St. Jakob ob Gurk

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St. Jakob ( hamlet )
locality
St. Jakob ob Gurk (Austria)
Red pog.svg
Basic data
Pole. District , state Sankt Veit an der Glan  (SV), Carinthia
Judicial district Sankt Veit an der Glan
Pole. local community Strasbourg   ( KG  Strasbourg-Land )
Coordinates 46 ° 54 '10 "  N , 14 ° 15' 43"  E Coordinates: 46 ° 54 '10 "  N , 14 ° 15' 43"  Ef1
height 1017  m above sea level A.
Residents of the village 7 (January 1, 2020)
Building status 5 (January 1, 2011 f1)
Post Code 9342f1
Statistical identification
Locality code 01732
image
Source: STAT : index of places ; BEV : GEONAM ; KAGIS
f0
7th

St. Jakob ob Gurk is a church village in the municipality of Strasbourg in the district of Sankt Veit an der Glan in the Carinthian Gurktal or the general name of the catchment area of ​​the parish church of St. Jakob ob Gurk or the former school, the hamlets of Bachl, Gassarest, Lees , Mitterdorf, Pölling and Schneßnitz. The village is located on a high plateau at around 1000 meters above sea level between Gurktal and Metnitztal and can be reached via the Gurktal Straße (B 93) either from Strasbourg or from Gurk . A special feature of St. Jakob (Dorf) is that there are no newly built residential buildings and the building structure has remained almost unchanged for centuries.

Location structure

While urban sprawl is omnipresent in Carinthia, there are no new buildings in St. Jakob (village). The settlement structure has remained almost unchanged for centuries. As a result of the change in the economic system, the number of buildings has even been reduced since 2007, since agricultural outbuildings such as mills, barns or a forge that were abandoned to decay were demolished. The center of the village is the Jakober or Zechner manor (Sankt Jakob 1), where an inn used to be run in addition to agriculture. It is currently no longer inhabited by any farming family. The farm was sold for approximately 10.5 million schillings in the late 1980s .

The manor has a contiguous area of ​​118 hectares (ha) of which approx. 45 hectares are agricultural land (grassland and fields) and 71 hectares are forest in different age groups. The agricultural areas are to the east of the village. In the western Mühlbachgraben there are forest properties. The topography is described as a structurally very good mix of varied biotopes as a wildlife habitat with green areas between the forest areas and organically farmed arable land. The property size is just above the minimum size stipulated in the Carinthian Hunting Act for self-hunt with 115 ha.

Immediately next to the courtyard is the Roman Catholic parish church of St. Jakob ob Gurk (Sankt Jakob 3) with a cemetery. Opposite is the former rectory (Sankt Jakob 6). These buildings are already under monument protection. A procedure for Jakober (Sankt Jakob 1) is in progress.

The townscape around 1988, still with many outbuildings

St. Jakob has an unusual village shape . Around 1828, when the Franziszeische Landesaufnahme was first drawn up , the hamlet consisted of a church with a rectory and sexton's house and the (new) elementary school. The dominant farm is the Zechner (Jakober) with its barn and its many outbuildings in the right part of the village. On the left under the church was the Tramegger barn and house (Haberhaus), later bought by the Zechner. Little has changed in this building structure to this day. Due to the homogeneous land ownership and the sale of the farm around 1988, it has not been inhabited by a farming family since then, and there were no new buildings through inheritance divisions. Only the outbuildings were removed and a multi-purpose hall built.

Northern view

In the 1930s, St. Jakob zu Strasbourg was a kind of ideal village. There were two farmers, one of whom was also an innkeeper, a pastor and a sacristan, who was also a shoemaker, and a family of teachers. The place was the center for the surrounding farms of Bachl, Gassarest, Lees, Mitterdorf, Pölling and Schneßnitz.

Location and economy

Local structure in 1828 still almost unchanged in 2019

Sankt Jakob is located on the north side of the central Gurktal on the Mödringbergzug in the Gurktal Alps . The access road to the east from Gurktalstraße branches off to the town of Strasbourg near Lieding and leads to the town via St. Peter ob Gurk and Mitterdorf. The western path branches off just before Gurk and leads via Glabötsch to St. Peter in the hinterland of Gurk. Both paths are each approx. 7 km long.

