SPÖ Vorarlberg

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SPÖ Vorarlberg
Logo SPÖ Vorarlberg.png
State party leader Martin Staudinger
Bregenz Landhaus JEF seminar 20180427 Martin Staudinger-2.jpg
Club chairman Martin Staudinger
Country Managing Director Klaus Gasser
Headquarters St. Anna-Strasse 1, 6900 Bregenz
Seats in state parliaments
4/36

( LTW 2019 )
Website www.spoe-vorarlberg.at

The SPÖ Vorarlberg is the national organization of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg . It was represented in the Vorarlberg state government as a junior partner of the ÖVP Vorarlberg until 1974 and provided a state council during this time. The SPÖ Vorarlberg has been in opposition since 1974. The party has its seat in the Bregenz St. Anna-Strasse.

Since the state elections in Vorarlberg in 2019 , the SPÖ Vorarlberg has 4 mandates in the Vorarlberg state parliament .

history

State elections 1945–2019
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%

Before the First World War

After the revolution of 1848 , two different political directions developed in Vorarlberg. A conservative-clerical movement that was primarily recruited from the high clergy and wealthy peasants and, on the other hand, the democratic movement, whose members were mainly found in the bourgeoisie , the poor peasants and the lower clergy. The liberals slowly developed out of the democratic movement, as a result of which the lower clergy and conservative circles turned away from this direction and the liberals also increasingly adopted an anti-clerical course. It came as a countermovement to the establishment of political, Catholic-conservative casinos . In 1870 the liberal party in the Vorarlberg state parliament was overthrown and since then - until today - the Catholic-conservative orientation has been the predominant one. Originally, the workers made it an ally of the Liberals and the middle class, but this changed when perceived this particular economic and social interests, only the wealthy and the conservative Catholic circles of the social question in favor of the working class on the basis of Christian ethics turned towards .

The main area of ​​development goals for the workforce in Vorarlberg was, as in the rest of Europe, aimed at

  • to promote the education and training of workers (e.g. through workers' training associations),
  • to achieve a more favorable economic situation for the workers (e.g. through trade unions),
  • to secure a political co-determination of the workers (e.g. through parties).

The origins of socialist thought in Vorarlberg can therefore be found in these three areas, based on the ideas of Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) and other thought leaders, e.g. B. in Vorarlberg also with court adjunct Kaspar Moosbrugger (1830–1917) and his brother-in-law Franz Michael Felder (1839–1869). Both were already exposed to hostility in Vorarlberg because of this, and the police and governor feared that a social democratic party would gradually develop if the authorities and clergy did not take strict action against it. In 1867 they founded the early socialist Vorarlberg party of equality and demanded u. a. general and secret suffrage. In 1869 Kaspar Moosbrugger called again in the Vorarlberger Volksblatt to found workers' education associations.

With the December constitution of 1867 , the establishment of non-political workers' education associations also became legal in Austria, whereby the political awareness of the Austrian working class - also in Vorarlberg - was significantly built up and expanded. The oldest workers' education association was probably founded in Bregenz in 1869, although at the beginning the liberal bourgeoisie themselves viewed these associations positively or even (co-) founded them themselves. However, these associations quickly turned away from liberal tendencies and towards Marxist ideas. In 1869 the workers in Austria also enforced the right to form a coalition , which in turn caused the first wave of persecution against them and the workers' movement was partly driven into illegality, partly got into anarchist waters and was further suppressed and driven into illegality with the Anarchist Law of 1886. On July 25, 1877, the then governor in Tyrol , Eduard Taaffe , decreed the dissolution of most of the workers' education associations in Vorarlberg. The activities of the workers' education associations and the socialist party were subject to strict police surveillance even after they were founded. Harassment from the authorities was not uncommon. If entrepreneurs became aware of membership in such associations, they were threatened with immediate dismissal.

