Alexei Anatolyevich Navalny

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Alexei Navalny

Alexei Navalny ( Russian Алексей Анатольевич Навальный , scientific transliteration Aleksej Anatol'evič Naval'nyj , English transcribed Alexei Anatolievich Navalny ; * 4. June 1976 in butyne , Moscow Oblast , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union ) is a Russian lawyer , oppositional dissident , democratic politicians and documentary filmmaker . Since 2009 at the latest, it has gained great popularity as apolitical blogger .

Nawalny's communication channels include his website and his channel on the video platform YouTube . In 2011 he founded the non-governmental organization “ Fund for the Fight against Corruption ”, which is financed by donations and continuously investigates state corruption in Russia and makes it public. In October 2012 he was elected to head a newly created coordination council of the Russian opposition. In the mayoral election in Moscow in September 2013, he scored according to government 27 percent of the vote and was since then the undisputed leader of the anti- Putin -Opposition. From 2009 to 2013 he took part, also as a speaker, in the Russian marches , some of which were classified as right-wing extremists , from which he later distanced himself in part, calling himself " nationalist democrats", although the right-wing extremist slogans that had previously been widespread only sounded less radical reformulated without actually changing the content. Since November 2013 he has been chairman of the small party Russia of the Future .

In July 2013, Navalny was sentenced to five years imprisonment for embezzlement in what many observers believed was politically motivated; in October 2013 this sentence was suspended. Following a decision by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in February 2016, the Russian Supreme Court suspended the judgment and the trial was restarted, in which he was sentenced to five years probation again in February 2017.

In the period that followed, Navalny made a name for himself as a fighter against corruption with several high-profile campaigns. In March and June 2017 and on October 7th of that year - the birthday of Russian President Putin - he organized nationwide protests against corruption and against the government, in which tens of thousands of people took part. Numerous demonstrators were temporarily arrested and he himself was arrested for 25 days in July 2017 for violating the right of assembly.

On October 17, 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Nawalny's conviction was unlawful and that the convicted person should be paid 55,000  euros in damages.

In December 2016, Navalny announced his candidacy in the presidential election in March 2018 . On December 25, 2017, the Central Electoral Commission of Russia declared his candidacy to be inadmissible and justified this with his sentencing to a suspended sentence. He then called on his supporters to boycott the presidential election.

On August 20, 2020 Navalny victim was a poisoning attempt with a Nowitschok - nerve agent . He was put into an artificial coma and, at the instigation of his family, transferred to the Berlin Charité . In September 2020 he was brought out of the artificial coma and was able to leave the hospital that same month.

Navalny stayed in Germany to recuperate , flew to Moscow in January 2021 and was arrested at the airport and taken into custody for 30 days by an urgent court decision after the Russian prosecution put him on a wanted man for violating probation conditions from a previous criminal case should. With his arrest , protests developed across the country in Russia . On February 2, 2021, he was sentenced to three and a half years in prison.

Life and education

Navalny and his wife Julija

Alexei Navalny was born on June 4, 1976 in Butyn near Golitsyno, west of Moscow. He is of Ukrainian- Russian descent. His father Anatoly Navalny comes from Zalissya , a village near the border with Belarus in Ivankiv Raion in Kiev Oblast , Ukraine. Navalny grew up in Obninsk, about 100 km southwest of Moscow, but spent his childhood summer holidays with his grandmother in Ukraine.

In 1998 Navalny completed his law studies at the Russian University of Friendship of Peoples and in 2001 he studied securities and stock exchange at the Financial University of the Government of the Russian Federation in Moscow.

Following the recommendation of the world chess champion Garri Kasparow as well as Evgenija Albaz , Sergei Gurijew and Aleh Zywinski , in 2010 Navalny received a four-month scholarship for aspiring executives at the US elite university Yale and took part in the “ Greenberg World Fellows Program”, which strives to create a “global network for international understanding ”.

Navalny is married to Julija Navalnaja (nee Abrosimowa). They have a scholarship student at Stanford University and a son.

