Sick murders in the time of National Socialism

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The murders of the sick during the Nazi era include the systematic murder of around 216,000 people with physical, mental and emotional disabilities during the Nazi era in Germany and the occupied or annexed territories from 1933 to 1945.

Motifs

"The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life" , cover of the second edition from 1922

Eugenic ideology

Some elements of the National Socialist racial hygiene go back to ideas of eugenics developed around the turn of the century . Its pioneers include Francis Galton (1822–1911) with his writing Hereditary Genius , German Genie und Vererbung , and Alfred Ploetz (1860–1940), author of The Efficiency of Our Race and the Protection of the Weak. The basics of racial hygiene. The forced sterilization was discussed about since the beginning of the 20th century in many countries and applied.

The Austrian psychologist Adolf Jost discussed in Göttingen in 1895 in his work The Right to Death , in which cases “the death of an individual is desirable both for himself and for human society in general”.

In 1905 Alfred Ploetz was one of the founders of the Society for Racial Hygiene , whose members included the genetic biologist Fritz Lenz , the racial researcher Eugen Fischer , the author Gerhart Hauptmann , the social democratic hygienist Alfred Grotjahn , the publisher Julius Friedrich Lehmann and the botanist Erwin Baur .

The lawyer Karl Binding and the psychiatrist Alfred Hoche found their way into the academic discussion in 1920 with their publication Release to Destroy Unworthy Life , which was commented on by the surgeon Max Krabbel in 1927 .

The outline of the human hereditary doctrine and racial hygiene (1921), in later editions "Human Hereditary Doctrine and Racial Hygiene" , by Eugen Fischer , Erwin Baur and Fritz Lenz , served the National Socialists as justifications.

Hermann Simon , director of the provincial sanctuary and nursing home in Gütersloh , defined in 1931 the group of people who are allegedly inferior, the weak, the sick, the feeble, the feeble-minded, the cripples and the mentally ill and came to the conclusion: "It will have to die again."

Ernst Rüdin , one of the most important representatives of German psychiatry, demanded in 1934: "The psychiatrist must serve the high breeding goal of a genetically healthy, talented, high-quality breed."

Poster for the Nazi magazine Neues Volk with eugenic propaganda

From 1935 to 1937 the Racial Political Office of the NSDAP had a number of propaganda films made in the Arnsdorf asylum , including “Erbkrank” , “All life is struggle” , “The legacy” and “ Victims of the past ” .

Paul Nitsche , psychiatric director for mass murder, explained: "It is wonderful when we can get rid of the ballast in the institutions and can now really do proper therapy."

The German propaganda feature film " Ich klage an " by Wolfgang Liebeneiner , which premiered on August 29, 1941, promoted the murder of sick people by the National Socialist state. The propaganda film “ Dasein ohne Leben ” from 1942, directed by Hermann Schwenninger , was only shown to a select group of people.

Racism and anti-semitism

Jewish prison inmates "not of German or related blood" were victims of an anti-Semitically motivated murder from 1940 and thus already two years before the actual " final solution to the Jewish question ", regardless of a medical diagnosis.

In addition to Jews, the fatal selection of prison inmates also affected long-term patients, convicts, "gypsies" and foreigners in general, especially of non-European origin.

War economic reasons

During the Second World War , the aim was to create bed capacities for military and hospital purposes. Among other things, hospitals were destroyed by bombs. Another background was the food shortage. This was one of the reasons for the Brandt campaign .

On April 3, 1940, Viktor Brack informed the German Municipal Association about the killing campaigns that had started. Eugen Wörner , Lord Mayor of Plauen , noted about Brack's speech: “In the many nursing homes in the Reich there are many terminally ill people of all kinds who are of no use to mankind, but rather are a burden, cause infinite costs of food and are there There is no prospect of these people ever getting well again. Like animals, they are antisocial, unworthy of life (...). They just take food away from other people and often require two or three levels of care. The rest of the people must be protected from these people. If one had to take precautions today for the maintenance of healthy people, then it was all the more necessary to get rid of these beings first, and if that were only to improve the preservation of the curable sick housed in sanatoriums and nursing homes. The space freed up is needed for all kinds of war-necessary things: military hospitals, hospitals, auxiliary hospitals. In addition, the action relieves the communities a lot, because in each individual case, the future maintenance and care costs are eliminated. "

Medical research

Patients should also advance medical research, including research into infectious diseases, vaccine development and neurological studies on the brain.

Julius Hallervorden reported: "There was wonderful material among these brains, feeble-minded people, deformities and early childhood diseases."

Legal bases and instructions

Informal letter from Hitler, backdated to September 1, 1939

From 1933 regulations were enacted aimed at the exclusion and extermination of sick people. The Reich Minister of the Interior, Wilhelm Frick, was in charge of the legislation on this goal .

The law on the simplification and cheaper public administration of April 27, 1933 in the Free State of Oldenburg brought about a reduction in the cost of care for institutional patients, with increasing mortality being accepted.

The " Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Offspring " of July 14, 1933 ( RGBl. 1933 I, 529) made the forced sterilization of people with supposedly hereditary diseases possible . It came into force on January 1, 1934.

At the same time, the " Law against dangerous habitual criminals and on measures for security and reform " was passed. Both laws were based on the assumption that both “nonsense” and the predisposition to be a criminal are hereditary.

The "Law to amend the Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseases" of June 26, 1935 (RGBl. 1935 I, 773) legalized the termination of pregnancy in the case of diagnosed hereditary diseases. In addition to the already existing medical indication, the “racial indication” in 1938 and the “ethical indication” in 1943.

In a further step, the “ Law for the Protection of Hereditary Health of the German People ” of October 18, 1935 (RGBl. 1935 I, 1246) banned the marriage of people with a hereditary disease or mental disability to healthy and non-disabled people.

On June 22, 1938, the Reich Ministry of the Interior ordered the separation of Jews and non-Jews with regard to the placement of Jews in hospitals, "that the danger of racial disgrace be avoided" .

