Four-trade

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The bakers were among the most common to the four trades, Christoph Weigel : Ständebuch , the confectioner, 1698

Viergewerk referred to each of the four trades in the Middle Ages and early modern times that provided parts of the councilors and thus gained influence on urban politics.

The article focuses on the Mark Brandenburg . In neighboring imperial territories - Mark Lausitz , Archbishopric Magdeburg , Mecklenburg and Duchy of Pomerania - four trades also occurred.

History in the Mark Brandenburg

The craftsmen of the Mark Brandenburg in the late Middle Ages mainly produced for the local market . This could be read out , for example, from the town book of Salzwedel from the beginning of the 14th century. It named 30 different trades. Those among them who satisfied basic needs were usually first given the right to found a guild . In this country the word first appeared in 1344. In that year it was called in Müncheberg : vir werken, guldemeister and gewerken . In 1379 Matthias Fiol compared himself to Prenzlau because of customs . The document be witnessed u. a. the old and new city ​​council as well as the guild masters of the four Wercken . In most of the Brandenburg cities they were formed from bakers , butchers , tailors and shoemakers , although this varied.

The city council developed into the most influential municipal body . At the beginning of the 14th century, the dressmakers increasingly succeeded in pushing non-members of their guilds out of the committee. The craftsmen made up the majority of the citizens . The exclusion from political power and other reasons led to an uproar in some cities in the middle of the century . The craftsmen did not like the predominance of the dressmakers. They strove to have a say in local self-government, especially in taxation .

Regardless of which four trades were considered to be the most distinguished, they were able to send councilors to the city councils through their combined strength or achieved participation in deliberations and decisions. The former had been in effect in Strausberg since 1367 . From 1382, the four relevant guild masters took part in all decisions in Neuruppin , presumably by means of an expansion of the city council. In the two Brandenburgs on the Havel , the Viergewerke moved into the supreme body at the end of the 14th century. The same was achieved in Frankfurt an der Oder in 1396 , and a little later in Berlin and Prenzlau as well . They formed their own layer that stood between the tailors and the other citizens, and established themselves as contact persons for the city lords. In the first half of the 15th century the inner-city conflicts reached another high point. The Electors of Brandenburg from the House of Hohenzollern took advantage of the conflicting interests of the population groups to re-establish sovereignty . The intervention strengthened four trades and common citizenship in Frankfurt an der Oder in 1420/1423, like in Prenzlau in 1426.

The social position was also evident in the religious environment, such as the Corpus Christi procession in the old town of Brandenburg . The processional order from the beginning of the 15th century put the dressmakers at the top, followed by the four trades (see four trades of individual cities ), then came the tailors, furriers and shoemakers , and finally the linen weavers . Christian , late medieval foundations were made with the consent of the Viergewerke, e.g. B. in Kyritz . After the introduction of the Reformation , the income from the reformed town churches , chapels and clerical fiefs went to the common castes. In Strasburg he was presided over by a representative each from the city council, the trades or farmers and the community. In 1558 the Viergewerke in Havelberg provided two of the five church leaders .

The integration of Perleberger Five trades strengthened the autonomy of the city , Large meeting room at City Hall Perleberg

The development was not uniform from town to town. For example, the Altmark used the term “Viergewerke” less than the cities on the other side of the Elbe .

  • In Eberswalde , the cloth makers were both garment tailors and part of the four trades. Together with the other three, they consistently determined urban politics.
  • In Köpenick the four trades did not need a merger until the 17th century.
  • The Kyritzer eight major trades fought already in 1346 a participation in lap PAYG, Council Election and accounting.
  • For Meyenburg and Schwedt no four trades or a separate influence of the craftsmen have been handed down.
  • In 1347 the Perleberger Fünfgewerke achieved a kind of city statute, which made various regulations with their participation.

Four trades of individual cities

The following table cannot support the fact that the four trades were mainly made up of bakers , butchers , tailors and shoemakers .

