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{{Short description|German reconnaissance aircraft prototype}}
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name = DFS 228
|name = DFS 228
|image =
|image = DFS 228 two-view silhouette.png
|caption =
|caption =
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type = High-altitude [[reconnaissance]]
|type = High-altitude [[aerial reconnaissance]]
|manufacturer = [[Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug]]
|manufacturer = [[Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug]]
|designer = [[Felix Kracht]]
|designer = [[Felix Kracht]]
Line 12: Line 13:
|produced =
|produced =
|number built = 2
|number built = 2
|status = [[scrapping|Scrapped]] [[1947 in aviation|1947]]
|status = [[Scrap]]ped [[1947 in aviation|1947]]
|unit cost =
|unit cost =
|primary user = [[Luftwaffe]]
|primary user = [[Luftwaffe]]
|more users =
|more users =
|developed from = [[DFS 54]]
|developed from = DFS 54
|variants with their own articles = [[DFS 346]]
|variants with their own articles = [[DFS 346]]
}}
}}
|}
|}
The '''DFS 228''' was a [[rocket]]-powered, high-altitude [[reconnaissance]] aircraft designed by the ''[[Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug]]'' (DFS - "German Institute for Sailplane Flight") during [[World War II]]. By the end of the war, the aircraft had only flown in the form of two unpowered prototypes.
The '''DFS 228''' was a [[Rocket engine|rocket]]-powered, high-[[altitude]] [[reconnaissance aircraft]] designed by the ''[[Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug]]'' (DFS - "German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight") during [[World War II]]. By the end of the war, the aircraft had only flown in the form of two unpowered prototypes.


==Design and development==
The initial design of the DFS 228 was undertaken before the outbreak of war as a research aircraft, the [[DFS 54]], aimed at developing a high-altitude escape system for [[sailplane]]s. The project was suspended by the commencement of hostilities, but was revived in [[1940]] when the ''[[Reichsluftfahrtministerium]]'' (RLM - "Reich Aviation Ministry") delivered the DFS with a requirement for a rocket-powered reconnaissance aircraft. The advantages of a sailplane for reconnaissance included its silence, its low speed relative to the ground (allowing for higher-quality photography), and its potential ability to loiter above an area of interest. The project gave the DFS the opportunity to investigate two additional areas that it was interested in - the effects of wing sweep on sailplane design, and [[supersonic]] flight.
Initial design of the DFS 228 was undertaken before the outbreak of war as a [[Experimental aircraft|research aircraft]], the '''DFS 54''', aimed at developing a high-altitude escape system for [[sailplane]]s. The project was suspended by the [[World War II#War breaks out in Europe (1939–40)|commencement of hostilities]], but was revived in 1940 when the ''[[Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)|Reichsluftfahrtministerium]]'' (RLM - "Reich Aviation Ministry") delivered the DFS with a requirement for a rocket-powered reconnaissance aircraft.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}


The advantages of a sailplane for [[aerial reconnaissance]] included its silence, its low speed relative to the ground (allowing for higher-quality photography), and its potential ability to loiter above an area of interest. The project gave the DFS the opportunity to investigate two additional areas that it was interested in: the effects of [[Swept wing|wing sweep]] on sailplane design, and [[Supersonic speed|supersonic]] flight.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
The DFS 228 was designed by [[Felix Kracht]] and a first prototype was completed in March [[1944]] and was undergoing gliding tests by August, carried aloft piggyback on a [[Dornier Do 217]]. The aircraft was of conventional sailplane design, with long, slender wings, and intended to land on a [[skid mount]]ed on its belly. The nose of the aircraft could be separated in an emergency, and formed a self-contained, pressurised escape capsule for the pilot. Because of problems with the cabin pressurisation system, the second prototype accommodated the pilot in a prone position.


The DFS 228 was designed by [[Felix Kracht]] and a first [[prototype]] was completed in March 1944; it was undergoing gliding tests by that August, carried aloft piggyback and [[strut]]-mounted atop a [[Dornier Do 217]]. The aircraft was of conventional sailplane arrangement with long, [[Aspect ratio (aeronautics)|slender]] wings and designed to land on a [[Landing gear#Other types of landing gear|retractable skid]] mounted on its belly. The nose of the aircraft could be separated in an emergency and formed a self-contained, [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]] escape capsule for the pilot.<ref name="Ford">{{cite book|last1=Ford|first1=Roger|title=Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II|date=2013|publisher=Amber Books|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=9781909160569|pages=224}}</ref> Because of problems with the [[cabin pressurization]] system, the second prototype accommodated the pilot in a prone position.<ref name="Ford" />
Some forty flights were made with the prototypes, and installation of a [[Walter HWK 109-509]] rocket was to have taken place in February [[1945]], but the project fell by the wayside as the war situation became more desperate. The second prototype was destroyed in an air raid in May 1945, and the first prototype was captured by US troops in June. In [[1946]], it was sent to the [[United Kingdom]] for study, where it was apparently scrapped in [[1947]], although its exact fate is unknown.