In October 1939, Hitler authorized the head of the KdF Philipp Bouhler and Hitler's attending physician Karl Brandt to organize the killing of "life unworthy of life" known as "euthanasia" in a letter dated September 1, 1939, the day the war began ":" Reichsleiter Bouhler and Dr. med. Brandt are responsible for expanding the powers of doctors to be named so that, according to human judgment, incurable patients can be granted death by mercy if their condition is critically assessed. "

With the circular of October 9, 1939 of the Department IV of the Reich Ministry of the Interior, headed by Leonardo Conti , the relevant sanatoriums and nursing homes were asked to name certain patients using registration forms on which detailed information on illness and ability to work were to be given. The following criteria were specified in an attached leaflet:

On January 1st, 1940 the "Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseases" was introduced in the " Ostmark ". It extends the measures to the territory of Austria .

On April 15, 1940, a decree of the Reich Minister of the Interior was published, which demanded the registration of all Jewish prison inmates "within three weeks".

On December 12, 1940, the Reich Ministry of the Interior ordered all Jews to be transferred from sanatoriums and nursing homes to the Bendorf-Sayn facility near Koblenz.

Decree of the Bavarian State Minister for the Interior of November 30, 1942

The hunger food decree of the Bavarian State Minister of the Interior of November 30, 1942 proves that thousands of patients were deliberately starved to death from this period.

Implementation and consequences

Forced sterilizations

A total of up to 400,000 men and women were forcibly sterilized .

Over 6,000 people died in the forced sterilizations.

"Child Euthanasia"

With the child euthanasia in 1939, the killing of hereditary and cognitively or physically impaired infants and children was initiated.

About 30 children's departments were set up as killing sites.

At least 5,000 children were killed.

"Action T4"

The office headquarters for the management of the murder of disabled people throughout the German Reich was housed in a villa in what was then Tiergartenstrasse  4 in Berlin-Mitte .

The term Aktion T4 cannot be found in the contemporary sources . There the term action - or with a prefixed abbreviation for euthanasia (Eu-Aktion or just E-Aktion) - was used.

Between 1939 and 1941, six killing centers were established in the territory of the German Reich.

The intermediate institutions served the purpose of concealing the place and time of death: The staff of the nursing homes were only allowed to accompany the patients as far as there. From there the patients were transported to the killing centers.

The gas was supplied by IG Farben Ludwigshafen. The gold teeth of the murdered were processed by Degussa . The brains were examined at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in Berlin and at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry in Munich (both today Max Planck Institutes).

The murdered also included numerous former army soldiers who, due to the severe psychosocial disorders suffered in the First World War , lived in sanatoriums and were deported to the killing centers when they were dissolved.

On August 24, 1941, the “euthanasia stop” ordered by Hitler by telephone was ordered.

T4 killing facility place Today's state Period of to
Grafeneck Gomadingen Baden-Württemberg January 20, 1940 December 1940
Brandenburg Brandenburg on the Havel Brandenburg February 8, 1940 October 1940
Hartheim Alcove near Linz Upper Austria May 6, 1940 December 1944
Sunstone Pirna Saxony June 1940 September 1942
Bernburg Bernburg (Saale) Saxony-Anhalt November 21, 1940 July 30, 1943
Hadamar Hadamar near Limburg Hesse January 1941 July 31, 1942

Internal T4 statistics that have been preserved, the so-called Hartheim statistics , contain the people who were murdered by gas in the killing centers between 1940 and September 1, 1941.

Institution 1940 January
1 to September 1, 1941 		total
Grafeneck (A) 9,839 - 9,839
Brandenburg (B) 9,772 - 9,772
Bernburg (Be) - 8,601 8,601
Hartheim (C) 9,670 8,599 18,269
Sunstone (D) 5,943 7,777 13,720
Hadamar (E) - 10,072 10,072
total 35,224 35,049 70.273

Murders in occupied territories

Between October 1938 and May 1945, numerous areas were occupied by German troops. At the end of 1942 the occupied territory reached its maximum extent. Power was exercised in five distinguishable types: the (usual) military administration (Belgium, northern France), the (specifically National Socialist) civil administration, incorporation into one's own national territory by annexation (e.g. Alsace and Lorraine), the (partly sovereign) protectorate and contract administration .

Poland

The German invasion of Poland began on September 1, 1939 . The campaign ended on October 6, 1939. Almost at the same time, the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland took place. From June 22, 1941, the rest of Poland was occupied by German troops in the course of the German-Soviet war .

On September 27, 1939, the first massacre of psychiatric patients in German-occupied Poland occurred in Neustadt in West Prussia (Polish: Wejherowo) , followed by murders in many other institutions.

In the autumn of 1939, German sick people from Pomerania were selected by the prison administrators there and taken to German-occupied West Prussia to be shot.

The SS and Gestapo murdered prison inmates in Schwetz an der Weichsel and Koczborwo / Konradstein , a district of Prussian Stargard .

In Fort VII in Posen in October 1939 as well as in January 1940 in Brandenburg / Havel experiments on the killing method were carried out.

In Chełmno (Kulm), the T4 campaign was continued in contrast to the Reich territory.

The Lange Sonderkommando under Herbert Lange murdered more than 6000 Polish and German patients in 1939/40 using gas vans in the Warthegau and West Prussia .

The SS guard Eimann also murdered patients from Pomeranian and East Prussian institutions in the 1939/40 massacre in Piaśnica .

A total of around 15,000 people fell victim to euthanasia in 20 institutions.

The main commission for the investigation of German crimes in Poland determined the following figures for the murders of the sick:

Facility place Day of Annihilation Number of victims
Provincial insane sanatorium in Owinsk Owińska (German: Owinsk, from 1943 to 1945 Treslau) September 15, 1939 - December 10, 1939 1100
Szpital Dziekanka w Gnieźnie (Psychiatric Sanatorium Gnesen, Gauheilanstalt Tiegenhof) Dziekanka (German: Dean's office, from 1939 to 1945 Tiegenhof) December 1939 595
January 1940 448
June 1940 158
Nursing facility costs / Warthegau Kościan (German: costs) January 1940 534
State Institute for the Mentally Ill Konradstein Kocborowo (German: Konradstein), Starogard Gdański (German: Preußisch Stargard) October 29, 1939
December 19, 1939 		2342
Świecie (German: Schwetz an der Weichsel) October 1939 1350
Kochanówka Psychiatric Hospital Kochanowka March 13-15, 1940
March 27-29, 1940
September 1941 		692
Warta (near Sieradz) April 2-4, 1940 499
Gostynin February
3, 1940 June 3, 1940 		48
June 9, 1941 59
Chalin January 12, 1940 440
Szpital Psychiatryczny w Choroszczy Choroszcz September 1941 464
Kobierzyce April 23, 1942 500
Zofiówka Sanatorium Otwock September 1942 500
Sanatorium and nursing home praise Lubliniec (German: Lublinitz) September 1942
June 1944 		221
Wilno 1941-1944 900
Kulparków 1941-1944 2000
Total: 12,850

After the official end of the action in the Reich territory , death certificates were drawn up for Jewish and other sick people murdered in the Nazi killing center in Brandenburg in the Cholm insane asylum , Post Lublin, which was closed at that time .