The place, also called St. Jakob bei Gurk or St. Jakob bei Straßburg, is located in the cadastral municipality of Strasbourg-Land (KG number 74410) and belongs to the political municipality of Strasbourg (PG number 20530) in the federal state of Carinthia. The historical land register and the collection of documents of this KG are in the Carinthian regional archive. More recent documents from 1979 are in the District Court of Sankt Veit an der Glan . The responsible land surveying office is in Klagenfurt . The postcode is 9342 (Gurk), the local code (OKZ) 01732.

Since the 1950s, St. Jakob has experienced a significant decline in importance. Above all, the changed mobility due to individual traffic has made the church village, which is particularly easily accessible by foot, meaningless. Car ownership and developed roads made the residents, especially the commuters, independent of local infrastructure. In conjunction with the sharp decline in births and increased prosperity, this led to the closure of the inn and, in the early 1970s, the closure of the school. There is also no longer a priest in the former rectory. He's also coming by car today. For a sacristan ( sexton ) there is no longer enough work. There is only one place of work in the village (as of 2011; 2001: 0 and two agricultural and forestry operations (as of 2001)).

The place has always been characterized purely by agriculture . All businesses are classified as mountain farmers. The center is the Gutshof vulgo Jakober (formerly Zechner ), to which the majority of the meadows and forests in the area belong to a private hunt. The company is an organic producer. Pure animal production dominates at the moment . There are free-range cattle . There are two poultry farms not far from the village .

geology

The Gurktal Alps essentially consist of three tectonic nappes : at the bottom the “ mica slate ceiling”, above the “Murau ceiling” and above the “ Stolzalpen ceiling ”. The deepest of these ceilings consists primarily of garnet mica schist , the middle one of " green schist " (converted volcanic rocks), of " phyllites " (converted clay deposits) and marbles (converted limestone), all originally about 500 to 400 million years old. The highest, the uppermost ceiling, the Stolzalpen ceiling, originally consists of rocks of about the same age, but which are less transformed and which are present today as clay slate , "meta- volcanic rocks " and limestone .

The rocks of the "mica slate ceiling" (also "diaphthoritic mica slate") occur z. B. in the immediate vicinity of Strasbourg and extend from there to the vicinity of St. Jakob, namely in the deepest layers of Schneßnitz (Solderniggraben, Höfe vulgo Gerolter and Tschnutnig). The rocks of the highest ceiling, the Stolzalpen ceiling occur z. B. at Weitensfeld (north, west and south of it) and come closest to St. Jakob at Holzerriegel (near Zweinitz).

The rocks of St. Jakob and its immediate surroundings belong to the "Murau ceiling". It is primarily green slate and phyllite, the latter rather dark, even black, so-called graphite phyllite. The location of St. Jakob itself (around the church) including the ridge approx. 300 m east of it, the area around Hannebauer / Pratz and the upper part of Schneßnitz (above Reibnegger and Modl) is built from green slate. Graphite phyllite extends from vlg. Frießer to the northwest as well as to the west, northwest and north of Schneßnitz (Salzerkopf, Salzer). To the north and north-east of St. Jakob (mainly in the Schneßnitz area), the rock units mentioned are intersected by several (approx. 5) northwest-southeast trending faults. Quartz veins appear parallel to this: 300 m east of St Jakob and 100 m north of Frießer. A large part of the areas in and around St. Jakob take up “very young” (younger than 1 million years) weathering and debris coverings.

population

St. Jakob (village) has 7 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2020). The number of farms and houses in St. Jakob has been stable for centuries and has not increased in the post-war period either. The maximum number of residents was reached in the interwar period . At that time there were around ten farm workers at Jakober alone . The farming families still had many children and later, during the Second World War , relatives who worked on the farm lived with Jakober .

