Lutsk

Lutsk
Луцьк
	Lutsk
Basic data
Oblast :	Volyn Oblast
Rajon :	District-free city
Height :	181 m
Area :	42.67 km²
Residents :	217,103 (2015)
Population density :	5,088 inhabitants per km²
Postcodes :	43000-43499
Area code :	+380 3322
Geographic location :	50 ° 45 ′  N , 25 ° 20 ′  E Coordinates: 50 ° 45 ′ 0 ″  N , 25 ° 20 ′ 0 ″  E
KOATUU :	710100000
Administrative structure :	1 city
Mayor :	Mikola Romanjuk
Address:	ул. Б. Хмельницького 19 43025 м. Луцьк
Website :	https://www.lutskrada.gov.ua/
Statistical information
Lutsk

map

Castle tower

Lutsk ( Ukrainian Луцьк , Russian Луцк , Polish Łuck ; historically Lutschesk ) is a city in the northwestern Ukraine . Located on the Styr River , the city with over 210,000 inhabitants is the center of the Volyn Oblast and capital, but not part of the Rajon of the same name .

Surname

The origin of the name is unclear. With regard to the etymology, there are various conjectures:

• the name comes from the old Slavic word luka ( meander (river loop) of a river),
• the place is named after Luka , a leader of the East Slav tribe of the Dulebs ,
• the name derives from a tribe of the Lutschanen (which, however, are only mentioned in western Bohemia).

history

Kievan Rus

The castle was first mentioned as Lutschesk in the Hypatioschronik in 1085 and was located in the Principality of Volhynia . The settlement was built around a wooden fortress belonging to a local branch of the Rurikids . Since 1154 it was the center of its own principality.

In the Mongol storm in 1240 it was conquered by the Mongols , but they did not destroy the fortress.

Kingdom (Principality) of Halych-Volodymyr

Since 1288 the city was the seat of the Orthodox bishops of Lutsk .

1321 died with Georg (Juri) , son of Lev I , the last nobleman of the founding line in the battle of the Irpen against Gediminas , Grand Duke of Lithuania. He incorporated fortress and city into his empire. In 1340 the construction of the Liubartas Castle began. In 1349 the city was conquered for a short time by the troops of the Polish king Casimir the Great , but shortly afterwards it fell back to the principality of Halych-Volodymyr.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The city flourished under the Lithuanians. Prince Witold recruited colonists for Lutsk (mainly Jews , Tatars , Armenians and Karaimen ).

In 1428 the Roman Catholic diocese of Lutsk was established.

In 1429, at the invitation of the Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas , Grand Duke of Lithuania, an assembly of European rulers took place in the city , which had the threat from the Ottoman Empire as its theme. Among those invited were the German Emperor Sigismund , the Russian Grand Duke Vasily II , the Danish King Erich von Pomerania , the Grand Master of the Brotherhood of the Sword Zisse von Rutenberg, the Pomeranian Duke Casimir V , Dan III. , Ruler of Wallachia , two Tatar Khans and other German princes.

Principality of Volodymyr, Grand Duchy of Lithuania

After the death of Švitrigaila , the youngest brother of Władysław Jagiełło, in 1452, Volynia became a feudal system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The city became the seat of a voivode, who later called themselves Marshal of the country of Volhynia . In the same year, Łuck received Magdeburg city rights .

At the end of the 15th century the city had 19 Orthodox and two Roman Catholic churches. Therefore it was nicknamed Volhynian Rome at the time .

Kingdom of Poland

In 1569, after the Union of Lublin , Łuck came under direct Polish rule and became the capital of the Volhynian Voivodeship and the Łuck Powiat . In 1596 the Orthodox Bishop Kyrill Terlecki joined the new Uniate Greek Catholic Church with the Łuck Eparchy . The city's Orthodox brotherhood was the only one to represent the interests of Orthodoxy since 1617. It ran a hospital, school, and print shop.

The Brigittenkloster was founded in 1624.

In the middle of the 17th century the city had grown to around 50,000 inhabitants. During the Cossack uprising under Bohdan Khmelnyzkyj in 1648 it was plundered by the troops of Colonel Kolodko and partly burned down. Almost 4,000 people were killed and around 35,000 fled. The place has not been able to recover from this event for a long time.

In 1781 a fire destroyed 440 houses, both cathedrals and numerous other churches.

Russian Empire

Catholic cathedral in the 19th century

In the course of the Third Partition of Poland , Lutsk was annexed by Russia in 1795 . The voivodeship was dissolved. Lutsk was no longer the provincial capital, but was ruled from Zhytomyr . After the November Uprising, Russification efforts in the city were intensified, whereby Russian replaced Polish as the dominant lingua franca. Greek Catholic churches were converted to Russian Orthodox . In 1845 another major fire broke out in the city, which resulted in emigration.