Political activities

Navalny joined the Yabloko party (German "apple") in 1999 , a pool of democratic-liberal forces. Navalny was a member of the party for eight years, including a member of the executive committee. After the party had only gained 1.6% of the vote in the 2007 parliamentary elections and lost its last MPs, Navalny publicly criticized the party’s founder and chairman, Grigori Jawlinski . After an internal meeting of the party leadership, he was expelled from the party. Jawlinski justified the exclusion with nationalistic and xenophobic remarks by Nawalny. After the exclusion declaration, Navalny said goodbye to the party with the nationalistic greeting “Honor to Russia”. Before that, in 2005 he and Marija Gaidar (daughter of the late politician Jegor Gaidar ) founded the movement “Da!” (“Yes!”), Which attracted attention, among other things, with nationwide public discussions on political issues.

Navalny in 2007

Exposing corruption among elites

Navalny's main occupation is his work as a lawyer in the court proceedings, which he himself is mostly seeking, for embezzlement of state funds by civil servants and employees under Section 160 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. From 45 of the 75 proceedings opened in response to his complaint (as of December 2011), almost 40 billion rubles (at the time, almost one billion euros) were returned to the state treasury. He is a minority shareholder in several state-related or mostly state-owned companies. This gives him the right to request disclosure of the company's management activities. He wants to make the financial investments and activities of these companies transparent, which is required by law, but which is often illegally prevented by the management of the companies. Navalny also directed his criticism against the police, as in the case of Sergei Magnitsky .

In November 2010, Navalny released Transneft confidential documents . According to Navalny, these were original documents that proved that the management of Transneft had embezzled about four billion US dollars. These illegal activities are said to have been coordinated by Vladimir Putin .

On June 21, 2011, Alexei Navalny lodged a complaint with the General Prosecutor's Office against the establishment of the All-Russia National Front .

At the beginning of 2011 Navalny launched the website "RosPil", which is not only supposed to make copies of public documents suspected of corruption available to the public, but also invites readers to examine the posted documents themselves and give their assessment of the situation. Within a few months, illegal government contracts valued at $ 7 million were canceled under public pressure. However, those who supported the work against corruption ran into problems; of the allegedly just 16 people who are said to have dared to publicly donate money, most had problems.

In 2015 Navalny published an investigative film documentary on YouTube called Tschaika (translated: "Seagull", also the surname of the prosecutor attacked by the film), in which the business interests of the family of the Prosecutor General Yuri Yakovlevich Tschaika are examined.

In February 2016, he attempted to personally bring President Putin to justice for corruption. It was about payments by the state to the petrochemical company Sibur , in which Putin's son-in-law has a stake of around 17 percent. However, the court did not accept the lawsuit.

In March 2017, Navalny called for anti-corruption protests. In the documentary “ He's not a Dimon for you ” (16 million views between March 2 and April 1, 2017) , Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev accused Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev of controlling a real estate empire via a “dubious network of non-governmental organizations”. Navalny's call to demand answers to the allegations was followed on March 26, 2017 by tens of thousands of people in 90 Russian cities. The Moscow city administration did not approve the originally proposed demonstration location in the city center. Navalny saw the demonstration as approved and referred to a decision of the Constitutional Court, which declared rejections without a suggestion of an alternative location to be ineffective. When the deadline for replies had already passed, the city council suggested Sokolniki Park or Ulitsa Pererwa instead. Navalny and his supporters nevertheless demonstrated in the city center, the police broke up the "unauthorized" demonstration and arrested between 600 and 1000 demonstrators, including Navalny. As a result, Navalny was sentenced to a fine of 320 euros for calling for an unauthorized demonstration and to 15 days' imprisonment for resisting state violence. On March 27 and April 6, 2017, the European External Action Service (EEAS), the European Parliament and the United States Department of State commented on the arrests of protesters and Navalny. There were also arrests in Volgograd ; 30 out of 800 demonstrators were arrested there. Elsewhere, like Saratov , the demonstrators marched unmolested in these largest protests for many years.

In August 2017 one of Nawalny's videos was viewed millions of times. It was about the lifestyle of the alleged son of President Peskow's spokesman .

The head of the Russian National Guard and Putin's ex-bodyguard Viktor Solotov called on Navalny to a duel in September 2018 after Navalny published his latest revelations about suspected corruption in the National Guard and the dubious origin of Zolotov's assets. In a video message, Solotov threatened to make a “good, juicy chop” out of Navalny. Navalny was serving a 30-day prison term at the time, to which he had been sentenced for calling for demonstrations against the raising of the retirement age.