Founding place, Gasthaus Traube, in Telfs, the socialist regional organization Tyrol-Vorarlberg
Pius Moosbrugger

Around 1890, socialist groups began to form in Vorarlberg as well. The Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) was founded at the turn of the year 1888/1889 at the party congress from December 30, 1888 to January 1, 1889 in Hainfeld , Lower Austria (see: Hainfeld program ). As early as April 17, 1887, four to five hundred socialists met in Bregenz in the Forster restaurant on the initiative of the tailor Georg Hackl for the first political gathering of Vorarlberg workers, elected a board, secretary and stewards, held debates and votes. The shoemaker's assistant Maritschnigg was elected president of the meeting, the main speaker was the shoemaker Eduard Protiva from Schüttenhofen in Bohemia . Kaspar Moosbrugger's son, Jakob Moosbrugger, began to build a socialist movement in Nüziders , and Kaspar Moosbrugger's grandson, Pius Moosbrugger , was then vice-president of the state parliament after the Second World War . Kaspar Moosbrugger was already retired in 1890 and had little publicity. When Labor Day was to be celebrated in Vorarlberg for the first time on May 1, 1890 , the authorities requested two companies from the 6th Tyrolean Jäger Battalion as a precaution . Due to the restrictions imposed by the authorities and bans on employers with the threat of dismissals, the first May Day celebration in Vorarlberg was therefore held only on a small scale and without major demonstrations. Due to an appeal from Ignaz Saska and comrades in the Brno “Workers' Voice” on September 4, 1890, a socialist regional organization for Tyrol and Vorarlberg was established in Telfs in the Gasthaus zur Traube. In the same year, a local group of Franz Mathis, Alois Märk and Philipp Knecht was founded in Rankweil with other journeymen. On January 25, 1893, the authorities approved the formation of a political association for Vorarlberg in Vorarlberg , which was part of the SDAP regional organization for Tyrol and Vorarlberg and the direct forerunner of the independent SDAP regional organization Vorarlberg, which was formed in 1899. This political association was under strict surveillance by the authorities. The driving forces behind the socialists in Vorarlberg at this time were the carpenter Johann Coufal (* 1847 in Teschetitz , † 1898) and the Tyrolean locksmith Ignaz Leimgruber . Coufal was convicted and imprisoned several times for his socialist activities. On October 28, 1893, the workers training association was founded in Hard by local dignitaries and with the participation of Ignaz Leimgruber and workers in Hard, and in 1894 two socialist representatives were able to move into the community council after the election. After 1895, Leimgruber began to withdraw from politics and was involved in shady business.

The increasing socialist endeavors continued to be viewed very critically by the police and the authorities, and attempts were also made to prevent them from being taken by the employers. So were z. For example, at the Getzner company in Bludenz, two workers were threatened with immediate dismissal if they did not leave the SDAP immediately and because they had participated in the socialist party congress in Telfs at Pentecost in 1893, because one could not need enlightened workers . Attempts were made again and again to make it impossible for the socialists to use bars in meeting places.

In 1895 there were seven workers' education associations in Vorarlberg (1900: 9) and four unions with ten local groups:

Unions
per year:		 Local groups Members
1895 10 ?
1900 13 563
1905 26th 896
1906 27 869
1907 26 (33) 1324
1908 37 (46) 1602
1909 38 (44) 1268
1910 45 1411
1911 41 (47) 1276
1912 42 (45) 1171
1913 43 1121
1914 23 597
1915 14th 524

In 1895 the first trade union in the textile industry was founded in Dornbirn and by the end of the year it had 34 members. The proportion of women in the entire trade union movement as well as as simple members was for a long time in the single-digit percentage range, although women often made up the majority of the workforce in certain sectors (e.g. textile industry).

In 1897, Theresa Nötscher organized political meetings in Dornbirn, Lustenau and Hohenems. The event in Hohenems was blown up by "Christian socials". On April 1, 1899, the Vorarlberg Socialist Party broke away from the regional organization of Tyrol and Vorarlberg and became independent. The first state conference had already been held on March 25, 1899. On the occasion of the second national conference on January 21, 1900 it was decided to employ a party secretary and the secretariat was opened in May 1900. The first employed party and trade union secretary was Franz Pechota.

The workers' education associations were transferred to the organization of the socialist party at the turn of the century. The socialist unions faced competition from Christian-conservative unions (e.g. the Gutenberg-Bund ), but the Christian-social and Christian-conservative unions in Vorarlberg also had to struggle with a disinterest of the workers. In addition to the Socialist Party, social, sports, choral clubs, women's organizations and youth organizations continued to exist. The seat of the state party was originally Dornbirn (except for briefly in 1902, Bregenz), the party restaurant the "Hofauer" inn on Schmelzhütterstrasse, then the "Anker" inn and later the "Sägerhof".

