers of women's soccer in Europe and, alongside the German and Scandinavian teams, is one of the strongest in Europe, even if it has not yet won a title. She took part in all previous European championships and was twice European runner-up. The top Italian division is Serie A (women's football) .

Netherlands

In the 2012/13 to 2014/15 seasons, the BeNe League was the top division in the Netherlands and Belgium. Before that it was the Eredivisie in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2012 . She replaced the Hoofd class . With the introduction of the honor division, women's football was professionalized in the Netherlands. The aim of the association was to reduce the difference in performance between the national team and the German and Scandinavian national teams. In 2009 , the team surprisingly reached the semi-finals when they participated in their first European Championship. In 2015, the Dutch team took part in a World Cup finals for the first time and reached the round of 16 where the team was eliminated 1: 2 against defending champions Japan . Since the 2015/16 season, the Eredivisie has again been the top division in Dutch women's football. The KNVB hosted the 2017 European Women's Football Championship and was allowed to host the additionally scheduled qualification tournament for the third European starting place at the 2016 Olympic Games , in which the Dutch women could not use their home advantage. At the EM, however, they were able to win the title for the first time. They were able to confirm this performance at the 2019 Women's World Cup by finishing second behind record world champions USA and also qualifying for the Olympic Games for the first time.

Belgium

The top division in Belgium until 2012 was the first class . The record champions are Standard Liege . From 2012/2013 to 2014/2015 there was a joint league with the Netherlands (see there). Since 2015/2016 it has been the Super League Vrouwenvoetbal . The Belgian women's national team was not yet able to qualify for a World Cup final, but qualified for the first time in 2016 for the 2017 European Championship finals in the neighboring country of the Netherlands.

Poland

The revival of women's football in Poland began in 1974. In 1979, the first regular women's football league began playing. There are currently three divisions: Ekstraliga, 1st division and 2nd division. The introduction of a 4th division can be expected soon due to the continuously growing number of participants in the 2nd division. In contrast to the German Bundesliga, for example, the Ekstraliga and the two seasons of the first division only consist of six teams each, which play two home and two away games against each other per season.

Spain

A championship in women's football was held in Spain for the first time in the 1988/89 season as "Liga Nacionál de Fútbol Femenino". The first champion was PF Barcelonista . From 1996/97 the championship was called “División de Honor”, ​​from 2001/02 “Superliga” and since 2011/12 analogous to the men's league Primera División . The record champions are Athletic Bilbao with five titles. The last three championships have been won by Atlético Madrid . In 2019, with the women of FC Barcelona , a Spanish team reached the final of the UEFA Women's Champions League for the first time . On March 17, 2019, the match between Atlético and Barcelona attracted a record 60,739 spectators.

The Spanish women's national soccer team played their first international match in 1983 against neighboring Portugal and was able to qualify for the first time for the 1997 European women's soccer championship, where the semi-finals were reached. After that she had to wait until 2013 for her next participation. Two years later, she took part in a World Cup finals for the first time, but failed there in the preliminary round. Until then she was trained by Ignacio Quereda . In 2019 the round of 16 was reached, where the Spaniards failed to defending champions USA, but were the first team in the tournament to score a goal against the USA.

More successful are the Spanish juniors, who have won the U-17 Women's European Football Championship four times since 2011 and the U-19 Women's European Football Championship in 2004, 2017 and 2018 , as well as the U-17 Women's World Cup in 2018 and at the 2018 FIFA U-20 world Cup women were runner-up.

North America

United States

In the US, women's football is so popular that football is considered a women's sport. Here girls at many high schools have the opportunity to play football and train regularly. Talented players can then play in one of the more than 300 college teams. There are college championships every year. The many opportunities for women to play in soccer teams are also reflected in the number of club members. The proportion of women in the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) at the turn of the millennium was around 40 percent.

However, the professional league WUSA failed in 2003 after a short period of play. Efforts to organize a new league were initially successful and in spring / summer 2009 the Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) celebrated its debut with six teams. However, the US leagues are generally not comparable to European leagues in terms of their organizational form. The players did not sign their contracts with the clubs, but with the league. The league was also for national players from other associations, e.g. B. Brazil attractive. Another league is the W-League , in which the weaker teams play and, as in other North American leagues, both Canadian and US clubs. The WPS also struggled with financial problems, so the 2012 season was suspended. For the 2013 season, the National Women's Soccer League was a new attempt to ensure regular play for the best female players. Numerous national players from Canada, Australia, Brazil and other countries also play here, such as the former German national goalkeeper Nadine Angerer .