In January 2021 , a few days after Navalny was arrested , Nawalny's anti-corruption foundation FBK released A Palace for Putin, a 112-minute investigative documentary produced by the foundation about Russian President Vladimir Putin and his alleged possessions, which the film says have been appropriated through illegal enrichment. Released on Youtube, this film received over 76 million views within a few days.

Protest after the 2011 Russian parliamentary elections

In December 2011, the arrest of Nawalny and a subsequent conviction to a 15-day prison sentence for "resisting state power" caused a stir internationally, after he was a speaker at a demonstration in Moscow on December 5, 2011 against possible fraud in the 2011 parliamentary elections occurred. There are videos on YouTube of both Nawalny's speech and the subsequent arrest.

Head of the Coordination Council of the Russian Opposition

In October 2012, Navalny received the highest number of votes in the election to a 45-member coordinating council of the Russian opposition, in which, according to the organizers, more than 80,000 people participated in polling stations or on the Internet. The elected body was preceded by a three-week debate that had dominated Navalny. With over 43,700 votes, he took first place in front of the writer Dmitri Bykow and the former world chess champion Garri Kasparow .

At the end of the same month, he was arrested together with Sergei Udalzow and Ilya Yashin “for causing public nuisance” during a solidarity campaign for persecuted opposition members in Moscow . They were released a few hours later.

Candidate for the office of mayor of Moscow

On June 15, 2013, Navalny announced that he would run for Moscow mayor. He was set up by the RPR-Parnas party (Boris Nemtsov, Mikhail Kassyanov and others), to which he formally did not belong. Other parties, e.g. B. the People's Alliance , which is closely related to Navalny, or the December 5th party , however, had still not received approval as of June 2013 - the RPR-Parnas party is considered the only independent party that is critical of the government and has an official approval. The mayoral elections took place on September 8, 2013. The Navalny program was worked out, among others, by the respected economist Sergei Guriev. In July, Navalny was officially accepted as a candidate for mayoral election. A day later, the verdict for embezzlement made his candidacy unsafe. The electoral commission had stated that Navalny could continue running even after a verdict, provided that he would not receive a prison sentence. He was finally able to take part in the elections, in which he took second place with 27% of the vote behind incumbent Sergei Sobyanin (51%). Navalny accused his pro-government rival, who narrowly escaped a runoff election with his share of the vote, of electoral fraud, but his performance was described as a success and he himself was described as the undisputed “leader of the anti-Putin opposition”.

Candidate for the 2018 presidential election

In December 2016, Navalny announced his candidacy for the 2018 presidential election. He started a fundraising campaign as well as an online registration campaign for volunteers and those willing to sign (independent candidates must have 300,000 signatures for official registration).

On February 4, 2017, Navalny opened the first (of 77 planned) regional offices in Saint Petersburg, and twelve more followed by the end of March. The office in Saint Petersburg had been set on fire once before.

On February 8, 2017, Navalny was convicted again in the Kirovles case . He declared his readiness to appeal the judgment to the European Court of Human Rights . In addition, his election campaign should continue regardless of the verdict, he said, referring to Article 32 of the constitution, which only deprives two groups of citizens of the right to vote: those who have been declared incapable of doing business by a court or are incarcerated due to a court decision.

After Navalny's call for anti-corruption protests and a film on the assets of Prime Minister Medvedev in March 2017, the largest protests in Russia since 2012 took place.

On April 5, 2017, the number of those ready to sign reached 300,000.

On April 27, 2017, an unknown person injected Navalny brilliant green on the face, causing a chemical burn of the eye ( Seljonka attack ). After a similar incident in March, he recovered quickly; the renewed incident resulted in prolonged eye problems due to possibly mixed substances. Navalny then underwent eye surgery in Spain after waiting for a passport for five years and it was unexpectedly issued.

On September 6, 2017, Human Rights Watch discovered that police were regularly interfering in Navalny’s election campaign. HRW called on the state to allow the activists to work without unauthorized interference and to properly investigate attacks on them by ultra-nationalist and pro-government groups.