Four trades of individual cities
city landscape composition comment Ref.
Osterburg Altmark - Viergewerke mentioned in 1449
Old and new town of Salzwedel Altmark - Viergewerke mentioned in 1428
Stendal Altmark Butcher , tailor , shopkeeper Threefold
Berlin Barnim Bakers , butchers, shoemakers , drapers
Eberswalde Barnim Bakers, butchers, shoemakers, drapers here clothing tailors are identical to cloth makers
Freienwalde on the Oder Barnim Bakers, blacksmiths , shoemakers, drapers wercke and gülde mentioned in 1414, composition 1634/1664
Strausberg Barnim Baker, butcher, shoemaker, draper? Viergewerke mentioned more often since the middle of the 14th century
Liebenwalde Barnim - Viergewerke mentioned in 1620
Jueterbog Flaming Bakers, butchers, tailors (?), Shoemakers Viergewerke mentioned since the 2nd half of the 15th century
Old and New Town Brandenburg Havelland Bakers, butchers, shoemakers, drapers in the 2nd half of the 13th century tailors , not drapers, counted among the most important guilds
Cramps Havelland - Council, municipality (and trades) mentioned in contracts since 1324
Nauen Havelland - Viergewerke mentioned in 1436
Potsdam Havelland (?), Furrier, tailor, shoemaker Viergewerke mentioned several times between 1599 and 1699
Rathenow Havelland in the 16th century guild creation of coopers , tailors, hoof and armourers , carpenters , furriers (Which of these four trades?) Rebellion of the Viergewerke and municipality against relatives of the council in 1596, free election of city ​​council and lay judges mentioned in 1602
Spandau Havelland Bakers, butchers, shoemakers, drapers Formed from 1488 the four trades
Frankfurt Oder Country of Lebus probably like in Berlin Viergewerke indirectly shortly after 1253, otherwise occupied in 1335; last year, for the first time, they and the common people approved a council resolution
Fürstenwalde Country of Lebus - Viergewerke first mentioned in 1427
Müncheberg Country of Lebus - Viergewerke mentioned in 1344
Stralsund Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania coast Bakers, blacksmiths, tailors, shoemakers
Beeskow Lower Lusatia Bakers, tailors, shoemakers, drapers Works mentioned since 1369
Calau Lower Lusatia Bakers, butchers, shoemakers, drapers Viergewerke mentioned in 1397
Fürstenberg on the Oder Lower Lusatia Bakers, coopers, tailors, shoemakers Gewerke 1411, composition mentioned in 1689
Golßen Lower Lusatia Bakers, butchers, tailors, shoemakers Viergewerke mentioned in 1548
Herzberg on the Black Elster Lower Lusatia Bakers, butchers, dressmakers, shoemakers Viergewerke mentioned in 1398
Luebben Lower Lusatia Bakers, butchers, shoemakers, drapers Viergewerke mentioned in 1424/1435
Luckau Lower Lusatia Baker, butcher, shoemaker, draper? Four trades in medieval times mentioned
Vetschau Lower Lusatia Bakers, butchers, tailors, shoemakers Viergewerke mentioned since the 17th century
Havelberg Prignitz Bakers, butchers, shoemakers, drapers Viergewerke mentioned in 1429, previously mentioned in 1346 Achtgewerke
Kyritz Prignitz Bakers, tailors, shoemakers, drapers Viergewerke 1406, composition mentioned in 1698
Lenzen on the Elbe Prignitz Butchers, blacksmiths, tailors, shoemakers Viergewerke 1544, composition 1600 mentioned
Pearl Mountain Prignitz Bakers, butchers, tailors, shoemakers, drapers Fünfgewerke mentioned in 1347, 1509, 1532, then Viergewerke in 1664
Pritzwalk Prignitz Bakers, blacksmiths, shoemakers, drapers Viergewerke mentioned in 1525
Putlitz Prignitz - Viergewerke mentioned in 1492, 1518, 1637 (?)
Wilsnack Prignitz - Viergewerke mentioned in 1585
Wittenberg Prignitz - Works mentioned in 1531, participation only since the 16th century
Wittstock on the Dosse Prignitz Bakers, tailors, shoemakers, drapers Viergewerke mentioned in 1553
Neuruppin Country Ruppin Bakers, butchers, shoemakers with tanners , drapers Viergewerke mentioned in 1315
Zehdenick Country Ruppin Bakers, tailors, shoemakers, drapers Viergewerke 1621, composition mentioned in 1629, clothing tailors and drapers united in one guild since 1571
Mittenwalde in the Teltow Teltow - four Gewercken mentioned in 1546
Angermünde Uckermark - Viergewerke mentioned in 1545
Lychen Uckermark Bakers, tailors, shoemakers, drapers Trades (probably four trades) mentioned in 1483
Prenzlau Uckermark - Viergewerke mentioned in 1340
Strasburg Uckermark Bakers, furriers, tailors, drapers Composition first mentioned in 1622
Templin Uckermark Bakers, butchers, shoemakers, drapers Viergewerke 1641, composition mentioned in 1652
Treuenbrietzen Zauche Bakers, butchers, tailors, shoemakers four guild masters worked from 1424