In Braunschweig , around a third of the newborns of Polish and Russian forced laborers in the maternity home for Eastern workers died due to a lack of care and attention.

Soviet Union

In the occupied parts of the Soviet Union there were killings of inmates of medical and care institutions:

  • The SS murdered patients in the Makar'evo institution .
  • Disabled children were murdered in Šumjači (Smolensk region).
  • Mass murder took place in the institution for mentally ill children in Červen near Minsk .
  • Around 1,000 inmates were murdered in the institution in Kherson .
  • In the Kursk Mental Hospital with 1,500 inmates, the staff were forced to kill the unfit for work. 400 people starved to death, around 600 were killed by lethal injection. The survivors were murdered in at least five mass shootings by autumn 1942.
  • In Nicol'skoje west of Krasnogwardeisk , around 1,200 patients from the Kaščenko clinic were murdered by the task forces in November 1941.
  • In Vinnitsa , Ukraine, food was initially reduced. In the autumn of 1941, 800 sick people were shot and 700 more were poisoned.

Latvia

  • On August 28, 1941, 448 patients were shot by SS units in Daugavpils , Latvia.

"Action 14f13"

The killing of “sick” and “no longer able to work” concentration camp prisoners until the end of the war in three of the former killing centers of “Aktion T4” ( Bernburg , Sonnenstein , Hartheim ) was named “ Aktion 14f13 ” or “special treatment” according to the file number used for this 14f13 ". It began in April 1941.

According to the order of April 11, 1944, registration forms were not drawn up, and prisoners were not selected by medical committees ; From then on, the selection of the victims was exclusively the responsibility of the camp administrators, i.e. usually the camp doctors.

Around 20,000 prisoners were murdered between 1941 and 1944.

"Aktion Brandt"

With the " Aktion Brandt " (after Karl Brandt , Hitler's attending physician , from July 28, 1942 authorized representative for the sanitary and health service and from September 5, 1943 head of the entire medical supply and supply system of the " Third Reich "), Heil - and nursing homes for the increasing need for alternative hospitals due to the increasing air war . The patients were concentrated in special institutions in the middle of the empire or in the east. Targeted killings with overdosed drugs or starvation due to malnutrition have drastically reduced their number. This phase after the “official” end of “euthanasia” in August 1941 was also known as “wild euthanasia”.

It meant the murder of about 30,000 people.

Prisoner hospitals and infirmary in camps

In prisoner hospitals and sick quarters in the Reich camps, sick people classified as incapable of work were systematically neglected, selected and murdered. In the Sachsenhausen concentration camp , the infirmary became a site of targeted “extermination”, especially from 1942 onwards, with the first systematic selections for “cleaning up the infirmary for the chronically ill” as early as October 1941.

(Fictitious) infirmaries were also used to cover up the killing of prisoners: In the Belzec extermination camp , people unable to be transported were separated into an area disguised as an infirmary and shot there immediately.

About 1,000 people classified as mentally ill criminals were sent from mental hospitals to concentration camps and killed through the Annihilation Through Labor program .

In the Ravensbrück concentration camp , human experiments were carried out in disregard of medical and ethical principles , in which test subjects were inflicted with wounds and infected in a targeted manner in order to investigate the effectiveness of sulfonamides .

Human experiments in sanatoriums and nursing homes

Handicapped children were artificially infected with tuberculosis in the Wittenau sanatoriums and in the Kaufbeuren asylum . Georg Hensel , head of the experiments, had already stated in his habilitation thesis from 1940: “Since this type of protective vaccination was breaking new ground in humans, it seems natural that for the time being only infants are eligible for the vaccination , those who are severe physical and show mental deformities and whose life support means no advantage for the nation. "

In the fall of 1940 , Julius Hallervorden was present at the Brandenburg killing center in Brandenburg an der Havel during the gassing of selected children in order to cut out the brains at the crime scene. His work was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). On December 8, 1942, he reported that he "was able to dissect 500 brains of idiots himself over the course of that summer." After the war Hallervorden was head of department at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research . Hans Heinze , director of the euthanasia center, later became head of youth psychiatry in the Wunstorf State Hospital .

The “children's department” in the Loben sanatorium in today's Lubliniec sent the brains and spinal cord of killed children and adolescents to Viktor von Weizsäcker , Wroclaw Neurological Research Institute . The youth psychiatrist Elisabeth Hecker, head of the institution's admission ward and the selection of patients according to “social usefulness”, reported: “I may only hint at the well-examined material that comes together in the care ward when the brain after the death of the children is examined by the neurological research institute in Breslau. “Elisabeth Hecker is considered to be the founder of the Westphalian Clinic for Adolescent Psychiatry in Hamm . The investigation into her ended in 1974.

The IG Farben maximum cooperated with the Hessian Anstalt Eichberg to preparations for testing on patients.

IG Farben Ludwigshafen operated its own test laboratory for human experiments in the Bavarian institute in Günzburg .

At the Arnsdorf facility, director Wilhelm Sagel injected malaria into patients in cooperation with the hygienist Gerhard Rose from the Robert Koch Institute and Bayer Leverkusen . Was tested Sontochin . By August 1942, 110 patients were infected with malaria tertiana .

The neurologist Georg Schaltbrand transferred the cerebrospinal fluid from patients suffering from multiple sclerosis to monkeys and injected the cerebrospinal fluid from the monkey to the patient at the Werneck facility . In October 1940, the patients were finally evacuated to be murdered by gas. Georg Schaltbrand was chairman of the German Society for Neurology from 1953 to 1954 .

"Wild euthanasia", killings due to lack of food, abuse and poisoning

A “special diet” in the form of meat-free and low-fat food for chronically ill and disabled patients had been tried out in 1936 by the prison director Paul Nitsche in a quarter of the patients in the institution at Schloss Sonnenstein ; the cost savings should benefit the curable. In 1938 this was also started in the Arnsdorf institution .