On September 21, in connection with the ruling by the European Court of Human Rights in the Kirovles case , the Council of Europe’s Council of Ministers urged the Russian government to use other means to ensure Navalny access to the election candidacy.

Navalny tweeted in late September 2017 that he had been arrested. On October 2, he was sentenced to 20 days in prison for repeatedly calling for an unauthorized demonstration. According to Navalny, the Nizhny Novgorod administration had "revoked" its approval for the election campaign rally by telephone, which is not legally stipulated. At the beginning of October, Navalny's St. Petersburg office was searched and its head was arrested by the police.

On October 18, 2017, Xenija Sobchak opened her campaign for the 2018 presidential elections. She herself declared that she wanted to be a candidate for citizens who wanted to show their position, but “whose candidate was not allowed to participate in the elections”. If Navalny is allowed to vote, she says she would give up her candidacy. This possibility was considered unlikely. Opposition members, including Navalny, complained that they would - if necessary on behalf of the Kremlin - “spice up” Putin's re-election by increasing the voter turnout for his certain re-election, as well as dividing the opposition.

Towards the end of December 2017, Navalny said he was allowed to vote with gatherings in 20 Russian cities between Vladivostok and Saint Petersburg. These are said to have been attended by at least 500 participants, the minimum number of supporters a presidential candidate must have. On December 25, 2017, Navalny was excluded from the Central Electoral Commission as a candidate for the 2018 presidential election. Twelve members of the 13-member committee voted for exclusion, one member abstained. The reason given was his conviction in criminal proceedings. Navalny then called for an election boycott.

Formation of a union for public employees

On February 1, 2019, Navalny announced the formation of a union for civil servants who, instead of promised improvements, were stagnating.

"Smart voting" strategy

According to his own statement in an interview with Masha Gessen on October 18, 2020 in The New Yorker , Navalny has been pursuing the strategy of “intelligent voting”, which is a tactical form of choice, since 2018. This consists of convincing voters to support a minority candidate who may not be liked, but who has the chance to beat the ruling party's candidate. In general, according to Navalny in an interview, all candidates outside of Putin's United Russia party together received more than 50% of the vote, but the parties are dispersed, so United Russia always has a relative majority. Navalny therefore tries, for example, to get liberal voters to support a communist or vice versa. This tactic is crucial for Navalny because, as in the Soviet Union, the GDR, Belarus and Syria, the autocratic regime always relies on the ruling party. “Their ability to reliably pass elections is what gives the regime stability.” After Navalny, this tactic has already been successful in Tomsk and Novosibirsk , but not yet in Moscow.

State harassment

Navalny in the courthouse (2011)

When Navalny announces protests, places are being refurbished or allegedly not available due to double bookings. According to the opposition newspaper Novaya Gazeta, the bureaucracy should also invent other, sometimes absurd reasons for harassment.

His team was arrested and searched, all material was confiscated, and when Nikolai Lyaskin was attacked with a metal rod, the police "absurdly" confiscated leaflets and merchandise from Navalny's offices in order to investigate the attack. Navalny calls all of these seizures "absolutely illegal" and when asked by a BBC journalist whether Russia is a police state, he answered "absolutely, one hundred percent".

A website that was supposed to unite the opposition or to determine the most popular candidates for regional elections was blocked by the supervisory authority in December 2018 under a flimsy pretext.

Mentioning Navalny's name was bypassed by authorities and politicians for years, for example they mockingly call him “этот персонаж”, “this person”. In response to years of silence, Ilya Ponomarev wrote : “The entire behavior of the Kremlin consists in pretending that there is no Navalny, not to call him by name.” From this point of view, the wave of information about the 2020 poison attack is exactly what the authorities want tried to prevent.

Arrests during demonstrations

Activists from his team and Navalny are regularly arrested in the context of demonstrations against the government and President Putin. Demonstrations under the motto “He is not our King” were announced for May 5, 2018; Navalny hoped that he could reach the designated Tverskaya Street, but said only sarcastically that "the statistics are not in his favor". Navalny was released on June 14, 2018, a few hours before the start of the 2018 World Cup .