Forty flights were made with the prototypes, and installation of a rocket was to have taken place in February 1945, but the project fell by the wayside as the war situation became more desperate. The second prototype was destroyed in an air raid in May 1945, and the first prototype was captured by [[United States|U.S.]] troops in June. In 1946 it was sent to the [[United Kingdom]] for study where it was apparently scrapped in 1947, although its exact fate is unknown.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}


==Variants==
==Variants==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
;DFS 54
;DFS 54
:Experimental glider with a pressure cabin, oxygen, cabin heating and insulation for high altitude flying.
:Experimental glider with a pressure cabin, oxygen, cabin heating and insulation for high altitude flying.
;DFS 228
;DFS 228
:Powered variant of the DFS 54 with a [[Walter HWK 109-509]] rocket propulsion unit.
:Powered variant of the DFS 54 with a [[Walter HWK 509]]D rocket propulsion unit.


==Specifications==
==Specifications (DFS 228 estimated)==
{{Aircraft specs
{{aircraft specifications/switch
|ref=<ref name="Greenaottr">{{cite book|last=Green|first=William|title=Aircraft of the Third Reich|publisher=Aerospace Publishing Limited|location=London|year=2010|edition=1st|pages=187–188|isbn=978-1-900732-06-2}}</ref>
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|crew= one, pilot
|crew=1
|length m=10.58
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|span m=17.56
|length main= 34 ft 9 in
|wing area sqm=30
|length alt= 10.59 m
|empty weight kg=1,650
|span main= 57 ft 9 in
|gross weight kg=4,200
|span alt= 17.6 m
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|area main= 323 ft²
|eng1 number=1
|area alt= 30 m²
|eng1 name=[[Walter HWK 509]]D
|airfoil=
|eng1 type=liquid-fuelled rocket motor
|empty weight main= 2,976 lb
|eng1 kn=14.71
|empty weight alt= 1,350 kg
|eng1 note=at sea level<br/>
|loaded weight main= 9,281 lb
:::::{{convert|16.18|kN|lbf|abbr=on|0}} at operational altitude
|loaded weight alt= 4,210 kg
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|range note=maximum with intermittent powered flight<br/>
|engine (jet)= [[Walter HWK 109-509]]
*'''Launch altitude:''' {{convert|10,000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|type of jet= [[rocket]]
*'''Glide descent altitude:''' {{convert|12,000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|number of jets= 1
|ceiling m=22,860
|thrust main= 3,750 lbf
|ceiling note=<br/>
|thrust alt= 16.7 kN (planned)
*'''Absolute ceiling:''' {{convert|25,000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|thrust original=
|afterburning thrust main=
|afterburning thrust alt=
|max speed main= 560 mph
|max speed alt= 900 km/h (estimated)
|cruise speed main=
|cruise speed alt=
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|stall speed main=
|stall speed alt=
|range main= 655 mi
|range alt= 1,050 km (estimated)
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|ceiling alt= 25,000 m (estimated)
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==See also==
==See also==
{{aircontent|
{{aircontent
|related=
|related=

|similar aircraft=
|similar aircraft=
* [[Lockheed U-2]]

|sequence=
|sequence=

|lists=
|lists=
* [[List of military aircraft of Germany]]
* [[List of military aircraft of Germany]]
* [[List of World War II military aircraft of Germany]]
* [[List of World War II military aircraft of Germany]]
* [[List of WW2 Luftwaffe aircraft prototype projects]]
* [[List of World War II Luftwaffe aircraft prototype projects]]
* [[List of rocket planes]]
* [[List of rocket planes]]
|see also=
|see also=
Line 112: Line 90:


==References==
==References==
{{Commons category|DFS 346}}

===Notes===
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Green|first=William|title=Aircraft of the Third Reich|publisher=Aerospace Publishing Limited|location=London|year=2010|edition=1st|pages=187–188|isbn=978-1-900732-06-2}}
* Green, William. ''Warplanes of the Third Reich''. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1970 (fourth impression 1979). ISBN 0-356-02382-6.
* Green, William. ''Warplanes of the Third Reich''. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1970 (fourth impression 1979). {{ISBN|0-356-02382-6}}.
* Myhra, David. ''DFS 228''. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-76431-203-0.
* Smith, J.Richard and Kay, Anthony. ''German Aircraft of the Second World War''. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1972 (third impression 1978). ISBN 0-370-00024-2.
* Myhra, David. ''DFS 228''. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7643-1203-0}}.
* Smith, J.Richard and Kay, Anthony. ''German Aircraft of the Second World War''. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1972 (third impression 1978). {{ISBN|0-370-00024-2}}.
* Wood, Tony and Gunston, Bill. ''Hitler's Luftwaffe: A pictorial history and technical encyclopedia of Hitler's air power in World War II''. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 1977. ISBN 0-86101-005-1.
* Wood, Tony and Gunston, Bill. ''Hitler's Luftwaffe: A pictorial history and technical encyclopedia of Hitler's air power in World War II''. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 1977. {{ISBN|0-86101-005-1}}.
{{refend}}
{{Refend}}


