List of heads of state 1601

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Africa

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Jacob (1597–1603) (1604–1607)

Bamum (in today's Cameroon )
- King : Ngapina (1590–1629)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Muhammad VI. Bukalmarami (1596-1612)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Gireun Buri Dyelen (1597–1605)

Kano
- King: Muhammad Zaki (1582-1618)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Alvaro II. (1587-1614)

Morocco ( Saadier )
- Sultan : Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Gatsi Rusere (1589–1623)

Rwanda
- King : Ruganzu II. (1600-1624)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Unsa I. (1591-1603 / 04)

America

General Governorate of Brazil
- Governor General: Francisco de Sousa (1592–1602) (1609–1611 Governor General of Rio de Janeiro)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo (1595–1603) (1604–1606 Viceroy of Peru)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Luis de Velasco y Castilla (1596–1604) (1590–1595, 1607–1611 Viceroy of New Spain)

Asia

Burma
- Arakan
  - King: Razagri (1593-1612)
- Taungu
  - King : Nyaungyan (1596–1606)

Brunei
- Sultan : Shah Berunai (1600-1605)

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Wanli (1572-1620)

Georgia
- Imereti
  - King : Rostom I (1590–1605)
- Kakheti
  - King : Alexander II. (1574-1603, 1603-1605 )
- Kartlien
  - King : Giorgi X. (1600–1605)
- Mingrelia
  - Prince : Mamuka I. Dadiani (1590–1611)

India
- Ahom (in today's Assam)
  - King : Sukhaamphaa (1552–1603)
- Dekkan Sultanates (in Central India)
  - Ahmadnagar
    - Sultan: Murtaza Shah II (1600–1610)
  - Bidar
    - Sultan: Mirza Ali Barid Shah III. (1600-1609)
  - Bijapur
    - Sultan : Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580–1627)
  - Golkonda (Qutub Shahi dynasty)
    - Sultan: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1612)
- Madurai
  - Nayak : common rule of the grandchildren of Kumara Krishnappa Nayak (1595–1602)
- Mughal Empire
  - Great Mughal : Akbar I. (1556–1605)
- Mysore (in what is now Karnataka)
  - Maharaja: Wadiyar I (1578-1617)
- Portuguese India
  - Viceroy : Aires de Saldanha (1600–1605)
- Vijayanagar (in South India)
  - King : Venkata II. (1586–1614)

Indonesia
- Aceh
  - Sultan : Ri'ayat Syah al-Mukamma (1589-1604)
- Johor
  - Sultan : Alauddin Riayat Shah III. (1597-1615)

Japan
- Emperor (Tennō) : Go-Yōzei (1586–1611)

Cambodia
- King : Chau Ponhea Nhom (1600–1603)

Kazak Khanate
- Khan : Yesim Khan (1598–1628 / 35)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Seonjo (1567–1608)

Lan Xang (in what is now Laos )
- King : Voravongse II. (1596–1621)

Nepal
- Bhaktapur
  - King : Trailokya Malla (1560-1613)
- Kantipur
  - King : Siva Simha Malla (1583–1619) (1609–1619 King of Lalipur)
- Lalitpur
  - King : Harihara Simha (1600–1609)

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Shah : Abbas I (1587–1629)

Philippines
- Maguindanao
  - Sultan: According to Buisan (1597–1619)
- Sulu
  - Sultan: Batara Shah Tengah (1596-1608)

Sri Lanka
- Jaffna
  - King : Ethirimana Cinkam (1591-1616)
- Kandy
  - King : Vimala Dharma Surya I (1590–1604)
- Portuguese Ceylon (Ceilaõ)
  - Governor General : Jerónimo de Azevedo (1594–1613) (1612–1617 Viceroy of Portuguese India)

Thailand ( Ayutthaya )
- King : Naresuan (1590–1605)

