Hallig

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Location of the islands in the North Frisian Wadden Sea
Wattenweg to Hallig Südfall
Spring on the Hallig , painting by Jacob Alberts

The Halligen are small, unprotected or poorly protected marshland islands off the coasts that can be inundated by storm surges . This distinguishes them from other islands. They are located in the North Frisian Wadden Sea on the North Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein and on the North Sea coast of Denmark . The ten German Hallig islands that still exist today, up to 956 hectares in size, are grouped in a circle around the island of Pellworm , which is not a Hallig itself. Seven of the ten Halligen are now permanently inhabited.

The Halligen rise only a few meters above sea level, which is why they are flooded during a strong flood, with the exception of the terps , artificially raised hills on which the houses stand (" land under "). Their flora shows species resistant to salt water, which give the landscape its special character. Another special feature is that the Hallig soil does not store any fresh water , so that there is no natural fresh water on the Halligen except rainwater. For this reason, rainwater used to be collected in the Fethingen .

The Halligen are geologically young islands that were only formed on old, submerged marshland in the past millennium as a result of silting up or flooding during flooding, or - in the case of Nordstrandischmoor - the rest of a formerly larger island.

In contrast to the Halligen, the neighboring islands of Sylt , Amrum and Föhr have a Geestkern , Nordstrand and Pellworm are remnants of the old marshland. Occasionally, Halligen grew together through landings. Since the Halligen had no bank reinforcement for a long time, their shape changed frequently. In the course of time many disappeared again, others were connected to the mainland . The Hamburg Hallig is also no longer an island, but has all the other hallig characteristics.

history

Hallig Oland (approx. 1895)

etymology

The word "Hallig" is first mentioned at the end of the 16th century as the Halgen and in compounds as the Butendickes or Halgenland and the Halliglude . The word cannot be clearly derived, but it may well be related to the Old English word halh , "raised ground in a low marshland ", probably from an old Germanic root * hulhan , "cave", here meaning "bulge in a shallow Level". In the country of Wursten , the low meadows and pastures around a Wurt are called Hülken or Hölken . A direct borrowing from the word Holland in the sense of "flat, hollow land" can be ruled out, but this could be the same group of words.

An alternative possibility is the interpretation as holm = small island. However, until the 19th century, “Hallig” could also be used to describe “all unspoiled land on the open sea”, “which is completely or partially inundated by the tide ”, which is why a direct derivation from holm is rather unlikely. In this case, it would be the common Indo-European root * , “protrude”, which also includes hill (English for “hill”).

Another hypothesis is that the word "Hallig" has its origin in the salt production in the Frisian Uthlanden , which also contributed to the destruction of the country (see below). The term “Hallig” would thus be close to the typical Hall place names for salt production, with a reconstructed Germanic root * hallan for “(salt) crust”.

Emergence

Halligen consist of marshland, which often only forms a thin layer over older moors that were created under the protection of the spits that almost completely closed off the depression towards the North Sea. A poorly drained lowland area with broken forests was formed, crossed by streams . When the water level of the North Sea rose during the Roman and medieval optimum temperatures , sea water increasingly penetrated through gaps in the spit. Alluvial land formed from the maritime sediments that were deposited. The bogs soaked up with salt water and died. The ground subsided, after which new sediments were deposited due to frequent flooding. Simultaneous erosion caused the shape of this alluvial land to change continuously.

Due to the lack of or only little coastal protection and the associated more frequent floods, there were still major changes to the coastline and significantly more Halligen, which frequently changed their shape. Some only existed for a short time, until a tidal current made them smaller and smaller, others enlarged through sediment accumulation and grew together, for example Nordmarsch and Langeneß to today's Langeneß . The exact process is difficult to reconstruct as there are only a few maps from before 1700.

Way of life on the Halligen

The area of ​​today's Halligen has probably only been continuously inhabited since the Viking Age , when Frisians from the Rhine estuary settled here. Even then, settlement was only possible on terps, but higher areas allowed arable farming. Individual Halligen ( Oland and Jordsand ) are mentioned for the first time in 1231 in the Waldemar-Erdbuch as islands on which the king owned a house. At that time, today's Halligen belonged to the Uthlands, the marshland crossed by prielen and often changed in shape by storm surges. With low dykes and terps, the residents protected their houses, the cultivated land, drained by ditches, and the cattle.