The socialist party in Vorarlberg always found it difficult to become a mass movement. The reason for this lay in the conservative-Christian orientation of the mostly peasant workers, the dominant influence of the Catholic Church , which also took social issues seriously and recognized the competition that arose for them from the socialist movement at an early stage, as well as the partially existing socially oriented entrepreneurial families own internal quarrels in the party and the leadership by politically and morally inadequate persons. After the general, equal, direct and secret suffrage for men had been introduced in 1906 and the Reichsrat elections were due in 1907, the "Christian Social" side and the clergy in Vorarlberg took active action against social democracy. So the pastor of Dornbirn- have Haselstauden from the pulpit announced that it was questionable whether a voter who vote social democrat, will go to heaven . The early knife from Bürs announced that anyone who votes on May 14, 1907 will commit a mortal sin .

Hermann Leibfried (around 1900)
Maria Leibfried (around 1900)

The votes for the socialist party were then not related to the number of members and, despite the resistance, it was able to achieve very considerable successes in the country and after 1911 outstripped the liberals or German-free-thinking party in the Reichsrat elections in many communities , but came to the Successes of the Christian-Conservative or Christian-Social Party do not approach. In the state and municipal elections, successes were prevented by the electoral system ( right to vote in the curia , majority voting , residence requirements and other things). Before 1918 the socialists were therefore not represented in the Vorarlberg state parliament.

The first party and trade union secretary was Johann Coufal, who headed the party from 1892 until his death. After that, Ignaz Leimgruber presumably led the party, followed by Franz Pechota from 1900, who was permanently employed. Between 1903 and 1906 the party was without actual leadership and was then headed from February 1, 1906 to 1911 (or 1913) by the Tyrolean Eduard Ertl. 1912 by Herrmann Leibfried (1878–11 October 1918).

First World War

Anton Linder came to Vorarlberg in 1914 and worked here from March 17, 1914 as a permanent party and trade union secretary, but was ordered to Vienna in August 1914 as part of the general mobilization . During the First World War, Herrmann Leibfried took over the leadership of the party again. Anton Linder came back after the First World War and was active for the socialist idea. Important representatives of the SDAP in Vorarlberg were Fritz Preiß , Johann Mayer (aka: Sozi-Mayer , grandfather of Fritz Mayer ), Maria Leibfried-Brüstle and others. The Supreme Socialist Adelreich Nagel (* 1879) was arrested in 1914 and sentenced to three months ' imprisonment for insulting majesty because he is said to have applauded the assassins in Sarajevo . The now retired Gerichtsadjunkt Kaspar Moosbrugger, who is also against the First World War was set, it was because he before young Bregenzerwälder reservists spoke against the war, by the gendarmerie in protective custody and taken to the National Court Feldkirch admitted. However, he was not tried for treason and Moosbrugger was only placed under house arrest.

In the socialist party in Vorarlberg too, enthusiasm for war was kept within narrow limits. The SDAP in Vorarlberg was critical and inconvenient during the First World War, was under constant surveillance by the authorities, but was not fundamentally in favor of a Marxist revolution or the abolition of the monarchy in Austria. The Vorarlberger Wacht was heavily censored and in some cases stopped by the authorities for weeks because of its critical statements. It was not until January 8, 1918, that the Vorarlberger Wacht , the SDAP party organ in Vorarlberg, called for the abolition of the monarchy.

Unemployment and food shortages as well as the lack of men in the social democratic movements led to a strengthening of the socialist women's organizations and their participation in the party and the subsidiary organizations. New local groups emerged (e.g. in Lustenau and Rankweil). The Mohren landlady Maria Turek became the chairwoman of the women's section in Rankweil . After her, Maria Leibfried became state representative, Stefanie Hollenstein from Lustenau and Therese Pazont from Dornbirn. In an emergency, the party secretariat became a highly frequented service and advice center, and Hermann Leibfried had to take on these tasks too. The May 1st celebration in 1917 was dominated by the question of peace, the February Revolution in Russia, and was attended en masse by women. Even then, many Social Democrats were resolute in advocating the participation of women in political life, but there was also great personal resistance from leading and ordinary Social Democrats.

Interwar period

On December 5, 1919, the Landtag in Vorarlberg, dominated by the Christian Social Party , decided , for political reasons, to authorize the provincial government to grant the people's right of self-determination not only to the Austrian government in Vienna, but also, if necessary, to the Supreme Council in Paris and to claim from the League of Nations . The five socialist MPs demonstratively left the room in this vote out of loyalty to the republican state. The affiliation paragraph was only deleted from the SDAP party program in 1933 (after Hitler came to power in Germany).