The national team with three World Cup titles, four Olympic victories, ten victories in the Algarve Cup and win the CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup the most successful team in the world and is currently ranked No. 2 in the FIFA world rankings . For many years, the most important pillar for the success of the American national team was the player Kristine Lilly , who took part in the first five world championships and played 30 games for the US team. With 352 international matches , she has played almost twice as many games as the male record holder .

The USA has already hosted the women 's soccer World Cup twice , with an average of over 20,000 spectators per game. In 1999 , the final, with 90,185 spectators, was the highest ever for a FIFA-recognized women's football game.

Canada

Besides the USA, Canada is the most successful team in North America with two titles in the CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup . In 2007 Canada failed to apply to host the 2011 World Cup, but was awarded the contract for 2015 in 2011 . As usual in North America, the Canadian and US clubs play in the same league. Most of the Canadian internationals played either in the Women's Professional Soccer or the W-League or have been playing in the National Women's Soccer League since 2013 . In addition, as in the United States, football is common in high school and college teams. Some Canadian players also played in the German Bundesliga or Damallsvenskan at times .

South America

Brazil

In Brazil, women's football is still clearly overshadowed by men's football. The best players are in the European or US leagues. Marta Vieira da Silva became the first female player to be FIFA World Player of the Year five times in a row between 2006 and 2010 . The Brazilian women's national soccer team is the strongest South American team. She took part in all world championships and Olympic Games, where she was once vice world champion and twice silver medalist, and was able to win the Sudamericano Femenino seven times . Since 2009, the Brazilian Association has held the four-nation tournament in Brazil every December , which the Brazilians have won seven times. In March 2017, a new national league (Brasileiro Feminino) started with 16 teams.

Asia

Continental championships have been held in Asia since 1975 . The strongest women's national teams in Asia come from China, Japan, North and South Korea. In addition to the 2008 Olympic soccer tournament with the final in Beijing, two world championships have already taken place in China ( 1991 and 2007 ). In 1999, the Chinese lost to the Americans in the final on penalties. In the meantime, however, the Chinese could no longer build on these achievements and not qualify for the World Cup in Germany or the 2012 Olympic Games . The Korean teams have been able to catch up with the juniors in particular in recent years, and with Australia's move to the Asian federation, the Asian teams got a new competitor, who won the Asian Cup in 2010 and will take part in the Olympic Games for Asia in 2016. With Japan, an Asian team became world champions for the first time in 2011 . Women are also increasingly playing football in Arab and Muslim countries. Since 2010 in several other Islamic countries, u. a. Bangladesh , Bahrain , Iraq , Kuwait , Pakistan and United Arab Emirates women's national teams and from October 18-28, 2010 the first Arabia Cup took place. In 2016, Jordan will host the Women's U-17 World Cup .

Iran

In Iran , women are only allowed to play football by law if they are wearing a headscarf. In addition, women's football usually takes place in halls. In 2006, the Iranian women's national soccer team's first soccer match in a stadium since the 1979 revolution took place in Tehran. The opponent was the women's team of the Berlin club BSV Al-Dersimspor. The result of the game was 2-2. The documentary Football Under Cover was made about the encounter . A return match was planned for 2007 in Berlin, but the Iranian team canceled. However, the strict dress codes cause problems. The Iranian team was excluded from the qualifying tournament for the 2012 Olympic Games because of their clothing and the games were rated 3-0 for their opponents. In early March 2012, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) voted unanimously to lift the headscarf ban. At the beginning of July 2012, the official approval for a two-year test phase followed.

Saudi Arabia

Until the ban was relaxed in 2006, women in Saudi Arabia were not allowed to play football. In 2008 the first national championship in women's football took place. Men were denied access to the stadiums.

Africa

In Africa, Nigeria is the dominant team in women's football. It won seven out of nine events in the women's African Football Championship, which has been held since 1998, and was the only African team to take part in all World Cup tournaments, but has only reached the quarter-finals once (1999) as the best placement. Nigeria also became the only African team to take part in three Olympic women's football tournaments (2000, 2004 and 2008). Even though Equatorial Guinea is the only other team to have won two African championships (2008 and 2012) and qualified for a World Cup for the first time in 2010, the team from Ghana , which has qualified three times for the World Cup, has long been considered the second-strongest African team. Recently, however, Ghana could no longer build on these achievements and qualify neither for the 2011 and 2015 World Championships nor the 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games .

In 2010, with Nigeria, an African team reached the final of a world championship for the first time at the U-20 Women's World Cup, with the team eliminating one of the favorites in the quarter-finals and only losing to hosts Germany in the final . The success could be repeated in 2014, whereby the final was again lost to Germany.