Numerous killings were also carried out after the “euthanasia stop” ordered on August 24, 1941. Targeted malnutrition and the administration of Luminal or Scopolamine continued to be used.

One of the legal bases was the hunger food decree of the Bavarian State Minister of the Interior of November 30, 1942. In the institutions, however, this measure had been anticipated earlier.

Knowledge of the public

Parents of those affected protested in particular against Aktion T4, but also some home managers and employees of the homes in which the victims lived.

On the Catholic side protested the quasi-relieved bishop of the diocese of Rottenburg Joannes Baptista Sproll , the bishop of Münster , Clemens August Graf von Galen , the bishop of Berlin , Konrad Graf von Preysing , the provost of Berlin, Bernhard Lichtenberg , the vicar capitular of Paderborn , auxiliary bishop Augustinus Philipp Baumann and the Bishop of Limburg , Antonius Hilfrich .

On the Protestant side, Paul Gerhard Braune , Theophil Wurm and Friedrich von Bodelschwingh protested .

Lothar Kreyssig from Brandenburg an der Havel was the only German judge to denounce the euthanasia murders. As a guardianship judge, he had noticed that news of the deaths of his handicapped ward increased after a transfer. In July 1940 he reported his suspicion that the sick were being murdered en masse to the Reich Justice Minister Franz Gürtner . After he had been informed that the murder action was being carried out under the responsibility of the Fuehrer's office, Kreyssig filed a complaint against Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler for murder. He strictly forbade the institutions in which his wards were housed from moving them without his consent. Kreyssig, who expected to be arrested immediately, was merely retired.

The Allies were aware of the action from 1940. In September 1941, the Royal Air Force dropped leaflets over the German Reich (“200,000 unusable”) reporting on Steinhof and Erwin Jekelius .

According to the historian Götz Aly , the breach of secrecy and the unease of the population were registered with concern, especially as the expansion of the war was imminent.

Legal processing

Early post-war trials against those in charge of the institutions put those who ordered or initiated “euthanasia murders” on an equal footing with the immediate perpetrators who then administered lethal injections. The defense strategy that they had not at the time recognized the illegality was pointed by the court that the killing obvious natural right is unconstitutional. Even the - alleged or proven - rescue of individual victims did not lead to acquittal. Courts judged the crimes to be murder and imposed harsh sentences, including death sentences.

From 1948/49 onwards, judgments changed the legal understanding. Perpetrators were granted a “possibly inevitable error of prohibition ”. As "assistants without a decision of their own", the defendants received lighter sentences. With the decision to kill the T4 headquarters, a decision had already been made, and if individual people were subsequently put on hold by the doctor, this could lead to acquittal. “Euthanasia trials” in the 1950s often ended with minor sentences or acquittals.

In 1965, Fritz Bauer initiated an investigation against sixteen high-ranking lawyers, who on 23/24 April 1941 had attended a meeting in Berlin. There they had officially learned of the killing of the mentally ill and then followed the order without contradiction to submit criminal charges unprocessed to the Reich Ministry of Justice. The preliminary investigations were discontinued in 1970.

Many trials did not follow until late in the 1970s / 1980s. Quite a few were reinstated because they were unable to stand trial (e.g. against Horst Schumann , Heinrich Bunke , Georg Renno , Klaus Endruweit ) or the perpetrators only received low prison sentences (e.g. Aquilin Ullrich ), were acquitted (e.g. Kurt Borm ) or are after a short imprisonment was pardoned (for example Gorgass ). Others like Eberl or Rudolf Lonauer avoided prosecution by suicide. Of the 438 “euthanasia” criminal proceedings initiated by 1999, only 6.8% ended with final judgments, including numerous acquittals.

The association of “euthanasia” victims and forced sterilized persons, founded by Klara Nowak , campaigned for the rehabilitation and compensation of victims and their families from 1987 onwards.

Historical research

In 1948 Alice Ricciardi published her report on partial results of the Nuremberg Trial: The killing of the mentally ill in Germany .

In the 1970s, Ernst Klee researched Aktion T4 largely as a private person; his work made the spread of these mass murders publicly aware. With his book “Euthanasia in the Nazi State. The destruction of life unworthy of life ”he became internationally known in 1983. In a second research phase in the 1980s and 1990s, his work led to a large number of local initiatives.

After 1990 around 30,000 medical files from the T4 office were discovered in the files of the former MfS of the GDR . This resulted in new impulses for a systematic evaluation by the German Research Foundation , because for the first time there was a wide range of information on the victims.

The early journalistic documentaries include Geregeles Grauen by Ernst T. Mader (Bayerischer Rundfunk, first broadcast on November 7, 1982) as well as Sichten und Destroy von Ernst Klee on Hessischer Rundfunk, 1995

Hans Helmut Hillrichs stated in 2004: "According to current surveys, including those at the Humboldt University in Berlin , hardly any medical student knows that the German medical profession organized and committed itself to National Socialism far more than the average population."

The German Society for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology (DGPPN) only began to work on its history in 2010, when Frank Schneider was chairman.

Michael Hollmann , President of the Federal Archives , criticized on January 31, 2018 in Koblenz that there was resistance from relatives' associations to publish the names of murdered sick and disabled people.

Memorials

The exhibition Captured, Persecuted, Destroyed: Sick and Disabled People under National Socialism was opened in 2014 in the German Bundestag under the patronage of Federal President Joachim Gauck as a traveling exhibition of the German Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Neurology (DGPPN) in cooperation with the Stiftung Denkmal für die murdered Jews of Europe and the Topography of Terror Foundation , which has since been seen in many national and international locations.

Berlin Curves, Stahl, 1986

A national memorial and information site for the victims of the National Socialist “euthanasia” murders was created at the historic location at Tiergartenstrasse 4 in Berlin-Mitte . From the building at this address, an office center under the code name “T4” had organized the systematic murder of patients from sanatoriums and nursing homes in the German Reich. The memorial site was opened on September 2, 2014.

Since the beginning of 2007 there has been a round table under the leadership of the Topography of Terror Foundation and the Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe Foundation , in which those affected, committed citizens, representatives of various institutions and responsible authorities take part. The group has set itself the task of drawing attention to the current grievance and promoting the discussion about an appropriate, dignified redesign of the memorial site as part of the urban redesign of the Kulturforum. A first result of the work was the temporary installation of the " Gray Buses Monument " on January 18, 2008 in front of the Philharmonie. This memorial was dismantled on January 17th, 2009 and will be moved to different cities, so that the memory of the murder of sick and disabled people in the Third Reich also remains in motion.