Due to frequent flooding, the shape of the Hallig changed constantly until the Hallig edges were fortified in the 19th century. Again and again houses and terps had to be abandoned and relocated inland. Only a few old houses and churches have been preserved. The constant change caused by broken edges and landings has remained.

The typical vegetation form of the Halligen is the salt marsh . Agriculture is therefore only possible to a very limited extent on the Halligen, which is why in earlier centuries almost all men worked as seafarers and whalers , while the women made hay and looked after the cattle. Individual residents thus came to considerable wealth. Until the 1940s, the common land economy prevailed , with the land being re-measured every year after the winter storms and the mowing and grazing rights divided. The women earned additional money by processing sheep's wool and selling the products. Grain, however, had to be imported.

For daily nutrition one was dependent on what was found on and around the Hallig ( leek , fish, bird eggs and sea birds). Building materials had to be by far brought forth to the treeless islets, which is why people like flotsam used. Until the last century, the sheep droppings were collected as fuel from the winter stables, formed into lumps called ditties and dried in the sun. Cow dung was sometimes used for this purpose . As an alternative, sea peat could be extracted and dried at low tide.

The original language on the Halligen was Hallig Frisian , which is largely extinct and has been replaced by Low German or High German . Until the 20th century, women on Hooge regularly wore festive costumes . Today it is still shown occasionally on tourist occasions.

Water supply

Since the Halligen marshland does not store fresh water, the population was dependent on rainwater in two different reservoirs, the Sood , a cistern protected from pollution , in which the drinking water obtained from the roofs for the people, and the Fething , which is for the cattle accessible water well, at the highest point of the terp. There was always the risk that the water supplies would run out during a longer dry season or that it would become too saline during storm surges. In such cases, fresh water had to be imported from the mainland by ship.

Since the 1960s, water pipes from the mainland have been built to the permanently inhabited Halligen. The Halligen Südfall and Norderoog, which are uninhabited, do not have a fresh water pipe to this day.

Salt extraction

Earning money on the Hallig could almost only be done through peat extraction and salt boiling , even if the share demanded by the king and duke was enormous. Protected by quay dikes , the salt peat lying under the marsh or mud flats, dead moor soaked with salt water, was extracted, dried and burned. The ashes were mixed with salt water and boiled in the "salt booth" in a kettle until the salt was completely dry. There were 16 salt stalls on Galmsbüll alone . Peat extraction was highly dangerous when the excavated areas fell below the mean flood level. The Hallig inhabitants dug up the land themselves, so to speak. In 1515 salt mining was banned to stop land loss. Nevertheless, salt was still mined on Galmsbüll until 1782. In 1800 the shrunken Hallig had to be given up.

Coastal defense

While on the mainland and the larger islands already in the 14./15. In the 19th century, dikes and land reclamation began and better and better dykes protected the land, the Halligen further out remained exposed to the floods. Attempts by the Schleswig dukes to dike the Dagebüller Bay by a dam over several Halligen, finally failed after almost 80 years of construction in 1634 due to the Burchardi flood . In the following centuries, the land reclamation on the Anwachs the mainland and have gained limited polders . Some larger Halligen such as Ockholm and Dagebüll were made land-based, smaller Halligen closer to the land, such as Waygaard and Grotesand, were included in the newly acquired kings. The Halligen lying outside the Köge had to struggle with the changed flow conditions, as the tidal range increased in the Wadden Sea , which was now bounded by dykes. A quarter of the land area is said to have been lost between 1717 and 1720 alone , as can be seen from a letter from the councilor of Oland to the king, in which he asked for a reduction in taxes.

Since the great loss of land in the so-called Hallig flood of 1825 , which devoured almost all except the Halligen that still exists today, the state has taken over the supervision of coastal protection . In the following decades the Halligkanten were attached. Some Halligen such as Hooge were given a summer dike . However, the Hallig residents often resisted these measures, mainly because they had to bear the costs themselves, but also because they had used the tidal creeks, which now had to be dammed up to prevent the sea from attacking, as ports and transport routes. The protection of the Halligen was only nationalized in 1894 under the Prussian government .