Surprisingly, two teams, Cameroon and South Africa , were able to qualify for the 2012 Olympic Games , for which this was their first participation in an intercontinental football tournament. Cameroon then also qualified for the 2015 World Cup, where the Cameroonians were the only African team to reach the second round. In addition to Cameroon, Ivory Coast was also able to qualify for the 2015 World Cup for the first time, but had to pay hardship with a 0:10 in the first World Cup game against Germany. At the 2016 Olympic Games , Zimbabwe, another African women's national team, will be in the focus of the German public, as it will meet the German team in the first group game.

The Libyan national women's soccer team was supposed to take part in the Berlin tournament Discover Football in 2013 . The Libyan Football Association canceled the participation after a well-known television preacher spoke out against it, giving the reason for the fasting month of Ramadan . Because of Islamist death threats, the team has to conduct its training in secret locations and under guard. Because Gaddafi's supporters and opponents are on the team, it is considered an example of the reconciliation of the Libyan civil war parties . In March 2016, the team made two official international matches for the first time. The qualifying games for the African Cup of Nations in 2016 were lost to Egypt and the home game was played in Sousse , Tunisia .

Oceania

Until Australia switched to the Asian association, the Australians and New Zealanders were the dominant teams in Oceania. New Zealand, which also became the first Asian champions in 1975 , is now unrivaled in Oceania. The New Zealanders won the penultimate Oceania Championship 2010 11-0 in the final against Papua New Guinea and without conceding a single goal in the competition. Four years later they won the championship in a round robin tournament with three wins and 30-0 goals.

At the World Cup in Germany , New Zealand was eliminated in the preliminary round as bottom of the group and thanks to the first two defeats (1: 2 each) against eventual world champions Japan and vice European champions England , New Zealand now has the longest negative series in World Cup tournaments with eight defeats in a row. It was only in the last game against Mexico that New Zealand won 2-2 for the first time at a World Cup. Amber Hearn , top scorer at the Oceania Championship 2010 , received a contract with the Bundesliga club FF USV Jena after the World Cup . Four years later, New Zealand could not win a World Cup again and now has the longest negative series with 12 World Cup games without a win.

In addition to the Oceania Championship, the soccer tournament at the Pacific Games (formerly "South Pacific Games ") has been the most important women's soccer tournament in Oceania since 2003 . New Zealand does not take part in these. All four events have so far been won by Papua New Guinea .