Farms / houses / households and residents 1258 to 2019
1258
 1857
 1869
 1880
 1890
 1900
 1910
 1923
 1934
 1951
 1961
 1971
 1981
 1991
 2001
 2011
 2019
Courtyards / houses / households 9 5 5 5 6th 7th 6th 6th 6th 5 6th 6th 6th 6th 5
Residents 29 40 36 33 47 39 46 48 41 25th 19th 15th 11 9 7th 8th
Inhabitants per house 6th 8th 7th 6th 7th 7th 8th 7th 5 3 3 2 2 1

history

Early days & Carantania

Prehistoric finds in Carinthia indicate an early settlement of the country. The Hallstatt period residents were probably assimilated through immigration by Celts from southwest Germany and eastern France. A first tribal assignment by name is from the 3rd century BC. BC to the Norikern , originally a part of the Taurisker tribe , possible. The assumption that Illyrians settled in Carinthia is considered outdated. Mountain and river names from the pre-Roman times have been preserved with Indo-European roots despite Romanization , Slavicization or Germanization . This is also the case with the Gurk , Indo-European kr-k-ā (the swampy), Slovenian KrKa (the gargling), Old High German Gurka . From approx. 200 BC The area belonged to the Noric sub-tribe of the Ambidravi , the "people on both sides of the Drava".

Settlement of the plateau of St. Jakob is likely in Roman times at the latest . The place is only an hour and a half walk from the Roman road that led through the Gurktal. In Gurk, there are several fragments of Roman graves, all of which are used as building blocks for the Gurk Cathedral and the monastery.

During the migration period ( late antiquity ), the settlement areas in Carinthia were reduced again as a result of the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire and the associated uncertainties. Around 600 there were major advances by Avars and especially Slavic tribes from the area of ​​today's Slovakia , the Alpine Slavs , the Vinedi or called Winadi or Wenden among the Germanic peoples . An independent karantan rule with the center in Karnburg ( Krnski grad ) was formed. The old inhabitants, the remaining Celtic-Romance population and immigrants lived side by side, with the Slavic language of the upper class displacing the other languages ​​in a relatively short time by the 8th century. Around this time the change from the tribal constitution to the county constitution takes place . It is assumed that only the favorable locations were cultivated in the old settlements at that time.

Around 740 the Slavic Karantanien came under the Bavarian-Franconian rule and became part of the Holy German Empire . After a few revolts by the Karantans against the Bavarians, from around 800 "the German influence increased and the situation began to change in the German sense."

Early middle ages

church

The earliest written sources for gurk are preserved as far back as the 9th century, but they are incomplete and distorted by later forgery . The original river name Gurk was probably transferred to several settlements that can no longer be precisely localized today. A royal court , a curtis ad Gurcam and later a royal estate with a monastery, each with corresponding extensive land holdings , are likely for Gurk, as are goods in Altenmarkt and Lieding. The earliest known landowner is the Prince Archbishopric of Salzburg , which received the fief of Count Gundakar in Loco Kurka from King Ludwig of the Germans in 860 . The rather small royal court included six farms that were directly processed and 15 unfree with assigned land.

The area around St. Jakob was part of the foundation of Countess Hemma von Gurk for the bishopric built in 1072. Hemma's origins are indirectly revealed through inherited goods. In 898, Emperor Arnulf gave the noble Zwentibolch from Swabia , from whose line Countess Hemma came, the Gurca court and other possessions in the Gurcatal , which together encompassed almost the entire Gurktal . This included all the individual farms, all buildings, agricultural areas and even vineyards. The goods were farmed by unfree people, i.e. serfs . From the formulation of the membership formula it can be deduced that the area was already cleared and populated. Hemma's ruling center was not Gurk, but Lieding-Strasbourg, in whose hinterland St. Jakob lies. The county of Friesach and Zeltschach included the area of ​​the Flattnitz in the west, the Upper Murtal in the north, the Gurktal in the south and Zeltschach in the east.

Rectory

From the 11th century there is a list of Hintersassen with all Slavic names, although there are no signs of the otherwise rapidly advancing Christianity in Carinthia as a result of the Bavarian conquest after the Magyars lost the battle on the Lechfeld in 955 . It is believed that native Slavs were worse off as new converts. Slovene resonates in many of the field names around St. Jakob . In the Pölling comes from poljána for flat land . Gassarest comes from kozarišče, the goatherd's place. 1072 is the place for the first time as Gozarist mentioned in 1124 as Cozarist . Auf dem Lees is derived from lês , which translates as wood, forest or forest. Lees is first mentioned in 1171 as Forestum and in 1173 as Lezze . In the Schnêßnitz means the Sneznica , which is in the snow area (where the snow remains for a long time). There are written mentions here in 1217 as Naziz , 1226 as Zneznitz and 1239 as Snesniz . A few place names are of German origin such as Mitterdorf , mentioned in 1169 as Mitterndorf or Bächl , also in the Bächl or in the Bach . Probably in the early Middle Ages (again) cleared and settlements established. For St. Jakob, since it was a branch of the cathedral at Gurk , only the Latin name Capella sancti Jakobi in Monte was retained in the early sources for the first time in 1169.