From April 30, 1919, active paramilitary people's militias were approved and promoted by the Vorarlberg state government against socialist efforts and equipped with weapons ( rifles and machine guns ) or their equipment approved. These people's militias were under the direction of Governor Otto Ender . In the summer of 1920 these people's militias had around 3,000 members, while the federal army in Vorarlberg had only 800 soldiers under arms. These people's militias were primarily financed by industry in Vorarlberg, and they later became the home guards. The Republican Protection League, which was later founded by the socialists as a counterbalance in Vorarlberg, was far inferior in terms of funding, manpower and armament, and in fact never played a political role. There was no relevant violent clash between home guards and the Schutzbund in Vorarlberg.

In the first election to the Chamber of Labor in Vorarlberg in 1921, the socialist Wilhelm Siess was elected. In 1934, with an authoritarian system of rule based on corporate and fascist ideas, which was partly based on the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in Italy , the so-called corporate state (also: Austrofascism ), the SDAP was banned, and some Vorarlberg socialists were imprisoned, emigrated or Illegality driven. With the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, many socialists became resistance fighters against the National Socialist dictatorship .

After the Second World War

The SPÖ Vorarlberg was re-established in autumn 1945 after Vorarlberg had been liberated from the National Socialist dictatorship by the Allies in May . On October 9, 1945, the three parties that were in charge of the state at the time (in addition to the Socialist Party, the Austrian People's Party and the Communist Party of Austria ) received approval from the French military government of Vorarlberg to found a party. The first party chairman of the SPÖ Vorarlberg was Jakob Bertsch , who was subsequently appointed to the Vorarlberg state committee to form a concentration government. Most of the members of the SPÖ, known as the Socialist Party until 1991 , were former members of the Social Democratic Workers' Party , which was banned in 1934 .

In the first free state parliament election on November 25, 1945 , the Socialist Party won 7 out of 26 seats in the Vorarlberg state parliament with 27.3% of the vote . The best result in a state election was achieved by the socialists in the state elections in 1964 under party chairman Franz Katzengruber , when they won 10 out of 36 seats in the state parliament with 29.54% of the vote.

The expansion of direct democracy has been a special concern of the SPÖ Vorarlberg since the 1950s. It initiated the first referendum in Vorarlberg, which took place on March 31, 1957, on the prohibition of company actions passed by the Vorarlberg state parliament. The law was then not approved by the majority of citizens (68% against). The first referendum in Vorarlberg was also initiated by the SPÖ.

The Fußach affair in 1964 (ship christening of the motor ship Vorarlberg ) had very negative effects for the SPÖ Vorarlberg, although it was based on the originally planned naming of the ship Dr. Karl Renner was not involved at all by the Austrian federal government and even partially advocated the naming "Vorarlberg".

Until 1974, the SPÖ Vorarlberg was a member of the Vorarlberg state government in a concentration government with ÖVP and FPÖ. One reason for the exclusion of the Vorarlberg Socialists from the government negotiations in 1974 was the previous state election campaign, in which the SPÖ led a controversial election campaign against the incumbent Governor Keßler under Regional Councilor Ernst Winder. Even before that, it had repeatedly come about in government work that there were conflicts between Kessler and Winder. B. in October 1973 refused documents for his activity and he had to threaten to resign.

Despite this election campaign by the socialists, Governor Keßler, an avowed supporter of the concentration government, tried to get a member of the SPÖ Vorarlberg into the government until the end, which in the end failed because the Vorarlberg socialists held on to Ernst Winder. The Vorarlberger Nachrichten criticized the decision of the ÖVP leadership to push the SPÖ-Vorarlberg into the opposition and two years later 56% of the Vorarlbergers felt this decision of the ÖVP leadership was wrong and the further elections in 1975 (absolute majority for Fritz Mayer ( SPÖ) in Bregenz and a two-thirds majority for Hermann Stecher (SPÖ) in Bludenz as well as the acquisition of a second SPÖ member of the National Council) agreed with this assessment.

As a minority faction since 1974, the SPÖ Vorarlberg massively demanded the expansion of control rights, but it took 20 years for this to be implemented in major parts and z. B. the later State Audit Office was founded. As early as the 1960s, the SPÖ Vorarlberg asked for an ombudsman , but it was not until 1985 that the state public prosecutor was established. A decisive confrontation with the governing party ÖVP was the so-called Security Act (1975), which was implemented against the will of the opposition and which the Austrian Constitutional Court, as predicted by the SPÖ Vorarlberg, repealed in essential points.