literature

  • Clemens Bergstedt, Heinz-Dieter Heimann , Knut Kiesant, Peter Knüvener, Mario Müller, Kurt Winkler (eds.): In dialogue with robber barons and beautiful Madonnas. The Mark Brandenburg in the late Middle Ages . Accompanying volume for the exhibition association Raubritter and Schöne Madonnen (= Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Klaus Neitmann on behalf of the Brandenburg Historical Commission and Brandenburg State Main Archives [ed.]: Studies on Brandenburg and Comparative State History . Volume 6). 1st edition, Lukas Verlag für Kunst- und Geistesgeschichte, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86732-118-1 .
  • Lieselott Enders : The Prignitz. History of a Kurmark landscape from the 12th to the 18th century . In memory of Johannes Schultze (= Klaus Neitmann [Hrsg.]: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archives . Volume 38). 1st edition, Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam 2000, ISBN 3-935035-00-4 .
  • Lieselott Enders, Evamaria Engel , Gerd Heinrich , Winfried Schich (eds.): City book Brandenburg and Berlin (= Peter Johanek , Franz-Joseph Post, Klaus Meyer-Schwickerath in the Institute for Comparative City History at the University of Münster [ed.]: German City Book. Handbook of Urban History, Volume 2). Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Berlin / Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 .
  • Lieselott Enders: The Altmark. History of a Kurmark landscape in the early modern period (end of the 15th to the beginning of the 19th century) (= Klaus Neitmann [Hrsg.]: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archives . Volume 56). Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1504-3 .
  • Lieselott Enders: The Uckermark. History of a Kurmark landscape from the 12th to the 18th century (= Klaus Neitmann [Hrsg.]: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archives . Volume 28). 2nd, unchanged edition, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1490-9 .
  • Wolfgang Ribbe (Ed.): History of Berlin. 1st volume. From early history to industrialization . In: History of Berlin. From early history to the present (= Wolfgang Ribbe [Hrsg.]: Berlin - Research of the Historical Commission in Berlin . Volume 2). 2 volumes, 3rd, expanded and updated edition, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-8305-0166-8 .