Nowadays, the area of ​​the Halligen is no longer decreasing, but rather increases due to the creation of Lahnungen, especially along the dams that connect individual Halligen, Oland and Nordstrandischmoor, with the mainland. The rising heights of storm surges require regular adjustments. In 1960 the Halligschutz was included in the North program and the terps were raised and fortified. The North Frisian outer sands in the west also help protect the Halligen .

According to a study carried out for the World Wildlife Fund , regular flooding is important for the Halligen population to ensure natural growth and salinity.

Todays situation

Today the ten German Halligen are located in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park . The managed Halligen Nordstrandischmoor , Gröde , Oland , Langeneß and Hooge are surrounded by the protected area, but not integrated into this area. The smaller Hallig Habel , Südfall , Süderoog , Norderoog and the Hamburg Hallig are part of the national park. Mudflat hikes and information events are offered by the tourist offices and the national park administration. The Wadden Sea Protection Station has its own stations on Hooge and Langeness. Habel, Südfall and Norderoog are looked after by the Jordsand association.

Residential and farm buildings are on meter-high, artificially piled hills, the terps, in order to be protected from storm surges . Since the flood of 1962 , all houses have received a storm- flood- proof shelter on the upper floor - the reinforced concrete construction is new, historically the Frisian houses were built in timber frame frameworks and covered with thatch. Some Halligen, for example Hooge are of a summer dike surrounded, in others the coast is fascines and stone layers protected .

A total of around 230 people live on the Halligen. Today they get their income mainly from tourism , especially day tourism. The agriculture mainly includes livestock from grazing on the fertile, often flooded salt marsh on behalf of farmers who live on the mainland. Since the Halligen have an important function in coastal protection as a breakwater in front of the mainland, part of the population is employed by the Office for Rural Areas as coastal protection workers.

On Hooge, Langeneß, Oland, Nordstrandischmoor and Gröde there are small churches and cemeteries next to them. The smallest schools in Germany are maintained for school-age children: In 2011/2012 three children were taught by one teacher on Hooge.

fauna and Flora

Since the majority of the Halligen is flooded several times a year, only plants that can withstand salt water thrive there . The Hallig Lilac blossom in midsummer is known. Sea beach plantain , which was harvested and cooked ("south"), is rarely found today. Trees only grow on the terps. In the bank area, the brackish water- bearing thatch grows , which has been used as a domestic building material for centuries to cover the houses and characterizes the landscape.

During the migration period , the Halligen are populated with brent geese . In order to promote their protection, NABU , Schutzstation Wattenmeer, WWF and National Park Service have been organizing the Ringed Goose Days on Hooge since 1998 and since 2001 on all inhabited Halligen . The farmers receive compensation for the not inconsiderable loss of one kilogram of grass per goose per day.

List of Halligen

German Halligen

The ten German Halligen all belong to the district of North Friesland . The population figures come from different times.

No. Hallig Terps population Area
km 2 		local community Office Connection to the mainland or the next island
1 Langeneß 21 * 118 ** 9.56 Langeneß Pellworm Office • Halligbahn Dagebüll – Oland – Langeneß over Lorendamm via Oland to Dagebüll
  (only goods and Hallig residents)
• Car ferry to Schlüttsiel (according to timetable)
• Passenger ferry to Strucklahnungshörn (irregular)
2 Hooge 10 92 5.74 Hallig Hooge Pellworm Office • Car ferry to Schlüttsiel (according to the timetable) or passenger ferry to Strucklahnungshörn
3 Gröde 2 7th approx. 2.5 *** Gröde Pellworm Office • Ship to Schlüttsiel (irregular)
  after consultation with the captain of the MS Seeadler
• Passenger ferry to Strucklahnungshörn (irregular)
4th Oland 1 21st 2.01 Langeneß Pellworm Office • Halligbahn Dagebüll – Oland – Langeneß via Lorendamm to Dagebüll
• Ship to Schlüttsiel (irregular)
5 Nordstrandischmoor 4th 18th 1.9 North beach North Sea Treene Office • Halligbahn Lüttmoorsiel – Nordstrandischmoor across Lorendamm to Beltringharder Koog
• Wattenweg to Lüttmoorsiel
6th Hamburger Hallig 2 - 1.10 Reußenköge free of charge • Road to Sönke-Nissen-Koog
  ( toll for motor vehicles )
7th Süderoog 1 4th 0.62 Pellworm Pellworm Office Nature reserve:
access only with special permit
• Wattenweg to Pellworm
8th South fall 1 2 0.56 Pellworm Pellworm Office • Wattenweg ( depending on the tide )
nature reserve:
visit after registering with the bird sanctuary
9 Norderoog 1*** - 0.09 Hallig Hooge Pellworm Office Wattenweg from Hooge after the sandwich tern's breeding season (around the end of July) only as part of organized tours. Otherwise, entry is prohibited as a nature reserve.
10 Habel 1 - 0.06 Gröde Pellworm Office Nature reserve:
access not allowed
  Halligen 43 262 approx. 24      