An essential demand of the SPÖ Vorarlberg to repeal the censorship paragraph in the Vorarlberger Lichtspielgesetz and to dispense with prior censorship was not implemented for decades, although it repeatedly attracted media attention because films were banned in Vorarlberg that even received awards in other federal states. So was z. B. In 1964, the film Irma la Douce is in Vorarlberg with a performance ban and 1965. The dance of Arthur Schnitzler . Between January 1970 and March 1970 alone, seven films were banned from showing in Vorarlberg. In May 1970 Ernst Winder then proposed a resolution to completely abolish film censorship in Vorarlberg, which, however, was rejected by the ÖVP and the FPÖ, with Bertram Jäger in particular defending further film censorship as necessary. Even when a new film law was to be passed in 1983, film censorship was held to be necessary for "intellectual environmental protection" (according to Governor Herbert Keßler ), but at least the FPÖ (although coalition partner of the ÖVP) was no longer in favor of this maintenance.

The founding of the green alternative parties and their running for the 1984 election in Vorarlberg, too, was largely at the expense of the votes of the Vorarlberg SPÖ, although the SPÖ Vorarlberg had already shown a very developed, progressive environmental awareness at the Rüthi nuclear power plant and the Zwentendorf nuclear power plant .

The SPÖ Vorarlberg has been an advocate of joining the European Union from the very beginning. An independent European anti-fraud authority ( OLAF ) was created on the basis of the preparatory work, proposals and demands made by Herbert Bösch , who has been a member of the European Parliament since Austria's accession .

After the state elections in 2009

A poor election result was achieved in 2009 when in the state elections on September 20, 2009, only 10.02% of the voters of the SPÖ voted and the party only received 3 of 36 seats.

On the occasion of the 41st party congress of the state SPÖ on November 4, 2011 in Wolfurt , a new basis for the political work of the Vorarlberg SPÖ in the coming years was adopted. Under the title “Ländle Gerecht. 10 points for Vorarlberg " contained this program, according to the party chairman Michael Ritsch a package of measures" for more justice in Vorarlberg ".

The SPÖ Vorarlberg still achieved the worst result since 1945 in the following state elections in 2014 with 8.77%. The SPÖ was able to hold the three mandates from 2009 - and thus the strength of the club - but for the first time in history it slipped below ten percent of the vote due to the poor election result.

In June 2018, Martin Staudinger was nominated by the extended state party executive as the successor to state party leader Gabriele Sprickler-Falschlunger . He was also nominated as the top candidate for the state elections in Vorarlberg 2019 . On September 20, 2018, the delegates of the state party congress elected Martin Staudinger as the state party chairman and at the same time fixed him as the top candidate for the state election the following year. There was no other candidate selected. In the state elections themselves, the Vorarlberg Social Democrats were able to achieve slight gains for the first time in 15 years: although they again remained below the 10 percent mark with an election result of 9.46 percent of the valid votes, they achieved a fourth state parliament mandate.

Party chairmen since 1945

Membership development

The number of members of the SPÖ Vorarlberg reflects the political importance of the party in the state:

  • 1893: 62
  • 1894: 122
  • 1899: 1024
  • 1907: about 700
  • 1908: around 900
  • 1913: about 1000
  • 1919: 3417
  • 1920: 3417
  • 1923: 2629
  • 1927: 2717
  • 1928: 2976
  • 1929: 3158
  • 1930: 2758
  • 1932: 2216
  • 1945: 2415
  • 1946: 4010
  • 1954: 3400
  • 1964: 5503
  • 1965: 5241
  • 1970: 4891
  • 1972: 5296

Publication organs and publications

First edition of the "Vorarlberger Wacht"

On the occasion of the first regional conference of the socialists of Tyrol and Vorarlberg, which took place in Innsbruck at Whitsun in 1893 , it was decided to use the Volkszeitung (Innsbruck) published by Ignaz Saska since 1892 as the official party organ.

The socialist newspaper: Vorarlberger Wacht was founded in 1910 and, in the early days, was mainly influenced by the committed socialist and typesetter Hermann Leibfried (1878–11 October 1918). Leibfried had to face very underhanded accusations. During the 1907 election campaign, the Vorarlberger Volksblatt described him as a foreign, Jewish social democrat of the worst kind, and although the situation was clear, the editor in charge of the Volksblatt, Wilhelm Fritz, was acquitted by the jury in the trial. At the turn of the year 1912/1913, the Dornbirn community tried to expel Hermann Leibfried because of his guilty lifestyle . Leibfried had lived with Johann Coufal's (Maria) widow for years and had two children with her. The attempted expulsion, which ultimately failed, had political motives and should make it impossible for the Vorarlberger Wacht to continue to appear . In 1914 Hermann Leibfried married Maria Coufal. After the Social Democratic Party was banned, the political orientation of the newspaper was adapted to the regime of the Fatherland Front on February 20, 1934 ( Austrofascism ). After the National Socialists came to power in Austria , the Vorarlberger Wacht was discontinued with the issue of March 12, 1938.