annotation

  1. ↑ Zehdenick was administratively in Uckermärkischen circle and was landscaped the resulting packet often Uckermark slammed shut.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Lieselott Enders, Evamaria Engel, Gerd Heinrich, Winfried Schich (eds.): City book Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , each chapter 8 Die Wirtschaft. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 1–634.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Joachim Stephan: City and citizens . In: In dialogue with robber barons and beautiful Madonnas . 1st edition, Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86732-118-1 , patricians and craftsmen, pp. 244–245.
  3. ^ Eckhard Müller-Mertens : Writings on city history (= Eckhard Müller-Mertens: Selected writings in five volumes . Volume 3). Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2018, ISBN 978-3-86583-822-3 , Civil-urban autonomy in feudal society. Concept and historical meaning, pp. 53–78, Restrictions on urban autonomy during absolutism: pp. 68–69.
  4. ↑ a b Evamaria Engel, Klaus Koldrack: Beeskow. Oder-Spree district (28 km southwest of Frankfurt / Oder) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 33.
  5. ^ A b Tilo Köhn: Golßen. District of Dahme-Spreewald (36 km north-west Cottbus; Sorb. Lubin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 315.
  6. ↑ a b Rolf Barthel: Jüterbog. Teltow-Fläming district (62 km south of Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 253.
  7. ^ Johann Stephan Pütter : Selected legal cases from all parts of the legal scholarship customary in Germany. 2nd volume with index over its 4 parts . In: Göttingische Juristen-Faculty (Ed.): Reductions, legal concerns, relations and judgments . Verlag der Witwe Vandenhoeck, Göttingen 1774, DNB 560803524 , 4 volumes, CLXXXVII. Resp. For the heart. v. Mecklenb. in S. Rostock. Citizen c. B. and R. 45), p. 225.
  8. ↑ a b Edwin Kuna: The old craft in Western Pomerania . 1st edition, Haff Verlag, Grambin 2014, ISBN 978-3-942916-91-2 , p. 34.
  9. ↑ a b Evamaria Engel, Katrin Sauerwein: Müncheberg. District of Märkisch-Oderland (50 km east of Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 202.
  10. ↑ a b Lieselott Enders: The Uckermark . 2nd edition, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1490-9 , 2nd chapter. The crisis in the late Middle Ages (from the beginning of the 14th to the end of the 15th century). IV. Urbanism and the bourgeoisie in the late Middle Ages. Die Viergewerke, pp. 138–139.
  11. ^ Charles Higounet: The German East Settlement in the Middle Ages . Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-88680-141-1 , 6. The city population. Administrative and social structures. Der Rat, pp. 299-300 (French: Les Allemands en Europe centrale et orientale au Moyen âge . Paris 1989, translated by Manfred Vasold).
  12. ^ Winfried Schich : The medieval Berlin (1237-1411) . In: History of Berlin. 1st volume . 3rd edition, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-8305-0166-8 , Berlin on the way to autonomy: The political and legal position of the city in the 14th century. The municipal administrative organization, pp. 199–201.
  13. ↑ Helmut Assing : The sovereignty of the Ascanians, Wittelsbachers and Luxembourgers (mid-12th to early 15th century) . In: Ingo Materna , Wolfgang Ribbe (Ed.): Brandenburg history . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-05-002508-5 , The emergence of a Brandenburg city network and urban legal norms. The role of the Brandenburg cities in economy and politics in the 12th / 13th centuries Century, pp. 109–116.
  14. ^ A b c d Gerd Heinrich, Winfried Schich: Land and cities in Brandenburg and Berlin . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , I. Countries and cities in the Middle Ages. 2. Urban development, pp. XXVII – XXXVI, here p. XXXV.
  15. ^ Rolf Barthel: Strausberg. District of Märkisch Oderland (33 km onö Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, p. 497.
  16. ^ Rolf Barthel: Neuruppin. Ostprignitz-Prignitz district (60 km north-west Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, pp. 366–367.
  17. ↑ a b c d e f Lieselott Enders: The Prignitz . 1st edition, Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam 2000, ISBN 3-935035-00-4 , 2nd chapter. The Prignitz in the late Middle Ages (from the beginning of the 14th to the end of the 15th century). C. Urban society. 2. City and bourgeoisie between autonomy and city rule. a) City constitution in transition. Trades, pp. 224–228.
  18. ↑ a b Evamaria Engel, Katrin Sauerwein: Frankfurt (Oder). Independent city (79 km east Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, pp. 173–174.
  19. ^ Lieselott Enders: The Uckermark . 2nd edition, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1490-9 , 3rd chapter. The century of peace in the market, the agricultural economy and social conflicts in town and country (from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century). I. Expansion and consolidation of sovereignty in the march. 2. The introduction of the Reformation, pp. 162–164, here p. 164.