Vietnam
- Cao Bằng ( Mạc Dynasty )
  - King: Mạc Kính Cung (1593–1625)
- Champa
  - King : Po Ramé (1627–1644)
- Lê dynasty
  - King: Lê Kính Tông (1600–1619)
- Nguyen (in the south of Vietnam)
  - Ruler: Nguyễn Hoàng (1558–1613)
- Trinh
  - Ruler: Trinh Tung (1570–1623)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of France : Henry IV (1562–1610)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Andreu Capella (1587–1609)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Christian IV (1588–1648)

England and Ireland
- Queen : Elizabeth I (1558–1603)

France
- King : Henry IV (1589–1610)
France
- King: Henry IV (1589–1610)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Rudolf II. (1576–1612) (1575–1611 King of Bohemia, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
- Electoral College
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Elector : Ernst von Bayern (1583–1612) (1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Principality of Mainz
    - Elector : Wolfgang von Dalberg (1582–1601)
    - Elector: Johann Adam von Bicken (1601–1604)
  - Archbishopric of Trier
    - Elector : Lothar von Metternich (1599–1623)
  - Kingdom of Bohemia
    - Elector : Rudolf II. , (1575–1611) (1576–1612 Emperor, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
  - Margraviate of Brandenburg
    - Elector : Joachim Friedrich (1598–1608) (1554–1598 administrator of Havelberg, 1566–1598 administrator of Magdeburg, 1603–1608 Duke of Prussia)
  - Palatine County near the Rhine
    - Elector : Friedrich IV. (1583–1610)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Elector : Christian II. (1591-1611)
- spiritual imperial princes
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Heinrich V. von Knöringen (1599–1646)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann Philipp von Gebsattel (1599–1609)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee (1575–1608)
  - Prince Provost Berchtesgaden
    - Provost : Ferdinand von Bayern (1594–1650) (1612–1650 Archbishop of Cologne, 1612–1650 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1612–1650 Bishop of Lüttich, 1612–1650 Bishop of Münster, 1618–1650 Bishop of Paderborn, 1612–1650 Dept. from Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Archbishopric Bremen (1567–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Johann Friedrich von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1596–1634) (1607–1634 administrator of Lübeck, 1631–1634 administrator of Verden)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Christoph Andreas von Spaur (1601–1613)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Archbishop : Guillaume de Berghes (1601–1609)
  - Hochstift Cammin (1557–1650 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Casimir of Pomerania (1574–1602)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Peter Rascher (1581–1601)
    - Bishop: Johann V. Flugi (1601–1627)
  - Corvey Abbey
    - Abbot : Dietrich von Beringhausen (1585–1616)
  - Balleien of the Teutonic Order
    - Hoch- und Deutschmeister : Maximilian of Austria (1590-1618)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann Konrad von Gemmingen (1594–1612)
  - Prince Provost Ellwangen
    - Provost : Wolfgang von Hausen (1584–1603) (1600–1603 Bishop of Regensburg)
  - Hochstift Freising
    - Bishop : Ernst von Bayern (1566–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Fulda Abbey
    - Abbot : Balthasar von Dernbach (1570–1606) (1576–1602 in exile)
    - Administrator: Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (1576–1602) (1573–1612 Bishop of Würzburg)
  - Halberstadt Monastery
    - Administrator : Heinrich Julius von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1566–1613) (1589–1613 Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, 1582–1585 Administrator of Minden)
  - Hildesheim Monastery
    - Bishop : Ernst von Bayern (1573–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Prince Abbey of Kempten
    - Abbot : Johann Adam Renner von Allmendingen (1594–1607)
  - Constance monastery
    - Bishop : Johann Georg von Hallwyl (1601–1604)
  - Hochstift Lübeck (1555–1803 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Johann Adolf von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1586–1607) (1590–1616 Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf, 1585–1596 administrator of Bremen)
  - Liège Monastery
    - Bishop : Ernst von Bayern (1581–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Archbishopric Magdeburg (1566–1631, 1638–1680 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Christian Wilhelm von Brandenburg (1598–1631) (1625–1628 administrator of Halberstadt)
  - Hochstift Minden
    - Administrator : Christian von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1599–1625) (1611–1633 Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg)
  - Monastery of Münster
    - Bishop : Ernst von Bayern (1584–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Osnabrück Monastery
    - Administrator : Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1591–1623) (1586–1623 Administrator von Verden)
  - Paderborn Monastery
    - Bishop : Dietrich von Fürstenberg (1585–1616)
  - Passau bishopric
    - Coadjutor : Leopold of Austria (1598–1626) (from 1605 bishop) (1607–1626 bishop of Strasbourg)
  - Ratzeburg Monastery (1554–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Karl von Mecklenburg (1592–1610) (1603–1610 Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow)
  - Regensburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Wolfgang von Hausen (1600–1613) (1584–1603 Provost of Ellwangen)
  - Archbishopric Salzburg
    - Archbishop : Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587–1612)
  - Hochstift Schwerin (1533–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Ulrich I of Mecklenburg (1550–1603) (1555–1603 Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow)
  - Speyer Monastery
    - Bishop : Eberhard von Dienheim (1581–1610)
  - Stablo-Malmedy Abbey