In the former killing centers, but also in many psychiatric clinics from which the patients were sent to be killed, there are memorials and, in some cases, exhibitions or learning centers with pedagogical and specific processing, including at the historical locations of the six “euthanasia” killing centers.

See also

literature

Standard works

further reading

  • Götz Aly , Angelika Ebbinghaus , Matthias Hamann: Separation and death. The clinical execution of the unusable (= contributions to National Socialist health and social policy . Issue 1). Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-88022-950-3 .
  • Thomas Beddies, Kristina Hübener (Ed.): Children in Nazi psychiatry . Series of publications on the history of medicine in the state of Brandenburg, Volume 10. be.bra Berlin-Brandenburg Wissenschaft Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-937233-14-8 .
  • Mathias Beer: The development of gas vans during the murder of the Jews , in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , issue 3, vol. 35, 1987, pp. 403–417 ( website page view 87 ff. PDF; 8 MB).
  • Udo Benzenhöfer : “Children's Department” and “NS Child Euthanasia”. Studies on the History of Medicine under National Socialism , Volume 1. GWAB, Wetzlar 2000.
  • Bettina Brand-Claussen, Thomas Röske, M Rotzoll (ed.): "Cause of death: euthanasia". Covert murders during the Nazi era . The Wunderhorn, Prinzhorn Collection, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-88423-204-5 .
  • Klaus-Peter Drechsel: Judged, measured, murdered. The practice of euthanasia until the end of German fascism . Duisburg Institute for Language and Social Research , Duisburg 1993, ISBN 3-927388-37-8 .
  • Heinz Faulstich : Death from hunger in psychiatry 1914–1949 . Lambertus, Freiburg im Breisgau 1998, ISBN 3-7841-0987-X .
  • Norbert Frei (Hrsg.): Medicine and health policy in the Nazi era. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1991 (= writings of the quarterly books for contemporary history. Special issue), ISBN 3-486-64534-X , in particular pp. 191–331 ( Psychiatry and “Euthanasia” ).
  • Petra Fuchs, Maike Rotzoll u. a. (Ed.) "Forgetting about annihilation is part of annihilation itself". Life stories of victims of the National Socialist "euthanasia". Wallstein, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8353-0146-7 .
  • Margret Hamm (Ed.): "Unworthy of life": life destroyed. Forced sterilization and "euthanasia" . Publishing house for academic writings, Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-88864-391-0 .
  • Annette Hinz-Wessels: Tiergartenstrasse 4. Control center for the National Socialist euthanasia murders. Links-Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-86153-848-6 .
  • Annette Hinz-Wessels u. a .: For the bureaucratic handling of a mass murder. The “euthanasia” campaign as reflected in new documents . In: VfZ 53 (2005) (PDF; 6.9 MB), pp. 79-107.
  • Friedrich Karl Kaul : Nazi Murder Action T4. A report on the first industrial murder of the Nazi regime . VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, Berlin 1973.
  • Helmut Kramer : “Holding a court day over ourselves”. Fritz Bauer's trial on the involvement of the judiciary in institutional murder, in: Hanno Loewy, Bettina Winter (ed.): Nazi “euthanasia” in front of the court. Fritz Bauer and the limits of legal coping . Campus, Frankfurt 1996, pp. 81-131. ISBN 3-593-35442-X .
  • Hanno Loewy, Bettina Winter (ed.): Nazi “euthanasia” in court. Fritz Bauer and the limits of legal coping . Campus, Frankfurt 1996, ISBN 3-593-35442-X .
  • Thomas Matzek: The Murder Castle. On the trail of Nazi crimes in Hartheim Castle . Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-218-00710-0 .
  • Christian Merkel: "Death to the idiots!" Eugenics and euthanasia in the legal reception of the German Empire during the Hitler era . Logos, Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-8325-1284-5 .
  • Christoph Mundt (Ed.): Psychiatric Research and NS “Euthanasia” . Das Wunderhorn, Heidelberg 2001, ISBN 3-88423-165-0 .
  • Kurt Nowak : Resistance, approval, acceptance. The behavior of the population towards "euthanasia". In: Norbert Frei (Hrsg.): Medicine and health policy in the Nazi era. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1991 (= writings of the quarterly books for contemporary history. Special issue), ISBN 3-486-64534-X , pp. 217–233, pp. 235–251.
  • Uwe Henrik Peters : Nazi Psychiatry, Rise and Fall . ANA Publishers, Cologne 2011, ISBN 978-3-931906-16-0 .
  • Raimond Reiter: Psychiatry in the Third Reich in Lower Saxony . Tectum, Hannover 2007, ISBN 978-3-8288-9312-2 .
  • Winfried Suess:
    • The “people's body” in war. Health policy, health conditions and the murder of the sick in National Socialist Germany 1939–1945 . Series: Studies on Contemporary History, 65. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-486-56719-5 .
    • Bishop von Galen, the Catholic protest and the stop of "Action T4" . In: Martin Sabrow (Ed.): Forms of public outrage in the Nazi state and in the GDR . 1st edition. Wallstein Verlag, 2004, ISBN 978-3-89244-791-7 .
  • Franz Schwarzbauer, Andreas Schmauder, Paul-Otto Schmidt-Michel (eds.): Remembrance and commemoration. The Weißenau memorial and the culture of remembrance in Ravensburg . Series: Historische Stadt Ravensburg, 5th UVK, Konstanz 2007, ISBN 978-3-89669-625-0 .
  • Ralf Seidel, Thorsten Sueße : Tools of Destruction. On the behavior of administrative officials and doctors during "euthanasia". In: Norbert Frei (Hrsg.): Medicine and health policy in the Nazi era. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-486-64534-X , pp. 253-264.
  • EF Torrey, RH Yolken: Psychiatric genocide: Nazi attempts to eradicate schizophrenia . In: Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 2010, pp. 26-32. ( Review by Heinz Hafner , ZI Mannheim )
  • Klaus Vellguth : The history of human dignity and its brutal disregard. Comments on the history of ideas on human dignity and experiences with disregard for human dignity in Germany , in: Klaus Krämer / Klaus Vellguth (ed.): Menschenwürde. Discourses on universality and inalienability (ThEW 8), Herder Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau, 2016, ISBN 978-3-451-33615-7 . Pp. 129-153.