Messner House

The church square in St. Jakob will be older. It can be assumed that “a church was built in every large courtyard for its residents”, which stood in the center of the courtyard. At this time, paganism from the Karantan period in the country should not have completely disappeared. The existence of an early Christian church from the time before 500 is unlikely, as the place is not directly on a Roman road . Since in the case of St. Jakob the church came after the court, the Zechner will come from around the year 1000.

Late Middle Ages

In the Urbar of Gurk cathedral chapter of 1285, the then landlords are the duties of the farmers for the office in the then competent parish of St. Peter (about 3 km) to profitability, so the listed Hofgrößen. In the first place as the largest property unit is the curia s. Jacobi , also known as Zechner in St. Jakob No. 1. The property had to pay the following in kind or money to the monastery annually: two bushels (also Modius , a location-dependent measure of capacity between 75 and 328 liters) of rye , one bushel of wheat and 2 5/6 bushels of oats , 15 buckets (almost 60 liters) Barley , two buckets of hops and also a mark (mostly 160 pfennigs with a total weight of 281 grams) as money substitute for meat levies. The next largest control unit in the area was a large Hube Primus mansus , usually about 30 yoke (about 17 hectares) in size . A yard of this size was enough to feed a large family. The cited farm, for which there is no location information, had to deliver one and a half bushels of rye and four measures (six measures make a bushel) of wheat, 12 buckets of barley, two buckets of hops and one and a half bushels of oats. 39 pfennigs were due in cash as well as a meat pig, whose valuation of 30 pfennigs indicates that it did not have to be full-grown. A second serving served with a bushel and a half of rye, four measure of wheat, 12 buckets of barley, two buckets of hops, and a bushel and a half of oats. A young meat pig and 59 pfennigs in money had to be delivered here too. A third hatch had to bear the same tax burden. The taxes listed in the land register testify to a wide and varied agriculture in the 13th century.

Modern times

In the course of the administrative reform by Empress Maria Theresa , house numbers were introduced in 1770 that have not changed in St. Jakob since then. The area in the Klagenfurt district (about today's Lower Carinthia) belonged to the Gubernium in Grätz ( Graz ).

commonly known as Jakober or Zechner

In 1795, Matthäus Mitterdorfer (1762–1805), commonly known as Hoisl Bauer zu Lind near Gurk, bought the Zehentgut in St. Jakob. The estate was probably owned by another Mitterdorfer line before. One of the Zechner farmers in the 17th century. was Andreas Mitterdorfer (1646–1660). The farmer and folk poet Matthäus built the farm in its present form. The Zechner-Hof vlg Jakober is a stately two-storey building, marked with the year of construction 1802. It has a pilaster structure in the plaster. There is a pillar portal and stucco ceilings on the upper floor. His wife was Katharina Strauss from Madleniggerhuber in St. Jakob. Matthew was famous locally for his biblical plays (none of which survived) such as B. "Cain and Abel", "David and Goliath", "Jacob and Esau". In the cemetery wall there is a Latin inscription from the grave of the (new) builder of the Jakober-Hof: This is where Mathaeus Mitterdorfer, the best of all fathers, who instructed his sons in the virtues of religion as well as the muse, is the best spouse Father of the poor, benefactor of the local church and builder of the house next to her. Died at the age of 41 on May 24, 1805.