    - Abbot : Ernst von Bayern (1581–1612) (1583–1612 Archbishop of Cologne, 1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Liège, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster)
  - Strasbourg Monastery
    - Administrator : Johann Georg von Brandenburg (1592–1604)
  - Hochstift Trento
    - Bishop : Carlo Gaudenzio Madruzzo (1600–1629)
  - Hochstift Verden (1568–1630 and 1634–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Philipp Sigismund von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1586–1623) (1591–1623 Administrator of Osnabrück)
  - Hochstift Worms
    - Bishop : Philipp von Rodenstein (1595–1604)
  - Würzburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (1573–1617) (1576–1602 administrator of Fulda)
- Secular imperial princes
  - Stop
    - Prince : Johann Georg I (1586–1603) (1603–1618 Prince of Anhalt-Dessau)
  - Arenberg
    - Prince : Karl (1576–1616) (1568–1576 count)
  - Margraviate of Baden
    - Baden-Baden (occupied by Baden-Durlach 1594–1622)
      - Margrave : Ernst Friedrich (1595–1604)
    - Baden-Durlach
      - Margrave : Ernst Friedrich (1584–1604)
  - Bavaria
    - Duke : Maximilian I (1597–1651) (Elector from 1648) (1623–1648 Elector of the Palatinate)
  - Brandenburg-Ansbach (1557–1603 personal union with Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
    - Margrave : Georg Friedrich I (1543–1603) (1577–1603 Duke of Prussia)
  - Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1557–1603 personal union with Brandenburg-Ansbach)
    - Margrave : Georg Friedrich I (1557–1603) (1577–1603 Duke of Prussia)
  - Braunschweig-Lüneburg
    - Duke : Ernst II (1592–1611)
  - Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
    - Duke : Heinrich Julius (1589–1613) (1566–1613 administrator of Halberstadt, 1582–1585 administrator of Minden)
  - Hessen-Darmstadt
    - Landgrave : Ludwig V (1596–1626)
  - Hessen-Kassel
    - Landgrave : Moritz the Scholar (1592–1627)
  - Jülich
    - Duke : Johann Wilhelm (1592–1609) (1574–1585 Bishop of Münster)
  - Leuchtenberg
    - Landgrave : Georg IV. Ludwig (1567–1613)
  - Lorraine
    - Duke : Charles III. (1545-1608)
  - Duchy of Mecklenburg
    - Mecklenburg-Guestrow
      - Duke : Ulrich (1555–1603) (1550–1603 administrator of Schwerin)
    - Mecklenburg-Schwerin
      - Duke : Adolf Friedrich I (1592–1628, 1631–1658 ) (1631–1648 administrator of Schwerin)
  - Austria
    - Archduke : Rudolf V (1576–1608) (1576–1612 Emperor, 1575–1611 King of Bohemia, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
  - Pfalz-Neuburg
    - Count : Philipp Ludwig (1569–1614)
  - Palatinate-Veldenz
    - Duke : Georg Gustav (1592–1634)
  - Pfalz-Zweibrücken
    - Count : Johann I (1569–1604)
  - Duchy of Pomerania
    - Pomerania-Szczecin
      - Duke : Barnim X. (1600–1603)
    - Pomerania-Wolgast
      - Duke : Philipp Julius (1592-1625)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Saxe-Coburg
      - Duke : Johann Casimir (1586–1633)
    - Saxony-Eisenach
      - Duke : Johann Ernst (1596–1638)
    - Saxe-Weimar
      - Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm I (1573–1602)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg
    - Duke : Francis II (1581–1619)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
    - Duke : Johann Adolf (1590–1616) (1585–1596 administrator of Bremen, 1586–1607 administrator of Lübeck)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
    - Duke: Johann (1564–1622)
  - Württemberg
    - Duke : Friedrich I. (1593-1608)
- other imperial estates (selection)
  - Hanau-Lichtenberg
    - Count : Johann Reinhard I (1599–1625)
  - Hanau-Munzenberg
    - Count : Philipp Ludwig II. (1580–1612)
  - Hohenzollern-Haigerloch
    - Count : Johann Christoph (1592-1620)
  - Hohenzollern-Hechingen
    - Count : Eitel Friedrich I. (1576–1605)
  - Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
    - Count : Charles II (1576–1606)
  - lip
    - Count : Simon VI. (1563-1613)
  - Nassau
    - Ottonian line
      - Nassau-Dillenburg
        Count : Johann VI. (1559-1606)
    - Walramic line
      - Nassau-Ottweiler
        Count: Ludwig II. (1593–1602) (1602–1627 Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken, 1602–1627 Count of Nassau-Weilburg, 1605–1627 Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden)
      - Nassau-Saarbrücken
        Count : Philip III. (1574–1602) (1559–1602 Count of Nassau-Weilburg)
      - Nassau-Weilburg
        Count : Philip IV (1559–1602) (1574–1602 Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken)
      - Nassau-Wiesbaden
        Count : Johann Ludwig II. (1596–1605)
  - Oldenburg
    - Count : Johann VII. (1573-1603)
  - Ortenburg
    - Count : Henry VII (1600–1603)
  - Ostfriesland
    - Count : Enno III. (1599-1625)
  - Reuss
    - Reuss older line
      - Reuss-Burgk
        Lord : Heinrich II. (1596–1608) (1572–1583 Lord of Reuss-Untergreiz, 1583–1696 Lord of Reuss-Untergreiz I)
      - Reuss undergrowth
        Lord : Heinrich V. ( 1572–1583 , 1596–1604) (1583–1696 Lord of Reuss-Untergreiz II)
    - Reuss middle line
      - Reuss overburden
        Lord : Heinrich XVII. (1578-1607)
      - Reuss-Schleiz
        Lord : Heinrich XVIII. (1596–1616) (1578–1597, 1607–1616 Herr von Reuss-Obergreiz)
    - Reuss younger line
      - Reuss-Gera
        Lord : Heinrich II. (1572–1635)
  - Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg
    - Count : Adolf XI. (1581-1601)
    - Count: Ernst (1601–1622)
  - Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
    - Count : Albrecht VII (1574–1605)
  - Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (common rule)
    - Count : Günther XLII. (1586-1643)
    - Count: Anton Heinrich (1586–1638)
    - Count: Johann Günther II. (1586–1631)
    - Count: Christian Günther I. (1586–1642)
  - Waldeck (1588–1607 joint rule)
    - Count : Christian (1588–1607) (1607–1637 Count of Waldeck-Wildungen)
    - Count: Wolrad IV. (1588–1607) (1607–1640 Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg)