* 17 of the 21 terps are inhabited.

** Population excluding Hallig Oland, which belongs to the municipality of Langeneß

*** Instead of a terp , Norderoog has a pile construction .

In the west, towards the open sea, the German Hallig islands are preceded by the three North Frisian outer sands, outer sands that contribute to the Hallig protection through their wave-breaking effect. These are flat, unprotected, uncovered sandbanks that usually dry out but do not count as mainland. They continue northward in the Kniepsand in front of Amrum and the Sylt sandy beach and southward in the sandy beach of Sankt Peter-Ording .

Halligen in Denmark

Langli is the last existing Hallig in Denmark.

Halligen no longer existing

The Halligen area around 1650 on a map by Johannes Mejer
The Halligen area in 1858

Between the formation of the Halligen and the 19th century, around 100 Halligen have disappeared. Not all of them were inhabited. Sometimes they grew together with other Halligen, sometimes they were connected to the mainland by dykes. Many Halligen went under, some without ever being mentioned in writing. Other small Halligen made land-proof can no longer be distinguished from other settlements built on terps; in some cases a “-hallig” in today's place name reminds of a prehistory as Hallig.

List from north to south:

  • Mandø has beenprotected from “Landunter”by a sea ​​dike since 1937and has not been a Hallig since then; To the south-west is the high sand Koresand .
  • Jordsand has been flooded since 1999 and has been just a sandbar since then.
  • Hadersbüllhallig ,
  • Lehnshallig (was integrated into the Gotteskoog in 1666 and gave its name to an alternative station of the march railway ),
  • Cheeky ,
  • Großhallig and some other terps in today's Wiedingharder Gotteskoog retained their Hallig character long after the Koog was dyed, at least in winter. The name has only been history since the improved drainage in the 1920s.

The Dagebüller Bay was created in 1566, when the Wiedingharde was made land-proof by the dike in the Gotteskoog. Most of the Halligen were in it.

The larger Halligen received a summer dike and were later diked to the mainland:

From the smaller ones went

  • Galmsbüll in the Hallig flood in 1825 . The parish was dissolvedas early as 1806because the Hallig was no longer habitable. The place of the former Hallig has been included in the Galmsbüllkoog since 1939.
  • Waygaard and
  • Grotesand were included in the old Christian-Albrechts-Koog in 1682 and are now districts of Dagebüll and Galmsbüll.
  • Tefkebüll was dyed into the new Christian-Albrechts-Koog in 1704.
  • Nordtoft ,
  • Nordmark and
  • de Wisch were removed by the changed current in the following years.
  • Christianshallig was an uninhabited Hallig north of Dagebüll, which was completely enclosed by the Marienkoog foreland around 1850 .
  • Appelland grew together with Gröde at the beginning of the 20th century when the dividing creek was dammed.
  • Hingstneß , a parish between Oland and Gröde that perished in the Erste Groten Mandränke , was still quite large in 1436 with five taxpayers. The church disappeared in 1560, and Hallig was mentioned for the last time in 1711.
  • North March and
  • Butwehl grew together with Langeneß until 1869.
  • Small Hallig ,
  • Great Hallig and
  • Schäferhallig , in 1858 still three Halligen in Bottschlotter See , are now in Herrenkoog . Only the Schäferhallig was fortified and inhabited.
  • Oselichshallig
  • Lundingland and
  • Südhörn were east of Habel and have been removed.
  • Beenshallig remained in 1634 as the remainder of the Strander parish of Westerwoldt. The greatly reduced Hallig was uninhabited from 1798 and disappeared around 1890.
  • Hainshallig (also Hayenshallig ), demolished after 1860, was east of Hooge
  • Herst or Horst can be recognized on the map by Johannes Petreus from 1601 and several maps by Johannes Mejer , which depict the situation before the Burchardi flood in 1634, as an uninhabited Hallig right next to Gröde.
  • Silboll ,
  • Gardsland and
  • Eblands appear on the map from 1601 as uninhabited islets north of the island of Strand (Alt-Nordstrand). Around thirty years later, they are no longer shown.
  • After the Burchardi flood, Gaikenbüller Hallig was left over from the parish of Gaikebüll on the island of Strand, where the Frisians paid homage to the Danish king in 1629 and is now part of Nordstrand .
  • Moderate and
  • Harmelfshallig were located south of the Hamburg Hallig and were already demolished in 1756.
  • Pieckhallig ,
  • Meed and
  • Jacobshallig were included in the Cecilienkoog .
  • Pohnshallig was separated from Alt-Nordstrand in 1634, had been uninhabited since the storm surge of 1751 and was diked in 1924 ( Pohnshalligkoog ). In the meantime, the Hallig served the Schobüllers to extract hay.
  • Nübell or Nubel and
  • Nielandt was left with Südfall von Rungholt. The uninhabited Hallig Nübell went under in 1634, the old Südfall was uninhabitable around 1800. After 1825, former residents settled on Nielandt, which was now named Südfall .
  • Audtshallig (or Autzham ) and
  • Trentham (or Tretzhalg ) were south of Strand Island in the bay where Rungholt was located and are last shown on a map from 1597.
  • Herr (e) nhallig north of Friedrichstadt was confounded in 1570.
  • The Obbenshalligen in the bay between Lundenbergharde and Eiderstedt were drawn into the dike of the Obbenskoog in 1565.

reception

Statue of the Hallig farmer "Tine" in Husum (1902)

In literary terms, the Halligen are processed in the Hallig novels Landunter and Der Halligpastor by Wilhelm Lobsien and in the novels of the Sönke Hansen series by Kari Köster-Lösche . In the open-air museum Molfsee a Hallig house can be seen, in which an exhibition documents life on the Hallig before 1950. In the district town of Husum there is a monument to a Hallig farmer, the "Tine fountain", on the central market square.