Regional and local studies

  • Working group to research the National Socialist "euthanasia" and forced sterilization (ed.): The Saxon special way in the Nazi "euthanasia". Reports of the working group, volume 1. Klemm & Oelschläger, Münster / Ulm 2001, ISBN 3-932577-50-7 .
  • Working group to research the National Socialist "euthanasia" and forced sterilization (ed.): Psychiatry in the Third Reich - focus on Hesse. Reports of the working group, volume 2. Klemm & Oelschläger, Münster / Ulm 2006, ISBN 978-3-932577-51-2 .
  • Working group for research into National Socialist "euthanasia" and forced sterilization (ed.): Contributions to Nazi "euthanasia" research 2002. Reports of the working group, volume 3. Klemm & Oelschläger, Münster / Ulm 2003, ISBN 3-932577-52-3 .
  • Gerhard Baader , Johannes Cramer, Bettina Winter: “Relocated to Hadamar”. The story of a Nazi "euthanasia" institution . In: Historical series of publications by the State Welfare Association of Hesse . State Welfare Association Hessen, Kassel 1991, ISBN 3-89203-011-1 .
  • Udo Benzenhöfer, Thomas Oelschläger, Dietmar Schulze, Michal Šimůnek: “Child Euthanasia” and “Youth Euthanasia” in the Reichsgau Sudetenland and in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Studies on the history of medicine under National Socialism, Volume 5. GWAB, Wetzlar 2006, ISBN 3-9808830-8-6 .
  • Werner Blesch, Konrad Kaiser a. a .: They want to get us on the side. Deportation and murder of 262 disabled people from the Johannesanstalten Mosbach and Schwarzach in 1940 and 1944 . In: Mosbach in the Third Reich, issue 2 . City of Mosbach, Mosbach 1993.
  • Jutta M. Bott: That's where we come from, that's where we participated. Realities of life and dying in Lippe's Lindenhaus sanatorium and nursing home during the Nazi era . In: Lippische Studien Volume 16. Institute for Lippische Landeskunde, Lemgo 2001, ISBN 3-9807758-9-5 .
  • Christoph Braß: Forced Sterilization and "Euthanasia" in Saarland 1935–1945 . Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2004, ISBN 3-506-71727-8 .
  • Karl Cervik : Child Murder in the Ostmark: Child Euthanasia under National Socialism 1938–1945 . LIT Verlag, Münster 2001, ISBN 3-8258-5551-1 .
  • Peter Chroust et al. a. (Ed.): "Should be transferred to Hadamar". The victims of the euthanasia murders from 1933 to 1945. Exhibition catalog . Mabuse, Frankfurt am Main 1989, ISBN 3-925499-39-3 .
  • Michael von Cranach : Psychiatry under National Socialism - The Bavarian Hospitals and Nursing Institutions between 1933 and 1945 . Oldenbourg, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-56371-8 .
  • Gerda Engelbracht: The deadly shadow of psychiatry. The Bremer Nervenklinik 1933–1945 . Donat Verlag, Bremen 1997, ISBN 978-3-931737-18-4 .
  • Bernhard Frings: All patients are to be reported ... NS “euthanasia” and sanatoriums and nursing homes in the diocese of Münster . Aschendorff, Münster 1994, ISBN 3-402-03269-4 .
  • Eberhard Gabriel, Wolfgang Neugebauer (Ed.): Pioneers of Destruction? From forced sterilization to murder. On the history of Nazi euthanasia in Vienna , Part II; Vienna: Böhlau, 2002, ISBN 3-205-77122-2 .
  • Uta George, Stefan Göthling (Ed.): What happened in Hadamar during the Nazi era? A catalog in easy language (= Understanding history . Volume 1). Hadamar Memorial, 2005.
  • Frank Hirschinger: Approved for extermination. Halle and the Altscherbitz State Hospital 1933–1945 . Böhlau, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-412-06901-9 .
  • Ute Hoffmann: cause of death "angina". Forced sterilization and “euthanasia” in the state sanatorium and nursing home in Bernburg . Ministry of the Interior of Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg 1996.
  • Michael Hubenstorf: Dead and / or living science: The intellectual networks of the Nazi patient murder campaign in Austria . In: Eberhard Gabriel, Wolfgang Neugebauer : From forced sterilization to murder . Böhlau, Vienna 2002.
  • Kristina Hübener (ed.): Brandenburg sanatoriums and nursing homes in the Nazi era . Series of publications on the history of medicine in the State of Brandenburg, 3rd be.bra Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-89809-301-8 .
  • Uwe Kaminsky: Forced sterilization and "euthanasia" using the example of educational care institutions and sanatoriums and nursing homes of the Inner Mission in the Rhineland 1933 to 1945 . Rhineland, Cologne 1995.
  • Jörg Kinzig , Thomas Stöckle (Ed.): 60 years of the Tübingen Grafeneck Trial: Considerations from a historical, legal, medical-ethical and journalistic perspective . Psychiatry and History Publishing House, Zwiefalten 2011, ISBN 978-3-931200-17-6 .
  • Ernst T. Mader: The forced death of patients at the Kaufbeuren-Irsee sanatorium between 1940 and 1945 according to documents and reports from eyewitnesses. Heimatkunde I. Verlag an der Säge (Blöcktach) 1982. ISBN 3-923710-02-X .
  • Thomas Oelschläger: On the practice of NS child “euthanasia” using Austria as an example . In: Monthly Pediatric Medicine , Volume 151, Issue 10. Springer Verlag, October 2003.
  • Christine Ruth-Müller, Hans-Ludwig Siemen: Why they had to die. The ordeal and extermination of disabled people from the Neuendettelsau nursing homes in the “Third Reich” . Individual works from the church history of Bavaria, 66th volume. Neustadt ad Aisch 1991, ISBN 3-7686-9112-8 .
  • Peter Sandner: Administration of the murder of the sick. The Nassau District Association under National Socialism. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2003, ISBN 3-89806-320-8 .
  • Hans-Werner Scheuing: "... when human lives were weighed against material assets." The Mosbach asylum in the Third Reich and the euthanasia discussion today . Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 3-8253-1607-6 (to the Johannes-Anstalten Mosbach ).
  • Gerhardt Schmidt: Selection in the sanatorium 1939–1945 . New edition with additional texts, edited by Frank Schneider. Springer, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-25469-7 .
  • Harry Seipolt: Forced sterilization and Nazi "euthanasia" in the Aachen region . Alano Herodot, Aachen 1995; ISBN 978-3-89399-217-1 .
  • Frank Sparing, Marie-Luise Heuser (Eds.): Hereditary biological selection and "euthanasia": Psychiatry in Düsseldorf during National Socialism , clear text, Essen 2001, ISBN 978-3-89861-041-4 .
  • Ingo Harms: "Wat mööt wi smachten here ..." starvation and "euthanasia" in the sanatorium in Wehnen in the "Third Reich" . Dr.- und Verlag-Cooperative, Oldenburg 1996, ISBN 3-925713-25-5 .
  • Gabriele Rünger: The victims of racial hygiene - forced sterilization, euthanasia and racial madness. In: History Association of the District of Euskirchen e. V. (Ed.): National Socialism in the District of Euskirchen - The brown past of a region. Euskirchen 2006, ISBN 3-935221-72-X .
  • Bernhard Richarz: Healing, caring for, killing. On the everyday history of a sanatorium and nursing home up to the end of National Socialism. Publishing house for medical psychology in the publishing house Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1987, ISBN 3-525-45690-5 . The sanatorium and nursing home is Eglfing-Haar near Munich.
  • New Synagogue Foundation Berlin, Centrum Judaicum . WE Platz and Volkmar Schneider (ed.): Death sentence by registration form . Part 1. Medical murder in the Nazi state: Contributions to Action T4 . Hentrich and Hentrich, Teetz 2006, ISBN 3-938485-26-4 (= Against displacement and forgetting. Volume 1).
  • New Synagogue Foundation Berlin, Centrum Judaicum. WE Platz and Volkmar Schneider (ed.): Documents from a killing center. Part 2. Died in the institutions . With a contribution: The Nazi “euthanasia” in a psycho-social perspective by Miriam Rieck, Hentrich and Hentrich, Teetz 2008, ISBN 978-3-938485-59-0 (= Against displacement and forgetting , volume 4).