Italian states
- Genoa
  - Doge : Lorenzo Sauli (1599–1601)
  - Doge: Agostino Doria (1601-1603)
- Guastalla
  - Count : Ferrante II. Gonzaga (1575–1632) (from 1621 duke)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Clement VIII (1592–1605)
- Milan (1535–1706 to Spain)
  - Duke : Philip III. of Spain (1598–1621)
    - Governor : Pedro Enríquez de Acevedo (1600–1610)
- Mantua (1533–1708 personal union with Montferrat)
  - Duke : Vincenzo I. Gonzaga (1587-1612)
- Massa and Carrara
  - Prince : Alberico I. Cybo-Malaspina (1554–1623)
- Mirandola
  - Prince : Federigo Pico (1568–1602) (until 1596 lord)
- Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Cesare d'Este (1597–1628)
- Montferrat (1533–1708 personal union with Mantua)
  - Duke : Vincenzo I. Gonzaga (1587-1612)
- Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Philip III. of Spain (1598–1621)
    - Viceroy : Fernando Ruiz de Castro, 6th Count of Lemos (1599–1601)
    - Viceroy: Fernando Ruiz de Castro, 7th Count of Lemos (1601–1603)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Ranuccio I Farnese (1592–1622)
- Piombino
  - Prince : Iacopo VII. Appiani (1589–1603)
- San Marino
  - Capitani Reggenti : Pier Matteo Belluzzi and Fabrizio Belluzzi (1600–1601)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Lorenzo Martelli and Liberio Gabrielli (1601)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Girolamo Gozi and Francesco Giannini (1601–1602)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Karl Emanuel I (1580–1630)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Philip III. of Spain (1598–1621)
    - Viceroy : Bernardino de Cárdenas y Portugal, Duke of Maqueda (1598–1601)
    - Viceroy: Jorge de Cárdenas y Manrique de Lara (1601–1602)
- Tuscany
  - Grand Duke : Ferdinando I de 'Medici (1587–1609)
- Urbino
  - Duke : Francesco Maria II. Della Rovere (1574–1631)
- Venice
  - Doge : Marino Grimani (1595–1605)