See also

literature

  • Georg Quedens : The Halligen. 13th edition. Breklumer Verlag, Breklum 1994, ISBN 3-7793-1114-3 .
  • Ulli Harth: Downfall of the Halligen . Rendsburg 1990, ISBN 3-87550-118-7 .
  • Manfred Jakubowski-Tiessen : No going back to nature. How romance and commerce shaped the discussion about the Hallig world after the storm surge of 1825. In the S. u. Klaus-Joachim Lorenzen-Schmidt (Ed.): Fertilizer and dynamite. Contributions to the environmental history of Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark. Neumünster 1999, pp. 121-136.
  • Harry Kunz, Albert Panten : The Köge of North Frisia. Nordfriisk Instituut, Bredstedt 1997, ISBN 3-88007-251-5 .
  • Thomas Steensen (Ed.): The great North Friesland book . Ellert & Richter, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-89234-886-3 .
  • Thomas Steensen: Unique in the world - the Halligen. In: North Friesland. No. 196 (December 2016), pp. 10–16.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Halligen - wind, waves and sea. In: Ndr.de . April 23, 2013, accessed January 31, 2014 .
  2. ↑ Patrick Stiles, 'OE halh "slightly raised ground isolated by marsh" . In: Alexander R. Rumble en Anthony D. Mills (Eds.), Names, Places and People. An onomastic miscellany in memory of John McNeal Dodgson, Stamford 1997, pp. 330-344.
  3. ↑ Gustav von der Osten: Geschichte des Landes Wursten , vol. 1, Bremerhaven 1900, p. 81. See also the place names Hülckenbüll and the field names Hülck and Hölkshörn in Eiderstedt.
  4. ↑ Dutch etymology database: Art. Holland . De naam HOLLAND comes from Frans-Vlaanderen. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011 ; Retrieved February 3, 2014 (Dutch).
  5. ↑ holm. In: Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved January 31, 2014 .
  6. ^ Johann Christoph Adelung : Grammatical-Critical Dictionary. Leipzig 1793-1801, Vol. 2, p. 921
  7. ↑ The Halligen of North Friesland: The story of a special island shape. In: insel-museum.de. Pellworm municipality , archived from the original on March 15, 2012 ; Retrieved April 10, 2013 .
  8. ↑ Wolfgang Pfeiffer: Etymological Dictionary of German. dtv, Munich 1985, p. 552
  9. ↑ David Stifter: Hallstatt - In Iron Age Tradition? (PDF; 352 kB) In: Interpretierte Eisenzeit. Case studies, methods, theory. Conference contributions from the 1st Linz Discussions on Interpretative Iron Age Archeology . Ed. Raimund Karl , Jutta Leskovar (= studies on the cultural history of Upper Austria 18), Linz: Upper Austrian State Museum 2005, pp. 229–240.
  10. ^ Schmidtke, Kurt-Dietmar: The emergence of Schleswig-Holstein ; Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1992, pp. 86-91
  11. ↑ Bork: Salztorf → Fig. 1, maps on the development of the North Frisian coast from D. Meier, HJ Kühn, GJ Borger: The Coastal Atlas , 2013
  12. ↑ a b Susanne Schubert: Chapter II: Development of the Halligen in the North Frisian Wadden Sea and living conditions there. In: SH excursion of the University of Lüneburg. CAU , archived from the original on June 8, 2011 ; Retrieved April 10, 2013 .
  13. ↑ Dirk Meier : 'Coastal archeology in Schleswig-Holstein: storm surges u. Traces of culture. In: www.kuestenarchaeologie.de. Retrieved January 5, 2016 .
  14. ↑ Sven-Michael Veit: Landunter auf den Halligen . In: The daily newspaper: taz . June 21, 2018, ISSN  0931-9085 , p. 41 ePaper 21 North ( taz.de [accessed June 21, 2018]).
  15. ↑ Ringelgan days in the Halligen biosphere. In: Website of the Insel- und Halligkonferenz eV . Accessed on February 5, 2014 .
  16. ↑ Gröde's private website , accessed on July 21, 2012
  17. ↑ The Halligen on the west coast are considered safe for the time being. (PDF 1.3 MB) In: Website reports and history from Husum and the surrounding area. Hanswerner Röhr, accessed on February 5, 2014 .
  18. ↑ Location next to Gröde
  19. ↑ printed in the appendix by: Reimer Hansen (Hrsg.): Johannes Petreus' († 1603) writings about north beach . Collection of sources of the Society for Schleswig-Holstein History Volume 5; Kiel 1901
  20. ^ Oswald Dreyer-Eimbcke : 400 years of Johannes Mejer: The great cartographer from Husum (1606–1674) . KomRegis, Oldenburg 2006, ISBN 3-938501-12-X , p. 32.
  21. ^ JA Petersen: Walks through the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg. Volume 3, p. 38.
  22. ^ History of Südfall ( Memento from January 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ); Dirk Meier, Hans Joachim Kühn, Guus J. Borger: The coastal atlas. The Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea in the past and present. Boyens, Heide 2013; P. 134.
  23. ↑ Jan Dau: Chronicle of the Herrnhallig. 1996
  24. ↑ Dirk Meier: De Dam was closed between Eyderstede and Husum ... The dike on the 'Nordt Eyder', Eiderstedt (Schleswig-Holstein). In: Jan JJM Beenakker, Frits H. Horsten, Adrie MJ de Kraker, Hans Renes (eds.): Landschap in ruimte en tijd. Amsterdam 2007, pp. 236-246; Pp. 240–242 ( PDF , accessed January 5, 2016)