  20. ^ Lieselott Enders: The Prignitz . 1st edition, Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam 2000, ISBN 3-935035-00-4 , 3rd chapter. New beginnings and contradictions - the early modern era (I) (from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century). C. Urban conditions. III. Constitution, Law and Citizenship. 1. The sovereign cities. c) The communal forces, trades and citizens. Havelberg, p. 534.
  21. ↑ a b c Lieselott Enders: The Altmark . Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1504-3 , C. The urban society. I. The cities at the turn of the Middle Ages to the early modern period. 1. The sovereign cities. c) Constitution, Law and Citizenship. Trades, p. 809–812, here p. 812.
  22. ^ A b Rolf Barthel: Eberswalde. Barnim district (43 km north of Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 118.
  23. ↑ Ilona Rohowski: Barnim. City of Eberswalde (= Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation on behalf of the Ministry of Science, Research and Culture of the State of Brandenburg [Hrsg.]: Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Monuments in Brandenburg . Volume 5.1). 1st edition, Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 1997, ISBN 3-88462-136-X , introduction. The foundation of the city and its development up to the Thirty Years War, pp. 12–15, here p. 12.
  24. ↑ Harald Engler: Fürstenberg / Havel. Oberhavel district (36 km north of Neuruppin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 a – b Law, Administration and Constitution of the City – Political and Administrative Structures, p. 196.
  25. ^ Harald Engler: Berlin-Koepenick (14 km south of old Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 614.
  26. ↑ a b Lieselott Enders: Kyritz. Ostprignitz-Ruppin district (27 km west of Neuruppin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, pp. 270–271.
  27. ^ Klaus Vetter : Lebus. District of Märkisch-Oderland (10 km to Frankfurt / Oder) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 265.
  28. ↑ Lieselott Enders: Schwedt / Oder. District of Uckermark (40 km south of Prenzlau) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 468; 9 Law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, p. 468.
  29. ^ Lieselott Enders: The Altmark . Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1504-3 , C. The urban society. I. The cities at the turn of the Middle Ages to the early modern period. 1. The sovereign cities. c) Constitution, Law and Citizenship. Trades. Footnote 113, p. 812.
  30. ^ Winfried Schich : The medieval Berlin (1237-1411) . In: History of Berlin. 1st volume . 3rd edition, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-8305-0166-8 , Economy and Society of Berlin in the 14th Century. Die Handwerker, pp. 221–228, here pp. 221–222.
  31. ↑ Frauke Gränitz, Luise Grundmann on behalf of the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography Leipzig and Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig (ed.): To Eberswalde, Chorin and the Werbellinsee. A geographical inventory in the area of ​​Eberswalde, Hohenfinow and Joachimsthal (= landscapes in Germany. Values ​​of the German homeland . Volume 64). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-412-02401-5 , C 11 Eberswalde, Barnim district. C 11.2 Old Trades, p. 213.
  32. ^ Rolf Barthel: Bad Freienwalde. District of Märkisch-Oderland (50 km north of Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 11.
  33. ^ Rolf Barthel: Strausberg. District of Märkisch Oderland (33 km onö Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 496–497.
  34. ^ Rolf Barthel: Liebenwalde. Oberhavel district (39 km north of Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 287.
  35. ^ Winfried Schich: Brandenburg on the Havel. Independent city (59 km west of Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 58–59.
  36. ↑ Winfried Schich: Kremmen. Oberhavel district (37 km north-west Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, p. 265.
  37. ↑ Winfried Schich: Nauen. Havelland district (37 km wnw Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, pp. 359–360.
  38. ^ Helmut Assing : Potsdam. City district (27 km southwest of Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 407.
  39. ^ Matthias Hardt : Rathenow. Havelland district (73 km wnw Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, p. 442.
  40. ↑ Sebastian Kinder, Haik Thomas Porada on behalf of Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography Leipzig and Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig (ed.): The Havelland around Rathenow and Premnitz (= landscapes in Germany. Values ​​of the German homeland . Volume 74). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-412-22297-0 , A 18 Rathenow, Havelland district. The medieval and early modern city, pp. 175–183, guilds: p. 177.
  41. ↑ Felix Escher : Berlin-Spandau (14 km west of old Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 629.