Individual fates

Movies

Web links

Commons : Action T4  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, editorial office of the Deutsches Ärzteblatt: Nazi "Euthanasia": From madness to reality .
  2. ↑ Erwin Bauer, Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz: Outline of human heredity and racial hygiene. 1921
  3. ^ Henry Friedlander: The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution 1997.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ernst Klee : NS-Disabled Murder: Mocking the victims and honoring the perpetrators. In: Disabled people in family, school and society, Reha Druck Graz, No. 6/1999
  5. ↑ a b c Time travel 100 years of Arnsdorf Hospital. Exhibition catalog, 2012
  6. ↑ Uwe Gerrens: Medical Ethos and Theological Ethics. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-486-70303-0 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  7. ↑ Nils Petersen: Mentally disabled people - in the structure of society, diakonia and church. LIT Verlag, Münster 2003, ISBN 978-3-825-86645-7 , p. 123 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  8. ↑ The war against the "useless eaters". Psychiatric patients as victims of Nazi "euthanasia". In: Christoph Dieckmann, Babette Quinkert: Warfare and Hunger 1939–1945: On the relationship between military, economic and political interests. Wallstein Verlag , 2015
  9. ↑ Götz Aly : Medicine against the useless. In: Götz Aly, Jochen August , Peter Chroust (eds.): Singling out and death. The clinical execution of the useless. Contributions to National Socialist health and social policy, Berlin, 1985, p. 32 f.
  10. ^ Grafenberg - Wuppertal Memorial Book .
  11. ↑ Harald Jenner: There is no holding back on this inclined plane. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-170-31533-4 , p. 251 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  12. ↑ Wolf Gruner: Public welfare and the persecution of the Jews. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-59482-9 , p. 142 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  13. ^ Nuremberg Document PS-630
  14. ↑ Roth and Aly give in their section The “Law on Euthanasia for the Terminally Ill” - minutes of the discussion on the legalization of the National Socialist institutional murders in the years 1938–1941 in Karl Heinz Roth (ed.): Registration for destruction. From social hygiene to the "assisted suicide law" . Berlin 1984, p. 111, Max de Crinis as author.
  15. ↑ Leaflet in facsimile at the State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg (M17)
  16. ↑ Magdalena Ruoffner: Grafeneck as an example of euthanasia in the Nazi state . Diploma thesis agency. April 7, 2018.
  17. ↑ Timeline of Nazi persecution, the Holocaust, forced labor and life after survival.
  18. ↑ Illustration from: "Euthanasia" and forced sterilization in the Mainkofen sanatorium. Symposium May 9, 2014.
  19. ^ Heesch: Forced sterilization of sick and handicapped people .
  20. ↑ Andreas Baumgartner: The forgotten women of Mauthausen . 1st edition. Verlag Österreich, Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-7046-1088-7 , p. 18, footnote 25.
  21. ↑ 138 Historical Places of Remembrance - Memorial Site T4 .
  22. ↑ Udo Wohlfeld: You are certain of the thanks of the fatherland! The chaos in soldiers' souls. Apolda 2014, ISBN 3-935275-33-1 .
  23. ↑ Kurt Nowak : Resistance, Approval, Acceptance. The behavior of the population towards "euthanasia". In: Norbert Frei (Hrsg.): Medicine and health policy in the Nazi era. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1991 (= writings of the quarterly books for contemporary history . Special issue), ISBN 3-486-64534-X , pp. 235–251, here: p. 246 f.
  24. ^ Page from Hartheimer Statistics ( Memento from October 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), facsimile of the Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance (PDF, 160kB) / These figures also from Henry Friedlander: The way to the Nazi genocide. From euthanasia to the final solution. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-8270-0265-6 , p. 190 and Ernst Klee (Ed.): Documents on "Euthanasia". Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag Nr. 4327, Frankfurt am Main 1985, ISBN 3-596-24327-0 , p. 232.
  25. ^ Jörg Echternkamp: Europe under National Socialist occupation. bpb , April 30, 2015.
  26. ↑ Ute Gerlant: There is no holding back on this inclined plane. Lecture for the foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” , p. 4 (PDF), accessed on October 10, 2015.
  27. ↑ a b c d e Nasierowski Tadeusz: Zagłada osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi w okupowanej Polsce: Początek ludobójstwa (The annihilation of the mentally disturbed in occupied Poland) . Eneteia Wydawnictwo Psychologii i Kultury, Warszawa 2012, ISBN 9788361538431 .
  28. ↑ Akcja T4 w Chełmie ( pl )
  29. ↑ Theo R. Payk: Psychiatrists and psychotherapists . Job profiles in medical and psychological medicine. 1st edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-17-022193-2 .
  30. ^ Walter Grode: German "euthanasia" policy in Poland during the Second World War. In: Psychology and Social Criticism , 1992, Volume 16, Issue 2, pp. 5–13.
  31. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Ludewig, Gudrun Fiedler: Forced Labor and War Economy in the State of Braunschweig 1939–1945. P. 215.