{{DFS aircraft}}
{{RLM aircraft designations}}
{{RLM aircraft designations}}
{{aviation lists}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:German military reconnaissance aircraft 1940-1949]]
[[Category:Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany]]
[[Category:1940s German military reconnaissance aircraft]]
[[Category:Prone pilot aircraft]]
[[Category:Prone pilot aircraft]]
[[Category:Rocket-powered aircraft]]
[[Category:Rocket-powered aircraft]]
[[Category:World War II reconnaissance aircraft of Germany]]
[[Category:World War II reconnaissance aircraft of Germany]]
[[Category:DFS aircraft]]

[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[de:DFS 228]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1944]]
[[fr:DFS 228]]
[[it:DFS 228]]
[[pl:DFS 228]]
[[sk:DFS 228]]

Latest revision as of 15:14, 30 December 2023

DFS 228
Role High-altitude aerial reconnaissance
Manufacturer Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug
Designer Felix Kracht
First flight August 1944
Retired June 1945
Status Scrapped 1947
Primary user Luftwaffe
Number built 2
Developed from DFS 54
Variants DFS 346

The DFS 228 was a rocket-powered, high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft designed by the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS - "German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight") during World War II. By the end of the war, the aircraft had only flown in the form of two unpowered prototypes.

Design and development[edit]

Initial design of the DFS 228 was undertaken before the outbreak of war as a research aircraft, the DFS 54, aimed at developing a high-altitude escape system for sailplanes. The project was suspended by the commencement of hostilities, but was revived in 1940 when the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM - "Reich Aviation Ministry") delivered the DFS with a requirement for a rocket-powered reconnaissance aircraft.[citation needed]

The advantages of a sailplane for aerial reconnaissance included its silence, its low speed relative to the ground (allowing for higher-quality photography), and its potential ability to loiter above an area of interest. The project gave the DFS the opportunity to investigate two additional areas that it was interested in: the effects of wing sweep on sailplane design, and supersonic flight.[citation needed]

The DFS 228 was designed by Felix Kracht and a first prototype was completed in March 1944; it was undergoing gliding tests by that August, carried aloft piggyback and strut-mounted atop a Dornier Do 217. The aircraft was of conventional sailplane arrangement with long, slender wings and designed to land on a retractable skid mounted on its belly. The nose of the aircraft could be separated in an emergency and formed a self-contained, pressurized escape capsule for the pilot.[1] Because of problems with the cabin pressurization system, the second prototype accommodated the pilot in a prone position.[1]

Forty flights were made with the prototypes, and installation of a rocket was to have taken place in February 1945, but the project fell by the wayside as the war situation became more desperate. The second prototype was destroyed in an air raid in May 1945, and the first prototype was captured by U.S. troops in June. In 1946 it was sent to the United Kingdom for study where it was apparently scrapped in 1947, although its exact fate is unknown.[citation needed]

Variants[edit]

DFS 54
Experimental glider with a pressure cabin, oxygen, cabin heating and insulation for high altitude flying.
DFS 228
Powered variant of the DFS 54 with a Walter HWK 509D rocket propulsion unit.

Specifications (DFS 228 estimated)[edit]

Data from [2]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 10.58 m (34 ft 9 in)
  • Wingspan: 17.56 m (57 ft 7 in)
  • Wing area: 30 m2 (320 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 1,650 kg (3,638 lb)
  • Gross weight: 4,200 kg (9,259 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Walter HWK 509D liquid-fuelled rocket motor, 14.71 kN (3,310 lbf) thrust at sea level
16.18 kN (3,637 lbf) at operational altitude

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 900 km/h (560 mph, 490 kn) at sea level
  • Range: 1,050 km (650 mi, 570 nmi) maximum with intermittent powered flight
  • Launch altitude: 10,000 m (33,000 ft)
  • Glide descent altitude: 12,000 m (39,000 ft)
  • Service ceiling: 22,860 m (75,000 ft)
  • Absolute ceiling: 25,000 m (82,000 ft)

See also[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to DFS 346.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Ford, Roger (2013). Germany's Secret Weapons of World War II. London, United Kingdom: Amber Books. p. 224. ISBN 9781909160569.
  2. ^ Green, William (2010). Aircraft of the Third Reich (1st ed.). London: Aerospace Publishing Limited. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-1-900732-06-2.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Green, William (2010). Aircraft of the Third Reich (1st ed.). London: Aerospace Publishing Limited. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-1-900732-06-2.
  • Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1970 (fourth impression 1979). ISBN 0-356-02382-6.
  • Myhra, David. DFS 228. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7643-1203-0.
  • Smith, J.Richard and Kay, Anthony. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1972 (third impression 1978). ISBN 0-370-00024-2.
  • Wood, Tony and Gunston, Bill. Hitler's Luftwaffe: A pictorial history and technical encyclopedia of Hitler's air power in World War II. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 1977. ISBN 0-86101-005-1.
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