On November 15, 1945, the Vorarlberger Volkswille , the socialist newspaper of the SPÖ Vorarlberg, was published for the first time. The newspaper was discontinued in 1957.

The processing of the history of the SPÖ Vorarlberg also with regard to the time during National Socialism was carried out by the historian Werner Bundschuh in Over free earth, the sun of freedom shines again . The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945 , 2005, largely on the initiative of Hubert Lötsch, the then regional branch manager of the Dr. Karl Renner Institute .

literature

  • Werner Bundschuh: "The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth". The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945 . Ed .: Dr. Karl Renner Institute Vorarlberg. Bregenz 2005 ( available online on the SPÖ Rankweil website [PDF]).
  • Günter Dietrich: "Social Democracy in Vorarlberg" . Rankweil 2003 ( available online [PDF]).
  • Werner Dreier: "Werner Dreier: Between Kaiser and" Führer ". Vorarlberg in transition 1918–1938 ” . Bregenz 1986, ISBN 3-900438-18-8 .
  • Kurt Greussing (Ed.): In principle: Hope. Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . finks Verlag, 1984.
  • Ferdinand Karlhofer: Parties and political competition . In: Peter Bußjäger , Ferdinand Karlhofer, Günther Pallaver (eds.): Vorarlberg's political landscape . Studienverlag , Innsbruck 2010, ISBN 978-3-7065-4649-2 .
  • Reinhard Mittersteiner : "Strangers", craftsmen & comrades. The emergence of the social democratic labor movement in Vorarlberg . Vorarlberger Authors Society , 1994, ISBN 3-900754-15-2 .
  • Manfred Scheuch : History of the Vorarlberg Workers up to 1918 . ÖGB-Verlag, Vienna 1961.
  • Wolfgang Weber : Wood shavings. State election campaigns, parties and politicians in Vorarlberg from 1945 to 1969 (=  series of publications by the Rheticus Society . Volume 43 ). Feldkirch 2004, ISBN 3-900866-79-1 .
  • Ernst Winder : Between Fussach and Europe: three decades of Vorarlberg state politics . Hämmerle Verlag, Hohenems 1998, ISBN 3-900851-59-X .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Jutta Berger : Generation change at SPÖ Vorarlberg: Martin Staudinger takes over. In: derStandard.at . June 11, 2018, accessed September 17, 2018 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg Workers until 1918. P. 91.
  3. ↑ a b After Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg Workers up to 1918. P. 95.
  4. ↑ Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg Workers up to 1918. P. 92.
  5. ^ A b Meinrad Pichler: Das Land Vorarlberg 1861 to 2015: History of Vorarlberg. Volume 3 , p. 27.
  6. ↑ Petra Paterno: Franz Michael fields - farmer and do-gooder. Website: wienerzeitung.at from September 20, 2014.
  7. ^ A b c d Meinrad Pichler: Das Land Vorarlberg 1861 to 2015: History of Vorarlberg. Volume 3 , p. 28.
  8. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. P. 6.
  9. ↑ Gerhard Oberkofler: Beginnings - the Vorarlberg workers' movement until 1890 - from workers' education association to workers' party. In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - workers' movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 36.
  10. ^ Based on Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg Workers up to 1918. P. 94.
  11. ↑ See also: Vorarlberger Volksblatt . 38/1873 and 48/1877.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg workers until 1918. P. 96.
  13. ↑ Gerhard Oberkofler: Beginnings - the Vorarlberg workers' movement until 1890 - from workers' education association to workers' party. In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - workers' movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 62.
  14. ↑ Gerhard Oberkofler: Beginnings - the Vorarlberg workers' movement until 1890 - from workers' education association to workers' party. In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - workers' movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 63.
  15. ↑ Gerhard Oberkofler: Beginnings - the Vorarlberg workers' movement until 1890 - from workers' education association to workers' party. In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - workers' movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 64 f.
  16. ↑ Gerhard Oberkofler: Beginnings - the Vorarlberg workers' movement until 1890 - from workers' education association to workers' party. In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - workers' movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 66 f.
  17. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. P. 7 ff.
  18. ↑ a b c Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greussing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 73 ff.
  19. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. P. 14 f.
  20. ^ A b Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberger Workers 'Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greussing: In principle hope - Workers' movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 76.