  32. ↑ a b c d e f g h Dieter Pohl: The rule of the Wehrmacht. German military occupation and local population in the Soviet Union 1941–1944 . Oldenbourg, Munich 2009, p. 274 ff.
  33. ↑ Johannes Hürter : The Wehrmacht before Leningrad . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 2001, issue 3, p. 435 ff. ( PDF ).
  34. ↑ Jürgen Kilian: Wehrmacht and Occupation in the Russian Northwest 1941–1944: Practice and everyday life in the military administrative area of ​​Army Group North. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2012, p. 503.
  35. ↑ Ulrike Winkler, Gerrit Hohendorf: "Now Mogiljow is free from crazy people". The murder of psychiatric patients in Mogilew in 1941/42. In: Babette Quinkert, Philipp Rauh, Ulrike Winkler: War and Psychiatry 1914–1950. Wallstein, Göttingen 2010, p. 80.
  36. ↑ Astrid Ley: Infirmary in the concentration camp: place of help and murder. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt , 2007, 104 (5): A-247 / B-219 / C-215.
  37. ^ Walter de Gruyter: Poland: Generalgouvernement August 1941 - 1945. Walter de Gruyter, 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-73598-7 , p. 38 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  38. ↑ http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/4871422/68404805e1a1eff5984958b445836c63/data/thomas-foth-hamburger-psychatrie.pdf
  39. ^ Medical care in the Ravensbrück concentration camp - deadly care. tagesspiegel.de , August 1, 2017, accessed on February 19, 2018.
  40. ↑ Nicholas Eschenbruch: Medicines of the 20th Century. transcript Verlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-839-41125-4 , p. 154 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  41. ^ Thorsten Noack: Nazi euthanasia and the international public: The reception of the German handicapped and sick murders in World War II . Campus publishing house. 17th August 2017.
  42. ↑ "euthanasia" -Flugblatt Allied - euthanasia .
  43. ↑ Brigitte Kepplinger : 'Destruction of life unworthy of life' under National Socialism: The 'Action T4'. In: Günther Morsch, Bertrand Perz: New studies on National Socialist mass killings by poison gas. Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-940938-99-2 , p. 86.
  44. ↑ Susanne Benzler, Joachim Perels: Justice and State Crimes - About the legal handling of Nazi 'euthanasia'. In: Hanno Loewy , Bettina Winter (eds.): Nazi “euthanasia” in court. Frankfurt 1996, ISBN 3-593-35442-X , p. 20.
  45. ↑ Susanne Benzler, Joachim Perels: Justice and State Crimes - About the legal handling of Nazi 'euthanasia'. In: Hanno Loewy, Bettina Winter (Hrsg.): Nazi 'euthanasia' in court. Frankfurt 1996, ISBN 3-593-35442-X , p. 27.
  46. ↑ Willy Dreßen: Nazi "euthanasia" processes in the Federal Republic of Germany through the ages. In: Hanno Loewy, Bettina Winter (eds.): Nazi “euthanasia” in court. Frankfurt 1996, ISBN 3-593-35442-X , p. 56.
  47. ↑ Hanno Loewy, Bettina Winter (ed.): Nazi “euthanasia” in front of the court. Frankfurt 1996, ISBN 3-593-35442-X , pp. 145-181.
  48. ↑ Jürgen Schreiber: Guilt without atonement. The legal processing of the National Socialist “euthanasia” in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Aktion Sühnezeichen (Hrsg.) Zeitschriftzeichen 01/2010, p. 17 / Dirk W. de Mildt (Hrsg.): Tatkomplex NS-Euthanasie. The East and West German criminal judgments since 1945 , Amsterdam 2001, ISBN 978-90-8964-072-7 .
  49. ↑ Information page on the T4 memorial in Berlin , accessed on April 3, 2018.
  50. ↑ Ulrike Winkelmann: Storm-proof and earth-grown . In: taz , August 27, 2005. On the publication history of your book and that of Alexander Mitscherlich and Fred Mielke (1947: The dictate of human contempt. The Nuremberg Medical Trial and its sources ).
  51. ↑ Horst von Buttlar: Researchers open inventory of terror . In: Spiegel Online - Wissenschaft , October 1, 2003.
  52. ↑ DFG : W. Eckart, M. Rotzoll, G. Hohendorf at the University of Heidelberg , September 2006, conference
  53. ↑ G. Hohendorf, M. Rotzoll, P. Richter a. a .: The victims of the National Socialist "euthanasia campaign T4" - first results of a project to open up medical records of killed patients in the Federal Archives in Berlin . In: Der Nervenarzt 2002: 73: 1065-1074.
  54. ↑ Prod.Nr .: PR59091 / 01-02
  55. ↑ Ernst Klee: Sifting and destroying. Hessischer Rundfunk, 1995 on YouTube
  56. ↑ Hans Helmut Hillrichs: Medicine without humanity . ( Memento from May 4, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) ZDF, April 13, 2004.
  57. ↑ Dorothea Buck and her commitment to a humane psychiatry. Deutschlandfunk , accessed on March 27, 2019 .
  58. ^ Federal archive chief: lack of transparency in "euthanasia" victims. January 31, 2018, accessed March 27, 2019 .
  59. ↑ recorded, pursued, destroyed. Sick and handicapped people under National Socialism . ( Memento of June 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) DGPPN website , accessed on June 14, 2016.
  60. ^ Memorial and information site for the victims of the National Socialist "euthanasia" murders on stiftung-denkmal.de, accessed on October 14, 2017.
  61. ↑ Overview on dasdenkmaldergrauenbusse.de
  62. ^ Review by Johannes Vossen, 2004.
  63. ^ Martin Sabrow: Scandal and dictatorship: forms of public outrage in the Nazi state and in the GDR . Wallstein Publishing House. April 7, 2018.