The son of Matthäus Mitterdorfer, the lawyer and judge of Gurk, Josef Mitterdorfer (1785-1838), grew up with the common Zechner and became known as a local researcher. The curator of St. Jakob at the time, Wolfgang Schäffer, recognized his talent, the boy Josef was ascribed "rare capacity and an iron flow", taught him and recommended going to school. He wrote over 50 articles for the history magazine Carinthia alone . Like his father and uncle Johann Strauss, he was interested in music. He was an early collector of Carinthian songs . The Society of Friends of Music in Vienna arranged a collection of folk songs all over Austria in 1819. He was one of two Carinthians who followed the request and transmitted twelve songs in word and manner, some of which had 18 or more stanzas. The Carinthian song "Diandl tiaf drunt im Tal" by his son Gustav Mitterdorfer (1822–1874), garrison chief doctor in Klagenfurt, became famous and is sung to this day. In addition, he dealt with many aspects of agriculture, about which he wrote several publications.

A well-known St. Jakober was the farmer Johann Strauss (1756-1812) vulgo Madleninger. He was considered a "rare genius" and a "Carinthian bouquet". In one year he learned to read, write, arithmetic and play the violin from a sick craftsman who was on a journey and who was quartered at his parents' farm. “He devoted his evenings to music and soon he was the most sought-after fiddler on the violin at all the rural dances and weddings in the area.” As an autodidact, he learned to make music with the cymbal , dulcimer and French horn . With his sister, who also made music, and who later married Matthäus Mitterdorfer, they not only made music at secular events, but also designed the intermediate acts of the performances of Mitterdorfer's biblical plays in neighboring towns, but also in Gurk Abbey. It can be assumed that the musician Strauss and his brother-in-law Mitterdorfer were the originators of a number of quatrains (which were not preserved or which cannot be assigned) on the dance floors of the Gurktal. In addition to his musical talent, he was considered an excellent draftsman and painter and "father of the painted beehives". He was a committed farmer who worked intensively on the processing of fruit. Since he was also interested in the astrom, he set up a sundial on his yard. In his youth he was considered extraordinarily strong and skillful. In the competition on the Flattnitz, where the male youth from Carinthia, nearby Salzburg and Styria met on two Sundays in early summer, “Magdaleniger Hansl” von Gurk was the undisputed winner for seven years.

Josef's brother, Mathias Mitterdorfer, worked in three business areas. He was a master baker, owner of the Jakoberggut and landlord in St. Jakob. Through his marriage to Gurk's Hopfgartner daughter, he was the owner of the baker's house (Hauptstrasse 9 in Gurk), which he sold to his brother-in-law in 1836, as did the wash house (Hauptstrasse 5).

In 1875 St. Jakob was its own parish and had an elementary school. The next post office was Strasbourg. There were five houses and 40 residents.

In 1918 the Spanish flu in Carinthia claimed many lives. Austria-Hungary was in the process of dissolving at the height of the second flu wave and there was no state support whatsoever. In St. Jakob about seven people died of "Pneumonia (Spanish flu)".

The Hanebauerhaus

Hanebauer-Kogler 2007 in the Maria Saal open-air museum

The most famous house of St. Jabob is the Hanebauerhaus (Pölling 2), which was about 800 m away from the church. The old farmhouse was transferred to the Maria Saal open-air museum in the early 1970s . It represents the old form of the Lower Carinthian farmhouse . This oldest form of the Gurktaler Hof is the archaic type of house in the open-air museum. The adjoining rooms, such as the bedroom and storage room, are connected to the Labn by narrow corridors and are grouped around a large smoking room. A special feature of the Lower Carinthian smoke house houses is a particularly powerful smoke room as an exit room, to which the other house rooms were “completely irregular, often without any constructive connection” as separate log cabin rooms. The slow additive growth of a primitive block construction over generations is clearly visible here. The house has a mighty double fireplace, stove and oven, and the spark vaults, the Rauchkogel and the heating are designed accordingly and their construction is significantly different from the smoking ovens in Upper Carinthia. The roof construction is also completely different. A thick straw share roof , which was renewed in 2002, hangs on a slatted frame . In 2011 two tons of rye straw were needed to repair the roof.

