List of heads of state 1598

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Africa

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Jacob (1597–1603) (1604–1607)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Gireun Buri Dyelen (1597–1605)

Kano
- King: Muhammad Zaki (1582-1618)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Alvaro II. (1587-1614)

Morocco ( Saadier )
- Sultan : Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Gatsi Rusere (1589–1623)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Unsa I. (1591-1603 / 04)

America

General Governorate of Brazil
- Governor General: Francisco de Sousa (1592–1602) (1609–1611 Governor General of Rio de Janeiro)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo (1595–1603) (1604–1606 Viceroy of Peru)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Luis de Velasco y Castilla (1596–1604) (1590–1595, 1607–1611 Viceroy of New Spain)

Asia

China ( Ding Dynasty )
- Emperor : Wanli (1572-1620)

Japan
- Kaiser : Go-Yeti (1586–1611)
- Shogun : unoccupied (1573-1603)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Seonjo (1567–1608)

Mughal Empire
- Great Mughal : Akbar I. (1556–1605)

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Sultan: Abbas I (1588–1629)

Thailand
- King : Naresuan (1590–1605)

Vietnam ( Hậu Lê Dynasty )
- King: Lê Thế Tông (1573–1599)
- Cao Bằng ( Mạc Dynasty )
  - King: Mạc Kính Cung (1593–1625)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of France : Henry IV (1562–1610)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Andreu Capella (1587–1609)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Christian IV (1588–1648)

England and Ireland
- Queen : Elizabeth I (1558–1603)

France
- King : Henry IV (1589–1610)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Rudolf II. (1576–1612) (1575–1611 King of Bohemia, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
- Electoral College
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Archbishop : Ernst von Bayern (1583–1612) (1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Lüttich, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Archbishopric Mainz
    - Archbishop : Wolfgang von Dalberg (1582–1601)
  - Archbishopric Trier
    - Archbishop : Johann VII. Von Schönenberg (1581–1599)
  - Kingdom of Bohemia
    - King : Rudolf II. , (1575–1611) (1576–1612 Emperor, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
  - Margraviate of Brandenburg
    - Elector : Johann Georg (1571–1598) (1560–1571 administrator of Brandenburg)
    - Elector: Joachim Friedrich (1598–1608) (1554–1598 administrator of Havelberg, 1566–1598 administrator of Magdeburg, 1603–1608 Duke of Prussia)
  - Palatine County near the Rhine
    - Elector : Friedrich IV. (1583–1610)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Elector : Christian II. (1591-1611)
- spiritual principalities
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Johann Otto von Gemmingen (1591–1598)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Neidhardt von Thüngen (1591–1598)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee (1575–1608)
  - Archbishopric Bremen (from 1567 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Johann Friedrich von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1596–1634) (1607–1634 Bishop of Lübeck, 1631–1634 Bishop of Verden)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Andreas of Austria (1591–1601) (1589–1600 Bishop of Constance)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Archbishop : Jean Sarazin (1596–1598)
  - Cammin Monastery (Protestant bishops since 1545)
    - Bishop : Casimir of Pomerania (1574–1602) (1602–1605 Duke of Pommern-Rügenwalde)
  - Chiemsee Abbey
    - Bishop : Sebastian Cattaneo (1589–1609)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Peter Rascher (1581–1601)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann Konrad von Gemmingen (1595–1612)
- Members of the Imperial Councilor with a virile vote (selection):
  - Austria : Archduke Rudolf V (1576–1612), "directorium agens" in the Imperial Council of Princes
  - Salzburg : Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587–1612), "directorium qiescens" in the Imperial Council of Princes
  - Baden-Baden : Margrave Ernst Friedrich (1595–1604)
  - Baden-Durlach : Margrave Ernst Friedrich (1584–1604)
  - Bavaria : Duke Maximilian I (1597–1651), elector from 1623

Italian states
- Genoa
  - Doge : Lazzaro Cebà Grimaldi (1597–1599)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Clement VIII (1592–1605)
- Parma , Piacenza and Guastalla
  - Duke : Ranuccio I Farnese (1592–1622)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Karl Emanuel I (1580–1630)
- Venice
  - Doge : Marino Grimani (1595–1606)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Hercule (1589–1604)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Mehmed III. (1595-1603)

Poland
- King : Sigismund III. Wasa (1587–1632) (1592–1599 King of Sweden)

Portugal (1580–1640 personal union with Spain)
- King : Philip I (1580–1598) (1556–1598 King of Spain)
- King: Philip II (1598–1621) (1598–1621 King of Spain)
  - Viceroy : Junta governativa (1593–1598)
  - Viceroy: Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma (1598–1600)

Prussia
- Administrator : Georg Friedrich (1577–1603) (1543–1603 Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, 1577–1603 Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)

Russia
- Tsar : Fyodor I (1584–1598)
  - Regent: Boris Godunow (1584–1598) (1598–1605 Tsar)
- Tsar: Boris Godunow (1598–1605)

Scotland
- King : Jacob VI. (1567–1625) (1603–1625 King of England and Ireland)

Sweden
- King : Sigismund (1592–1599) (1587–1632 King of Poland)

Transylvania
- Prince : Sigismund Báthory (1581–1598, 1598–1599, 1601, 1602 )
- Prince: Rudolf (1598, 1600–1601, 1601–1606)
- Prince: Sigismund Báthory ( 1581–1598 , 1598–1599, 1601, 1602 )

Spain
- King : Philip II (1556–1598) (1580–1598 King of Portugal)
- King: Philip III. (1598–1621) (1598–1621 King of Portugal)

Hungary
- King : Rudolf (1576–1608) (1576–1612 Emperor, 1575–1611 King of Bohemia, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Voivode : Mihai Viteazul (1593–1602) (1599–1600 Prince of Transylvania, 1600 Prince of Moldavia)