  21. ^ Meinrad Pichler: Das Land Vorarlberg 1861 to 2015: History of Vorarlberg. Volume 3 , p. 29.
  22. ↑ Numbers in brackets from 1906 to 1915 from Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Workers 'Movement 1890 - 1918 In: Kurt Greussing: In Principle Hope - Workers' Movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 110.
  23. ↑ Numbers in brackets from 1906 to 1915 from Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Workers 'Movement 1890 - 1918 In: Kurt Greussing: In Principle Hope - Workers' Movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 111 f.
  24. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. P. 8.
  25. ↑ Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 79.
  26. ^ Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg Workers up to 1918. P. 97.
  27. ↑ a b Manfred Scheuch: History of Vorarlberg's Workers until 1918. p. 100. The Christian workers' movement was founded in Hohenems in the summer of 1895 and led by the young priest Karl Drexel and successfully expanded with the support of relevant entrepreneurs in the country. The Christian workers' associations that had also emerged were united in the Vorarlberger Arbeitserbund in 1904 and there was also a weekly newspaper from 1907 to 1910: the Arbeiterblatt , as a supplement to the Vorarlberger Volksblatt. Through the Stickerbund , Drexel successfully tried to unite and organize the previously barely organized, mostly independent, stickers in the country. See also Scheuch, p. 104 f.
  28. ↑ The party archive was also lost in the fire in this inn.
  29. ^ A b Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg Workers up to 1918. P. 98.
  30. ↑ Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 87.
  31. ↑ Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 87 f.
  32. ^ Franz Pechota was unanimously expelled from the party on January 10th at a party meeting in Dornbirn. a. because of his easy-going and politically damaging way of life.
  33. ↑ Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , pp. 84 ff, 92.
  34. ↑ a b Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg Workers up to 1918. P. 99.
  35. ↑ She built up the first socialist women's organization in Vorarlberg and was a co-founder of the Dornbirn local branch of the SDAP Vorarlberg.
  36. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. Pp. 18 ff., 21 f.
  37. ↑ Meinrad Pichler: Das Land Vorarlberg 1861 to 2015: History of Vorarlberg, Volume 3 , p. 98.
  38. ↑ Meinrad Pichler: Das Land Vorarlberg 1861 to 2015: History of Vorarlberg, Volume 3 , p. 97 f.
  39. ↑ Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg Workers up to 1918. P. 108 ff.
  40. ↑ Werner Dreier: Between Kaiser and 'Führer' - Vorarlberg in transition 1918–1938. Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1986, ISBN 3-900438-18-8 , p. 26.
  41. ↑ Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 94.
  42. ↑ Werner Dreier: Between Kaiser and 'Führer' - Vorarlberg in transition 1918–1938 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1986, ISBN 3-900438-18-8 , p. 27.
  43. ↑ Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , pp. 96 ff, 99, 101.
  44. ↑ Werner Dreier: Between Kaiser and 'Führer' - Vorarlberg in transition 1918–1938 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1986, ISBN 3-900438-18-8 , p. 30.
  45. ↑ Werner Dreier: Between Kaiser and 'Führer' - Vorarlberg in transition 1918–1938 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1986, ISBN 3-900438-18-8 , p. 44.
  46. ↑ Robert Kriechbaumer: The great stories of politics . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-205-99400-0 , p. 548 google books .
  47. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. P. 32 ff.
  48. ^ Weber, p. 53 ff: Actors of Politics I: Brief History of the campaigning parties in Vorarlberg
  49. ↑ On the part of the SPÖ, Jakob Bertsch , Hans Draxler , Josef Greussing , Karl Würbel , Gebhard Grabher , Hans Ciresa , Franz Katzengruber and Michael Nagel were members of the first Landtag of the Second Republic in Vorarlberg .
  50. ↑ Werner Bundschuh: "The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth". The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945, p. 36.
  51. ↑ a b Werner Bundschuh: “The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth”. The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945, p. 37.
  52. ↑ Ernst Winder: Between Fussach and Europe, pp. 10, 13.
  53. ↑ Werner Bundschuh: "The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth". The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945, p. 39 ff.
  54. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. P. 42 ff.
  55. ↑ Ernst Winder: Between Fussach and Europe, p. 13.
  56. ^ Vorarlberger Nachrichten, October 19, 1974.