In 1850, three large forts were built around Lutsk and the city was renamed Mikhailogorod . The first all-Russian census of 1897 found a population of 15,804.

First World War

During the First World War , the city was occupied by the Austro-Hungarian army on August 29, 1915 , with slight destruction. During the year of occupation, the 4th Army under Archduke Joseph Ferdinand had its headquarters here . A typhoid epidemic broke out during this time due to problems with the food supply.

On June 7, 1916, during the Brusilov offensive , Lutsk was recaptured by the Russian army after a three-day artillery bombardment .

Ukrainian People's Republic

As a result of the peace of Brest-Litovsk , Lutsk was occupied by the Germans on February 7, 1918, who handed it over to the troops of the Ukrainian People's Republic under Symon Petlyura on February 22, 1918 .

Second Polish Republic

On May 5, 1919, Lutsk was captured by Polish troops under General Aleksander Karnicki .

After the First World War, Lutsk came to Poland and again became the capital of a Volyn Voivodeship . The Kiwerzi railway connection , which has existed since 1890, was extended to include the line to Lemberg . Industry developed in the city while it was part of Poland. Lutsk became a garrison of the 13th light artillery regiment.

On January 1, 1939, 39,000 people lived in Lutsk, including 17,500 Jews and 13,500 Poles. The surrounding area, however, was mostly inhabited by Ukrainians. 316,970 inhabitants lived in the powiat , 59% of whom were Ukrainians, 19.5% Poles and 14% Jews. Furthermore, about 23,000 Czechs and Wolhynian Germans lived there in 42 colonies.

Ukrainian SSR

In 1939 Lutsk was captured by the Red Army . Many factories were dismantled (including a radio station under construction since 1938) and transferred to the Soviet Union . Around 10,000 residents, mostly Poles, were deported to camps or imprisoned by the NKVD .

German occupation

At the end of June 1941 - shortly after the start of the German-Soviet War  - the German Wehrmacht took Lutsk. See tank battle at Dubno-Lutsk-Rivne .

The Germans found victims of an NKVD massacre in the castle. This led to the first pogrom of Ukrainian nationalists against the city's Jewish residents, favored by the Germans. On July 2, 1941 shot then the Sonderkommando 4a of Einsatzgruppe C , led by Paul Blobel and complicity of a train order police and a train Army - Infantry 1,160 Jews. The remaining Jewish residents of the city were resettled in a ghetto and later murdered in the nearby village of Hirka Polonka .

In 1943 and 1944 Ukrainian nationalists of the OUN - UPA , partly with the participation of Ukrainian "self-protection groups", carried out massacres of the Polish population of western Ukraine with the aim of making these areas "ethnically clean". In the course of this, the majority of the Polish inhabitants were murdered or expelled (see also the Polish-Ukrainian conflict in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia ).

Ukrainian SSR

During the re-established Soviet rule in 1944, the city became an industrial center.

Ukraine

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence, the city became part of Ukraine in 1991.

population

Number of inhabitants

year	1650	1897	1939	1979	1989	2001	2005	2011	2015
Residents	50,000	15,804	39,000	137.344	197.724	208,816	202.915	211,783	217.103

Attractions

Sacred buildings

Holy Trinity Cathedral (Orthodox)

Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul (Roman Catholic)

Luther Church (Protestant)

• Trinity Cathedral (Orthodox, Kiev Patriarchate)
• Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul (Roman Catholic)
• Luther Church , 19th century, (Protestant)
• Great synagogue
• Building complex of the Lutsk Brotherhood with the Exaltation of the Cross, 16th century, historical ensemble
• Icon Museum

Secular buildings

• Liubartas Castle , 14th century
• House of the architect Holowan
• Marketplace
• Lesya Ukrajinka Street
• Museum of the History of Agriculture in Volhynia in Rokyni

• 

  university

• 

  The Styr in Lutsk

• 

  Pharmacy Museum

Town twinning

Lutsk has eighteen twin cities :

city	country	since
Alba Iulia	Romania
Bandırma	Turkey	2014
Białystok	Poland	2013
Brest	Belarus	2003
Chełm	Poland	2014
Gori	Georgia	2008
Kaunas	Lithuania	2013
Kyjov	Czech Republic	2013
lip	Germany	2014
Lublin	Poland	1996
Olsztyn	Poland	1997
Patras	Greece	2013
Rzeszów	Poland	1991
Svit	Slovakia
Toruń	Poland	2008
Trakai	Lithuania	2009
Xiangtan	People's Republic of China	2003
Zamość	Poland	2005

Economy and Infrastructure

The city's industrial focus is on mechanical engineering (including automotive engineering ) and light industry . At universities the place has u. a. through a state university and an industrial college.

traffic

Lutsk lies at the intersection of European route 85 (Ukrainian classification: M 19 ) with the N 22 and on the Lemberg – Lutsk – Kiverti railway line . In Kiverti, 14 km northeast of the city, there is a connection to the Kovel – Rivne – Kiev route .