Khanate of Crimea
- Khan : Ğazı II. Giray ( 1588–1596 , 1596–1607)

Courland
- Duke : Friedrich Kettler (1595–1616, 1617–1642 ) (in Semgallia)
- Duke: Wilhelm Kettler (1595–1616) (in Courland)

Malta
- Grandmaster : Martin Garzes (1595–1601)
- Grand Master: Alof de Wignacourt (1601–1622)

Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Ieremia Movilă ( 1595–1600 , 1600–1606)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Hercule (1589–1604)

Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Ieremia Movilă ( 1595–1600 , 1600–1606)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Hercule (1589–1604)

Poland
- King : Sigismund III. Wasa (1587–1632) (1592–1599 King of Sweden)

Portugal (1580–1640 personal union with Spain)
- King : Philip II (1598–1621) (1598–1621 King of Spain)
  - Viceroy : Cristóbal de Moura, Marqués de Castel Rodrigo (1600–1603, 1603, 1608–1612 )

Prussia
- Duke : Georg Friedrich (1577–1603) (1543–1603 Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach)

Russia
- Tsar : Boris Godunow (1598–1605)

Scotland
- King : Jacob VI. (1567–1625) (1603–1625 King of England and Ireland)

Sweden
- Reichsverweser : Karl IX. (1599–1611) (from 1604 king)

Transylvania (controversial rule)
- Prince : Rudolf (1597–1598 , 1600–1601, 1601–1604 )
  - Governor: Giorgio Basta (1600–1601, 1601–1604 )
- Prince: Sigismund Báthory ( 1581–1598, 1598–1599 , 1601, 1602 )
- Prince: Rudolf ( 1597–1598, 1600–1601 , 1601–1604)
  - Governor: Giorgio Basta ( 1600–1601 , 1601–1604)

Spain
- King : Philip III. (1598–1621) (1598–1621 King of Portugal)

Hungary
- King : Rudolf (1576–1608) (1576–1612 Emperor, 1575–1611 King of Bohemia, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Voivode : Mihai Viteazul (1593–1601) (1600 Prince of Moldova, 1599-1600 Prince of Transylvania)
- Voivode: Radu Mihnea (1601–1602, 1611, 1611–1616, 1620–1623 ) (1616–1619, 1623–1626 Prince of Moldova)