St. Jakob elementary school

There was also an elementary school in St. Jakob for over 160 years. From 1813 to 1866 she was housed at the common Tramiger (Schmiede / Haberhaus). The house no longer exists and was demolished a few years ago after falling into disrepair. The first phase of the school was taught by private teachers from Gurk Monastery. From 1867 to 1888, classes were held in the (still existing) Messnerhaus, a caretaker's chapel made of wood, known as the "old school". From 1889 on, classes were held in the “New School”, which was expanded in 1929 and thus became two-class. In 1973 the school was closed. In 1927 there were still 80 students, in 1974 after the end of the post-war baby boom there were only 12 students. The catchment area of ​​the elementary school included St. Jakob (village), Bachl, Gassarest, Lees, Mitterdorf, Pölling and Schneßnitz.

In 1856 there was an initiative to set up tree nurseries for teaching at the elementary schools. The landowner Valentin Körbler donated 50 fathoms (180 m²) to Sankt Jakob ob Gurk .

Web links

Commons : St. Jakob (Strasbourg, Carinthia)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Zechner Jakober St. Jakob ob Gurk  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Parish Church of St. Jakob und Friedhof, Strasbourg (Carinthia)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ Supreme Court : Decision of 21.11.1989 business number 5Ob116 / 89th Legal information system of the Republic of Austria , accessed on December 8, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Administrative Court (Austria) : TE Vwgh insight 2005/6/8 2002/03/0009. JUSLINE decision. Published on 06/08/2005. jusline.at, accessed on December 9, 2019 .
  4. ^ Province of Carinthia: Entire legal regulation for the Carinthian Hunting Act 2000 - K-JG, version of 09.12.2019. § 5 Own hunting area. RIS, accessed December 9, 2019 .
  5. ↑ Ordinance St. Veit an der Glan (PDF). (PDF) BDA Federal Monuments Office , accessed on November 3, 2019 .
  6. ^ Carinthian official and address book 1938. 22nd year; 79th year of the home and business calendar; 169th year of the Klagenfurt writing calendar. (PDF). (PDF) In: Ferdinand von Kleinmayr. Carinthian advertising agency "Kaver", 1928, accessed on November 22, 2019 .
  7. ↑ St. Jakob ob Gurk. ns-quellen.at , accessed on November 19, 2019 .
  8. ^ Office of the Carinthian Provincial Government, Provincial Statistical Office: Carinthian Local Directory. Territorial status January 1, 2014. Klagenfurt, 2014.
  9. ↑ a b Statistics Austria (Ed.): Local directory 2001 Carinthia. Vienna 2004. 124.
  10. ↑ Federal Law Gazette No. 1048/1994 Ordinance of the Federal Minister for Agriculture and Forestry, with which the mountain farms in the state of Carinthia are determined. (PDF) Legal Information System of the Republic of Austria , December 29, 1994, accessed on November 22, 2019 .
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  12. ↑ Georg Kleinschmidt , Andreas Mann, Thomas Angerer, Carsten Laukamp, ​​Anna Leonhard: Report 1997 and 1998 on geological recordings on sheet 185 Strasbourg - Yearbook of the Federal Geological Institute - 142 . 2000, p. 405-408 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ). Summary v. Prof. Kleinschmidt, 2020-06-28
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  15. ↑ KK Statistische Central-Commission (Ed.): Complete list of localities of the kingdoms and countries represented in the Reichsrathe according to the results of the census of December 31, 1880. Alfred Hölder, Vienna 1882. P. 54.
  16. ↑ KK Statistische Central-Commission (Hrsg.): Local repertories of the kingdoms and countries represented in the Austrian Reichsrathe. Revised based on the results of the census of December 31, 1890. V. Carinthia. Alfred Hölder, Vienna 1894. p. 55.
  17. ↑ KK Central Statistical Commission (ed.): Community encyclopedia of the kingdoms and countries represented in the Reichsrat. Revised based on the results of the census of December 31, 1900. V. Carinthia. KK Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1905. P. 74.
  18. ^ Central Statistical Commission (ed.): Special locations repertory of the Austrian countries. Edited on the basis of the results of the census of December 31, 1910. V. Carinthia. Verlag der Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1918. p. 37.