Companies

In 1981 a rolling bearing factory was built on the southern outskirts of the city and taken over by SKF in 1997 . Rolling bearings with an outside diameter of 45 mm to 320 mm are manufactured there, mainly with German machines. There is a close cooperation with the plant in Lüchow , and a production line was relocated here from Schweinfurt in 2009 .

The German company Kromberg & Schubert has been running a plant for the assembly of car cable harnesses near Lutsk since 2006. The Luzker Automobilwerk ( LuAZ ), which for example manufactured the amphibious vehicle LuAZ-967 , and the bus BOGDAN, which is one of the most frequently used buses in Ukraine, also work in the automotive industry .

The food manufacturer ПрАТ "Луцьк Фудз" (PrJSC Lutsk Foods ), founded in 1945 and completely modernized between 2008 and 2010 or 2014 and 2016, “does not produce, but cooks with love” under its brand name Руна or Runa, high-quality, natural sauces and preserves etc. . a. for export.

Personalities

• Benedykt Chmielowski (1700–1763), Polish priest and author of the first Polish encyclopedia
• Alojzy Feliński (1771-1820), Polish scientist and writer
• Abraham Firkowitsch (1787–1874), clerical head of the Karaimen, manuscript collector
• Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887), Polish writer
• Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński (1822–1895), Archbishop of Warsaw
• Gabriela Zapolska (1857–1921), Polish writer
• Lesja Ukrajinka (1871–1913), Ukrainian-Russian writer
• Naoum Blinder (1889–1965), Russian-American violinist and music teacher
• Alfred Kleindienst (1893–1978), Volhynian German theologian
• Boris Blinder (1898–1987), American cellist
• Georg Hoffmann (1902–1988), theologian and rector of the University of Kiel
• Isaac Mamott (1907–1964), Canadian cellist and music teacher
• Yaroslav Smeljakow (1913–1972), Russian poet
• Florian Siwicki (1925–2013), Polish army general and politician
• Shmuel Shilo (1929–2011), Israeli actor and director
• Mykola Ryabchuk (* 1953), Ukrainian writer and journalist
• Nelli Tarakanowa (* 1954), rower
• Oksana Sabuschko (* 1960), Ukrainian writer, poet and essayist
• Peter Bondra (* 1968), Slovak ice hockey player
• Svetlana Sakharova (* 1979), Russian ballet dancer
• Vyacheslav Shevchuk (* 1979), football player
• Anatoly Tymoschtschuk (* 1979), soccer player of the Ukrainian national team
• Ihor Hus (* 1982), politician
• Pawlo Schwarz (* 1982), Protestant clergyman
• Jewhen Budnik (* 1990), football player
• Olena Zjos (* 1990), track cyclist
• Katarina Sawazka (* 2000), tennis player

Web links

Commons : Lutsk  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Łuck . In: Filip Sulimierski, Władysław Walewski (eds.): Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich . tape 5 : Kutowa Wola – Malczyce . Walewskiego, Warsaw 1884, p. 778 (Polish, edu.pl ).
• Soviet topographic map (1: 100,000)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} pop-stat.mashke.org  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on pop-stat.mashke.org  
2. ↑ Łuck . In: Filip Sulimierski, Władysław Walewski (eds.): Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich . tape 5 : Kutowa Wola – Malczyce . Walewskiego, Warsaw 1884, p. 779 (Polish, edu.pl ).
3. ↑ ^{a b} 1897 census results (Russian)
4. ↑ VEJ 7/27. the massacre of the Jews of Lutsk. Yad Vashem's website .
5. ↑ Franziska Bruder: Fight for the Ukrainian state or die! The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) 1929–1948. Berlin: Metropol Verlag, 2007, p. 206 ff.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} population development on Citypopulation.de
7. ↑ Twin Cities ǀ Official site of Lutsk City Council. Retrieved April 8, 2019 . 
8. ↑ Partner Cities . Retrieved December 2, 2014.
9. ↑ investors.skf.com
10. ↑ About company on the company's website