See also

literature

  • Anne Monika Becker: Injuries in women's football. Dissertation. Saarbrücken University 2006 ( full text )
  • Etta Bengen (ed.): Tender foot on hard leather: Girls' and women's football in Oldenburg from the beginning until today . Accompanying volume for the exhibition of the same name in the Oldenburg State Library ; Oldenburg City Women's Office 2011, ISBN 978-3-926294-29-6 .
  • Markwart Herzog (ed.): Women's football in Germany. Beginnings - bans - resistance - breakthrough. (= Irseer Dialoge. Interdisciplinary culture and science ; 18). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-17-023013-2 .
  • Eduard Hoffmann, Jürgen Nendza: Laughed, banned and celebrated. On the history of women's football in Germany. Landpresse, Weilerswist 2005, ISBN 3-935221-52-5 .
  • Mareike König: Football féminin et société en Allemagne depuis 1900 , in: Ulrich Pfeil (Ed.): Football et identité en France et en Allemagne . Presses Universitaires de Septentrion, Villeneuve d'Asq 2010, ISBN 978-2-7574-0156-9 , pp. 179–194 (German original text: Women's football and society in Germany since 1900 , full text )
  • C. Kugelmann, U. Röger, Y. Weigelt-Schlesinger: Girls' football under the microscope. Czwalina, Hamburg 2008.
  • C. Kugelmann, Y. Weigelt-Schlesinger: Girls play soccer - a course for girls in schools and clubs. Verlag Hofmann, Schorndorf 2009.
  • Carina Sophia Linne: Unlocked. Women's football in divided Germany. be.bra Wissenschaft verlag , Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-937233-89-5 .
  • Matthias Marschik: Women's football and masculinity: Past-Present-Perspektiven LIT Verlag Münster, 2003, ISBN 978-3-825867-87-4 .
  • Marianne Meier: "Tender feet on hard leather ..." Women's football in Switzerland 1970–1999. Studies on Contemporary History, Volume 5. Ed. By Urs Altermatt. Huber, Frauenfeld / Stuttgart / Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7193-1362-X .
  • AS Markovits: Football in the USA as a prominent place of feminization: Another aspect of the 'American special path'. In: E. Kreisky, G. Spitaler (ed.): Arena of masculinity. About the relationship between football and gender. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 255–276.
  • U. Röger, C. Kugelmann, Y. Weigelt-Schlesinger, M. Möhwald: Women on the ball - analyzes and perspectives in gender research. Czwalina, Hamburg 2008.
  • Catharine Tamara Meyer: What prevents girls from playing football? Chances and barriers for girls' football in sports clubs. Dissertation, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 2005 ( full text )
  • Laurence Prudhomme-Poncet: Histoire du football féminin au XXe siècle. L'Harmattan, Paris 2003, ISBN 2-7475-4730-2 .
  • Y. Weigelt-Schlesinger: Gender stereotypes - qualification barriers for women in soccer coaching? In: Writings of the German Association for Sports Science. Volume 178. Czwalina, Hamburg 2008.
  • Jean Williams: A Game for Rough Girls? A History of women's football in Britain. Routledge, London 2003, ISBN 0-415-26338-7 .
  • Sports times. Sport in history, culture and society . 11th year 2011, issue 2: "History of the women's soccer world championships"
  • Christa Zipprich (Ed.): She is in the gate - and he is behind it. Women's football in transition . Arete Verlag, Hildesheim 2012. ISBN 978-3-942468-09-1 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Women's football  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Commons : Women's football  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Daniel Meuren: Sudden Aging Process. When was German women's football really born? In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , February 11, 2011.
  2. Alina Schwermer: Interview on the Women's Soccer World Cup: "We were laughed at at that time" . In: The daily newspaper: taz . June 16, 2019, ISSN  0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed on August 16, 2019]).
  3. ^ FFJ Buytendijk: The football game . Würzburg 1953, pp. 25/26.
  4. Women's football - "Girls, that was pretty good!" Einestages.spiegel.de.
  5. Eduard Hoffmann, Jürgen Nendza: DFB forbids its clubs women's football . In: The gray season. Women's football in the prohibition time . Edited by the Federal Agency for Civic Education . Bonn 2007 (dossier).
  6. Women's football on the way into the 21st century  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , fifa.com, March 2002.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / de.fifa.com  
  7. Anette von Nayhauß: Off in your swimming trunks, Mr. Blatter. (No longer available online.) In: Berliner Morgenpost. January 18, 2004, formerly in the original ; Retrieved January 8, 2009 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.morgenpost.de  
  8. uefa.com: Lyon defend title by beating Frankfurt
  9. Announcement of the venues for the FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 ™ , FIFA.com.
  10. ↑ Record number of spectators for Europe at the opening game of the World Cup , wz-newsline.de.
  11. See the "Women of the First Hour" , fifa.de of April 8, 2011, accessed on January 30, 2013.
  12. From the pot to Paris: Krahn and Bresonik enjoy “luxury” life , fifa.com.
  13. a b Simmons: “Women's football is hardly recognizable” , fifa.com.
  14. Irish Women's League launches in November , UEFA.com.
  15. Irish introduce women's football league  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , FIFA.com.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / de.fifa.com  
  16. ^ National Women's League website for the Irish Football Association
  17. Senior Women Player Profiles ( Memento of the original from June 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , FAI.ie. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fai.ie
  18. National players listed by the Finnish Association ( Memento of the original from May 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.palloliitto.fi
  19. belgianfootball.be: "Super League Vrouwenvoetbal vanaf volgend seizoen"
  20. Atletico Madrid vs. Barcelona 0-2
  21. WPS Suspends Play for 2012 Season ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , womensprosoccer.com. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.womensprosoccer.com
  22. fifa.com: "Morgan leads Lyon to victory - new start in Brazil"
  23. Growing adoption in the Middle East , FIFA.com.
  24. Jump up ↑ Women's football connects: Arabia Cup kick-off , FIFA.com
  25. Kristin Helberg : Empty mosques in Iran: The search for a new identity . In: Deutsche Welle , January 2, 2007, accessed on April 12, 2011.
  26. Iran's women play against Berlin-Kreuzberg ( Memento from May 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). In: netzeitung.de , April 28, 2006, accessed April 12, 2011.
  27. Ildikó Pallmann: Short-term cancellation of the soccer game Kreuzberg against Iran  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Respekt aktuell , May 31, 2007, accessed April 12, 2011.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.berlin-brandenburg.dgb.de  
  28. Headscarves are taboo for FIFA ( Memento from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Kleine Zeitung June 7, 2011.
  29. ↑ The headscarf conflict is drawing to a close , kicker.de.
  30. FIFA lifts headscarf ban , dfb.de.
  31. Women's football in Saudi Arabia - men are not even allowed to watch. Retrieved October 30, 2014 .
  32. Presentation of the team on the football festival website
  33. Notification of the Libyan rejection ( memento of the original from August 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.discoverfootball.de
  34. ^ Libya's women's football team banned from major tournament , The Guardian , July 19, 2013.