  19. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Directory of Austria. Edited on the basis of the results of the census of March 7, 1923. Österreichische Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1930. Section Carinthia, p. 15.
  20. ↑ Handwritten addendum to the 1923 local directory (Federal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Local directory of Austria. Edited on the basis of the results of the census of March 7, 1923. Österreichische Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1930.) with the signature II 28238 of the Klagenfurt University Library. Section Carinthia, p. 15.
  21. ↑ 6 buildings (6 of them with main residence) with 5 apartments and 4 households; 9 residents and 4 secondary residence cases. Statistics Austria (Ed.): Local directory 2001 Carinthia. Vienna 2004. 124.
  22. ↑ Statistics Austria : Population on 1.1.2019 by locality, territorial status on 1.1.2019. January 2019, accessed on November 21, 2019 (residents without second residences.).
  23. ^ Paul Gleirscher : Because of Illyrians in Carinthia. At the same time: of the persistence of popular doctrines . In: Yearbook of the State Museum for Carinthia . 2006, p. 13–22 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
  24. ↑ Heinz-Dieter Pohl : Our Slovenian place names / Naša slovenska krajevna imena . Mohorjeva / Hermagoras, Klagenfurt 2010, ISBN 978-3-7086-0521-0 , p. 187 (285 pp.).
  25. ↑ Gernot Piccottini : The Romans in Carinthia: a guide to the most important Roman excavations and monuments in the country . Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1989, p. 304, here: p. 65 .
  26. ^ Peter Štih, Vasko Simoniti, Peter Vodopivec: Slovenian history: Society - Politics - Culture (German) . Carinthia, Graz 2008, p. 30 .
  27. ↑ Peter Štih: Glosses on a new monograph on Carantania . In: Carinthia I . 196th year. Verlag des Geschichtsverein für Kärnten, Klagenfurt 2006, p. 99-126 (719 pages).
  28. ↑ a b Walther Fresacher: The development of the Gurk core area . In: Carinthia I . 161st year. Publishing house of the history association for Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1971, p. 77-93 (346 pp.).
  29. ↑ Walther Fresacher: The development of the Gurk core area . Ed .: Carinthia I. 161st year. Publishing house of the history association for Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1971, p. 77-93, here: p. 86 (346 p.).
  30. ^ Heinrich Koller: On the prehistory of the Gurk diocese foundation . Ed .: Carinthia I. 161st year. Publishing house of the history association for Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1971, p. 51-75 (346 pages).
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  33. ^ Eberhard Kranzmayer : Place name book of Carinthia . Part II. Alphabetical Carinthian settlement name book (with the official and dialect forms, the oldest and most important documented evidence of the etymology and a compilation of the basic words and suffixes). Ed .: History Association for Carinthia . tape 51 . Verlag des Geschichtsverein für Kärnten, Klagenfurt 1958, see the place names given (260 pages).
  34. ^ Siegfried Hartwagner : Carinthia. The St. Veit an der Glan district. His works of art, historical forms of life and settlement. Austrian art monograph Volume VIII. St. Peter, Salzburg 1977, ISBN 3-900173-22-2 , p. 182 (288 pp.).
  35. ↑ Walther Fresacher: The development of the Gurk core area. Ed .: Carinthia I. 161st year. Publishing house of the history association for Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1971, p. 77-93, here: 81 (346 p.).
  36. ↑ Hermann Wiessner (Ed.): Gurker Urbare (diocese and chapter). Selected from the period from 1285 to 1502. Commissioned by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Adolf Holzhausen's successor, Vienna 1951, p. 33 .
  37. ↑ Karl Burkart: The house lawyer in Gurk, its owners who Domstiftanwälte and Domstiftsekretäre . Ed .: Carinthia I. 177th year. Publishers of the History Association for Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1987, p. 361–402, here 386 ( ÖNB-ANNO ).