  42. ↑ Evamaria Engel, Katrin Sauerwein: Frankfurt (Oder). Independent city (79 km east Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 171–172.
  43. ↑ Evamaria Engel, Katrin Sauerwein: Fürstenwalde / Spree. Oder-Spree district (33 km from Frankfurt / Oder) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 202.
  44. ^ Wolfgang Blaschke: Calau. Oberspreewald-Lausitz district (27 km west of Cottbus; sorb Kalawa) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 81.
  45. ↑ Klaus-Dieter Gansleweit: Eisenhüttenstadt. Oder-Spree district (22 km south-east Frankfurt [Oder]) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 129.
  46. ^ Gertraud Eva Schrage: Golßen. District of Dahme-Spreewald (55 km north-west Cottbus) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 210–211.
  47. ^ Lieselott Enders: Herzberg / Elster. Elbe-Elster district (75 km wsw Cottbus) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 245–246.
  48. ^ Gertraud Eva Schrage: Eisenhüttenstadt. Oder-Spree district (44 km outside Cottbus) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 299–300.
  49. ^ Gertraud Eva Schrage: Vetschau / Spreewald. Oberspreewald-Lausitz district (18 km west of Cottbus; Sorb. Wětošow) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 529.
  50. ^ Lieselott Enders: Havelberg. District of Stendal / State of Saxony-Anhalt (95 km wnw Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 237–238.
  51. ↑ Lieselott Enders: Kyritz. Ostprignitz-Ruppin district (27 km west of Neuruppin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 270.
  52. ^ Matthias Hardt: Lenzen. District of Prignitz (25 km w Perleberg) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 283.
  53. ↑ Lieselott Enders: Pritzwalk. District of Prignitz (122 km north-west Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 396.
  54. ↑ a b c Lieselott Enders: The Prignitz . 1st edition, Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam 2000, ISBN 3-935035-00-4 , 3rd chapter. New beginnings and contradictions - the early modern era (I) (from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century). C. Urban conditions. 2. Crafts and trades. a) Guilds, guilds, guilds. Viergewerke, p. 486.
  55. ↑ Lieselott Enders: Pritzwalk. District of Prignitz (22 km onö Perleberg) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 431–432.
  56. ^ Matthias Hardt: Putlitz. District of Prignitz (22 km north of Perleberg) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 436.
  57. ^ Lieselott Enders: Bad Wilsnack. District of Prignitz (14 km ssö Perleberg) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 20.
  58. ^ Lieselott Enders: Wittstock. District of Prignitz (11 km sw Perleberg) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 548.
  59. ^ Lieselott Enders: Wittstock. Ostprignitz-Prignitz district (34 km north-west Neuruppin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 553.
  60. ^ Rolf Barthel: Neuruppin. Ostprignitz-Prignitz district (60 km north-west Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 366.
  61. ↑ Lieselott Enders: Zehdenick. Oberhavel district (36 km onö Neuruppin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 564.
  62. ↑ Evamaria Engel: Lychen. District of Uckermark (38 km wsw Prenzlau) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, p. 325.
  63. ^ Lieselott Enders: Angermünde. District of Uckermark (36 km south of Prenzlau) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 7.
  64. ↑ Evamaria Engel: Lychen. District of Uckermark (38 km wsw Prenzlau) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, p. 325.
  65. ↑ Winfried Schich: Prenzlau. District of Uckermark (92 km north of Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, pp. 421–422.
  66. ^ Lieselott Enders: The Uckermark . 2nd edition, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1490-9 , 3rd chapter. The century of peace in the market, the agricultural economy and social conflicts in town and country (from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century). III. The cities and their citizens and inhabitants. 1. The urban economy. Fireplaces, p. 228.
  67. ↑ Evamaria Engel: Templin. District of Uckermark (35 km southwest of Prenzlau) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, p. 507.
  68. ↑ Evamaria Engel: Templin. District of Uckermark (35 km southwest of Prenzlau) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 506.
  69. ^ Felix Escher: Treuenbrietzen. Potsdam-Mittelmark district (59 km southwest Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 8 The economy. 8 b Organizational forms of the economy, p. 519.
  70. ^ Felix Escher: Treuenbrietzen. Potsdam-Mittelmark district (59 km southwest Berlin) . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin . Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-17-015388-9 , 9 law, administration and constitution of the city. 9 b Political and administrative structures, pp. 519–520.