  57. ↑ Werner Bundschuh: "The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth". The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945, p. 59.
  58. ↑ Ernst Winder: Between Fussach and Europe, pp. 67 f, 70.
  59. ↑ Excerpt from the inaugural address of Governor Keßler, Vorarlberger Nachrichten, November 5, 1974.
  60. ^ Vorarlberger Nachrichten, November 4, 1974.
  61. ^ Die Presse, November 2, 1974.
  62. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. P. 37 f.
  63. ^ Vorarlberger Nachrichten of October 31, 1974.
  64. ↑ Ifes survey from autumn 1977.
  65. ↑ a b Werner Bundschuh: “The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth”. The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945, p. 52.
  66. ↑ Willy Hillek: General joy about the State Audit Office, Vorarlberger Nachrichten of August 5, 1998.
  67. ↑ Ernst Winder: Between Fussach and Europe, p. 82.
  68. ↑ Werner Bundschuh: "The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth". The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945, p. 53.
  69. ↑ Ernst Winder: Between Fussach and Europe, p. 147 ff.
  70. ↑ Ernst Winder: Between Fussach and Europe, p. 85 ff.
  71. ↑ State Parliament Protocols 1983, p. 53 ff.
  72. ↑ Ernst Winder: Between Fussach and Europe, p. 34 ff.
  73. ↑ Ernst Winder: Between Fussach and Europe, p. 37 ff.
  74. ↑ Werner Bundschuh: "The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth". The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945, p. 76.
  75. ↑ Werner Bundschuh: "The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth". The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945, p. 73 ff.
  76. ↑ See e.g. B. Policy paper by Ernst Winder and Walter Bösch on the guidelines for the future environmental protection policy of the SPÖ. Party archive, thesis paper on environmental protection 1974, folder 1973–1976.
  77. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. P. 39 f.
  78. ^ Party congress of the SPÖ Vorarlberg - Ritsch presented "Ten Points" . Article on Vorarlberg Online from November 4, 2011.
  79. ↑ Quote from: Ländle Gerecht. 10 points for Vorarlberg . Introduction by SPÖ state party chairman Michael Ritsch, p. 3.
  80. ^ Staudinger for a new culture of discussion in politics. In: vorarlberg.ORF.at . June 12, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018 .
  81. ^ SPÖ: Staudinger elected with 99.3 percent. In: vorarlberg.ORF.at . September 20, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2018 .
  82. ^ Vorarlberg election: ÖVP wins, Greens in front of the crashed FPÖ. In: ORF.at . October 13, 2019, accessed November 16, 2019 .
  83. ↑ Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 74.
  84. ^ Günter Dietrich: Social Democracy in Vorarlberg. P. 9.
  85. ↑ According to Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greussing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 79, there are said to have been 1054 members.
  86. ^ The information from 1907 to 1913 according to Manfred Scheuch: History of the Vorarlberg Workers up to 1918. P. 97.
  87. ↑ Data from 1919 to 1929 in Werner Dreier: Between Kaiser and 'Führer' - Vorarlberg in transition 1918–1938. Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1986, ISBN 3-900438-18-8 , pp. 52, 169.
  88. ↑ Data from 1932 to 1972 in Werner Bundschuh: “The sun of freedom shines again over the free earth”. The SPÖ regional organization Vorarlberg after 1945.
  89. ↑ Data 1927, 1928, 1930 from: Werner Dreier: Konjektiven der Hope - Vorarlberg workers 'movement 1918 - 1934 In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - workers' movement in Vorarlberg 1870–1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , p. 189.
  90. ↑ Vorarlberg had been a country of immigration for workers since around the middle of the 19th century, who also made a significant contribution to the political and cultural dynamics and development in the country. Local workers received up to 20% higher wages and were fully or partially self-sufficient due to the mostly existing small-scale agriculture. This made solidarity between newcomers and local workers more difficult, as the local people also identified with the employers and the authorities and were also conservative.
  91. ↑ According to § 10 of the community code in force at the time, people who had no right of home , did not have sufficient financial means, were burdensome in caring for the poor or did not lead an innocent way of life, could be deported from a community in which they had their normal place of residence, even if they did were Austrian citizens.
  92. ↑ Reinhard Mittersteiner: Growth and Crisis - Vorarlberg Labor Movement 1890-1918 In: Kurt Greußing: In principle hope - Labor movement in Vorarlberg 1870-1946 . Fink's Verlag, Bregenz 1984, ISBN 3-900438-07-9 , pp. 91 f, 95.
  93. ^ Vorarlberger Volkswille of February 28, 1957.