  38. ^ Institute for Austrian Art Research of the Federal Monuments Office (Hrsg.): DEHIO-Kärnten. The art monuments of Austria - Carinthia. Based on the preliminary work by Karl Ginhart, reworked by Ernst Bacher , Ilse Freisen, Geza Hajos, Wolfram Helke, Elisabeth Herzig, Horst R. Huber, Margarete Mirgacs, Jörg Oberhaidacher, Elisabeth Reichmann-Endres, Margareta Vyoral-Tschapka, with a contribution by Gernot Piccottini . Anton Schroll & Co, Vienna 1976, ISBN 3-7031-0400-7 , p. 539 (848 pp.).
  39. ↑ Wolfgang Mitterdorfer: Families Mitterdorfer-Denzel and their relatives . Self-published, Amstetten 1936, p. 19 .
  40. ↑ Anton Kollitsch: German and Slovene national poet in Carinthia. Issue 3. In: The German folk song. ANNO - AustriaN Newspapers Online , 1938, pp. 55–59 , accessed on June 18, 2020 .
  41. ↑ Karl Burkart: The house lawyer in Gurk, its owners who Domstiftanwälte and Domstiftsekretäre . Ed .: Carinthia I. 177th year. Publishers of the History Association for Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1987, p. 361-402, here 397 (527 p.).
  42. ↑ Wolfgang Mitterdorfer: Families Mitterdorfer-Denzel and their relatives . Self-published, Amstetten 1936, p. 17th ff .
  43. ↑ Anton Kollitsch:  Oldest Kärntnerlieder collections. In:  Carinthia I. Mitt (h) eilungen des Geschichtsverein für Kärnten / Carinthia I. Historical contributions to local history in Carinthia (messages from the history association for Carinthia) / Carinthia I. Historical and folkloric contributions to local history in Carinthia , born 1954, p. 889 (online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / ca1
  44. ↑ Anton Kollitsch:  Josef Mitterdorfer († 5 December 1838). :  Carinthia I. Mitt (h) eilungen des Geschichtsverein für Kärnten / Carinthia I. Historical articles on local history in Carinthia (Announcements from the history society for Carinthia) / Carinthia I. Historical and folklore articles on local history in Carinthia , born 1938, p. 196 (online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / ca1
  45. ↑ E.g. European Folk Songs for mixed voices. Laula kultani: O Diandle, tiaf down in the valley. YouTube , February 1, 2015, accessed June 21, 2020 .
  46. ↑ a b The blind watchmaker from Lesachtal. Artists from the Carinthian country people - the father of the painted beehives .. In:  Alpenländische Rundschau. Non-political weekly for the entire Alpine countries / Alpenländische Rundschau , May 8, 1943, p. 5 (online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / alp
  47. ↑ Anton Kollitsch:  Verlor'nes and Vergeß'nes. Sad experience of a collector. In:  Alpenländische Rundschau. Non-political weekly for the entire Alpine countries / Alpenländische Rundschau , May 19, 1934, p. 14 (online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / alp
  48. ^ Joseph Mitterdorfer:  II. Johann Strauss, a rare Carinthian farmer. In:  Carinthia. A weekly paper for use and pleasure / Carinthia / Carinthia. Constitutional Journal for Time Interests , February 11, 1837 (online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / car
  49. ^ Joseph Mitterdorfer:  Journey from the Gurkthal in Carinthia to the Flatnizer Alpe and to the great Eisenhut in Steyermark. In:  Vaterländische Blätter for the Austrian Imperial State , October 4, 1815, p. 1 (online at ANNO ).Template: ANNO / Maintenance / vlb
  50. ↑ Karl Burkart: The house lawyer in Gurk, its owners who Domstiftanwälte and Domstiftsekretäre . Ed .: Carinthia I. 177th year. Publishers of the History Association for Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1987, p. 361-402, here 366 (527 p.).
  51. ↑ Carl Sykan: local repertory of crown land Carinthia. Bertschinger & Heyn, Klagenfurt, 1875. P. 68. ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  52. ^ Parish of St. Jakob ob Gurk: death book tom. III. Matricula Online , October 20, 1918, accessed May 31, 2020 .
  53. ↑ Hanebauerhaus. Open-air museum Maria Saal, accessed on November 8, 2019 .
  54. ^ Oskar Moser: The Carinthian open-air museum in Maria Saal. Museum guide. Klagenfurt 1971, p. 31, here 18–21 (31 p.).
  55. ^ Johann Schwertner: Report of the individual custodians. Folklore Department. (PDF) Yearbook of the State Museum for Carinthia, 2002, accessed on November 8, 2019 .
  56. ↑ Significant witnesses to peasant life in Carinthia . Kronen Zeitung, Klagenfurt June 2, 2011, p. 42 .
  57. ↑ A. Kromholz, MA Becker: The Austrian Schulbote. Weekly newspaper of the national elementary school. 1856 ( limited preview in Google Book search).