List of heads of state 1599
Overview
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Africa
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Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Jacob (1597–1603) (1604–1607)
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Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Gireun Buri Dyelen (1597–1605)
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Kano
- King: Muhammad Zaki (1582-1618)
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Congo
- Mani-Congo : Alvaro II. (1587-1614)
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Morocco ( Saadier )
- Sultan : Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603)
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Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Gatsi Rusere (1589–1623)
- Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
America
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General Governorate of Brazil
- Governor General: Francisco de Sousa (1592–1602) (1609–1611 Governor General of Rio de Janeiro)
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Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo (1595–1603) (1604–1606 Viceroy of Peru)
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Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Luis de Velasco y Castilla (1596–1604) (1590–1595, 1607–1611 Viceroy of New Spain)
Asia
- China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
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Mughal Empire
- Great Mughal : Akbar I. (1556–1605)
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Vietnam ( Hậu Lê Dynasty )
- King: Lê Thế Tông (1573–1599)
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Cao Bằng ( Mạc Dynasty )
- King: Mạc Kính Cung (1593–1625)
Europe
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- King of France : Henry IV (1562–1610)
- Bishop of Urgell : Andreu Capella (1587–1609)
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Co-princes :
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Denmark and Norway
- King : Christian IV (1588–1648)
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England and Ireland
- Queen : Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
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Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Rudolf II. (1576–1612) (1575–1611 King of Bohemia, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
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Electoral College
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Archbishopric of Cologne
- Archbishop : Ernst von Bayern (1583–1612) (1566–1612 Bishop of Freising, 1573–1612 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1581–1612 Bishop of Lüttich, 1584–1612 Bishop of Münster, 1581–1612 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
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Archbishopric Mainz
- Archbishop : Wolfgang von Dalberg (1582–1601)
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Archbishopric Trier
- Archbishop : Johann VII. Von Schönenberg (1581–1599)
- Archbishop: Lothar von Metternich (1599–1623)
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Kingdom of Bohemia
- King : Rudolf II. , (1575–1611) (1576–1612 Emperor, 1576–1608 Archduke of Austria, 1576–1608 King of Hungary)
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Margraviate of Brandenburg
- Elector : Joachim Friedrich (1598–1608) (1554–1598 administrator of Havelberg, 1566–1598 administrator of Magdeburg, 1603–1608 Duke of Prussia)
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Palatine County near the Rhine
- Elector : Friedrich IV. (1583–1610)
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Duchy of Saxony
- Elector : Christian II. (1591-1611)
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Archbishopric of Cologne
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spiritual principalities
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Hochstift Augsburg
- Bishop : Heinrich V. von Knöringen (1599–1646)
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Bamberg Monastery
- Bishop : Johann Philipp von Gebsattel (1599–1609)
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Hochstift Basel
- Bishop : Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee (1575–1608)
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Archbishopric Bremen (from 1567 Protestant administrators)
- Administrator : Johann Friedrich von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1596–1634) (1607–1634 Bishop of Lübeck, 1631–1634 Bishop of Verden)
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Brixen monastery
- Bishop : Andreas of Austria (1591–1601) (1589–1600 Bishop of Constance)
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Archbishopric of Cambrai
- Sedis vacancy (1598–1601)
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Cammin Monastery (Protestant bishops since 1545)
- Bishop : Casimir of Pomerania (1574–1602) (1602–1605 Duke of Pommern-Rügenwalde)
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Chiemsee Abbey
- Bishop : Sebastian Cattaneo (1589–1609)
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Chur Monastery
- Bishop : Peter Rascher (1581–1601)
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Eichstätt Monastery
- Bishop : Johann Konrad von Gemmingen (1595–1612)
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Hochstift Augsburg
- Members of the Imperial Councilor with a virile vote (selection):
- Austria : Archduke Rudolf V (1576–1612), "directorium agens" in the Imperial Council of Princes
- Salzburg : Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587–1612), "directorium qiescens" in the Imperial Council of Princes
- Baden-Baden : Margrave Ernst Friedrich (1595–1604)
- Baden-Durlach : Margrave Ernst Friedrich (1584–1604)
- Bavaria : Duke Maximilian I (1597–1651), elector from 1623
- Brandenburg-Ansbach : Margrave Georg Friedrich I (1543–1603)
- Brandenburg-Kulmbach : Margrave Georg Friedrich I (1557–1603)
- Braunschweig - Lüneburg : Duke Ernst II (1592–1611)
- Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel : Duke Heinrich Julius (1589–1613)
- Hessen-Darmstadt : Landgrave Ludwig V (1596–1626)
- Hessen-Kassel : Landgrave Moritz the Scholar (1592–1627)
- Hessen-Marburg : Landgrave Ludwig IV (1567–1604)
- Jülich-Kleve-Berg : Duke Johann Wilhelm (1592–1609)
- Lorraine : Duke Charles III. (1545-1608)
- Mecklenburg-Güstrow : Duke Ulrich (1555–1603)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin : Duke Adolf Friedrich (1592–1628 and 1631–1658)
- Pfalz-Neuburg : Duke Philipp Ludwig (1569-1614)
- Pfalz-Zweibrücken : Duke Johann I (1569–1604)
- Pommern-Barth : Duke Bogislaw XIII. (1569–1605)
- Pomerania-Stettin : Duke Johann Friedrich (1569–1600)
- Pomerania-Wolgast : Duke Philipp Julius (1592–1625)
- Pomerania-Rügenwalde : Duke Barnim X. (1569–1602)
- Saxe-Coburg : Duke Johann Casimir (1596–1633)
- Saxony-Eisenach : Duke Johann Ernst (1596–1638)
- Saxony-Lauenburg : Duke Franz II (1581–1619)
- Saxony-Weimar : Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I (1573–1602), 1591–1601 spa administrator of Saxony
- Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf : Duke Johann Adolf (1590–1616)
- Württemberg : Duke Friedrich I (1593–1608)
- Other imperial estates (selection):
- Ortenburg : Count Joachim I (1551–1600)
- East Friesland : Count Edzard II. (1561–1599), followed by Enno III. (1599-1625)
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Italian states
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Genoa
- Doge : Lazzaro Cebà Grimaldi (1597–1599)
- Doge: Lorenzo Sauli (1599–1601)
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Papal States
- Pope : Clement VIII (1592–1605)
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Parma
- Duke : Ranuccio I Farnese (1592–1622)
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Savoy
- Duke : Karl Emanuel I (1580–1630)
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Venice
- Doge : Marino Grimani (1595–1606)
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Genoa
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Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Mehmed III. (1595-1603)
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Poland
- King : Sigismund III. Wasa (1587–1632) (1592–1599 King of Sweden)
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Portugal (1580–1640 personal union with Spain)
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King : Philip II (1598–1621) (1598–1621 King of Spain)
- Viceroy : Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma (1598–1600)
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King : Philip II (1598–1621) (1598–1621 King of Spain)
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Prussia
- Administrator : Georg Friedrich (1577–1603) (1543–1603 Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach)
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Russia
- Tsar : Boris Godunow (1598–1605)
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Transylvania (controversial rule)
- Prince : Sigismund Báthory ( 1581–1598 , 1598–1599, 1601, 1602 )
- Prince: Andreas Báthory (1599)
- Prince: Michael the Brave (1599–1600) (1600 Prince of Moldavia, 1593–1602 Voivode of Wallachia)
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Spain
- King : Philip III. (1598–1621) (1598–1621 King of Portugal)
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Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Voivode : Mihai Viteazul (1593–1602) (1599–1600 Prince of Transylvania, 1600 Prince of Moldavia)