Navalny was arrested in late August 2018. Since June he had been calling for protests against a pension reform planned by Putin on September 9th and interpreted his arrest as a measure to prevent him from preparing for the demonstration and from participating in it. Navalny himself mentioned that in the past few years the authorities had "never approved of our requests for rallies" and pointed out the Kremlin's real fear that people would actually be ready to protest.

At the end of July 2019, Navalny was again sentenced to 30 days in prison in connection with organizing demonstrations.

Processes

The approach of the Russian authorities was repeated at the end of February 2015: Because Navalny had campaigned for a demonstration on March 1, he was arrested and sentenced to 15 days in prison.

In February 2017, the European Court of Human Rights sentenced Russia to pay Navalny 63,000 euros for multiple violations of his right to peaceful demonstrations. A year and a half after Russia and Navalny appealed against this, the Grand Chamber not only confirmed the violation of civil rights (the right to freedom, a fair trial and freedom of assembly), but also upheld the political nature of the Article arrests, as Navalny sought 18 fixed.

According to BBC calculations, a final judgment in the Kirovles case of five years suspended prison sentence could deny Navalny the right to stand for election in presidential elections for the next 20 years .

Kirovles case

At the end of July 2012, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation (the equivalent of the US FBI ) brought charges against Navalny for embezzlement. It accused him of having, as advisor to the governor of Kirov Oblast at the time, damaged the local state timber company Kirovles by a sum of around 1.3 million rubles (about 33,000 euros) between April and August 2009 . In July 2013, Navalny was found guilty of embezzlement and sentenced to five years in prison. A few hours after the verdict, the Prosecutor General's Office demanded that Navalny be released until the verdict became final, after which he was released the next day. On October 16, a court in Kirov City suspended the sentence.

Spiegel Online wrote on April 16, 2013:

“Even the investigators do not hide the fact that the process is politically motivated. […] The main witness for the indictment is the former Kirovwald managing director Vyacheslav Opalev. Opalev had confessed to being involved in the embezzlement of 16 million rubles last year, reached an agreement with investigators and was sentenced to four years probation. Navalny believes the investigators would have promised Opalew a mild sentence if the Kirovwald boss incriminated the opposition in return. [...]

The head of the district court in Kirov suggests that Navalny will face a penalty. An acquittal is 'seven times more difficult than a conviction', according to Judge Konstantin Saizew. He himself had 'not yet made a single acquittal in his life'. "

At the beginning of December 2013, after his conviction, Navalny was revoked from his license to practice as a lawyer.

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) criticized the condemnation of Nawalny as "arbitrary" and "feared" a judgment of "political nature". In early 2013, President Putin introduced a law in the Duma prohibiting previous convictions from running for elections. In February 2016, the ECHR ruled that the Kirov District Court's conviction was unlawful. Instead of acquitting Navalny, the Supreme Court only suspended the verdict, which means that Navalny can run for public office, but he is re-charged and the case must be retried. The ECHR had also instructed the government in Moscow to pay Navalny and the co-defendant Ofizerow 8,000 euros each for pain and suffering.

Based on the judgment of the ECHR, the trial against Navalny was renegotiated in 2016/17. He was found guilty again on February 8, 2017. The verdict is a 500,000 ruble fine and five years' imprisonment, which has been suspended. The wording of the verdict was largely similar to the 2013 guilty verdict. Navalny accused the Kremlin of exerting political influence to prevent his candidacy for president. The OSCE and the German Federal Government also expressed doubts about the procedure. According to Der Spiegel, the guilty verdict came shortly after Navalny announced in mid-December that he wanted to challenge Vladimir Putin in the 2018 presidential election.

Yves Rocher case

Navalny and his brother Oleg were investigated on suspicion of fraud and money laundering. According to the prosecutors, the two allegedly defrauded the French cosmetics manufacturer Yves Rocher for around 26 million rubles by selling him services at an overpriced price. According to the prosecutors, Oleg Navalny is said to have used his position as head of department at the Russian Post subsidiary responsible for mail order business to force Yves Rocher to sign a contract with the logistics service provider Glawpodpiska . The Moscow company Glawpodpiska (Glawnoje Podnisnoje Agenstvo) was registered in May 2008. It was a 99% subsidiary of the Cypriot offshore company Alortag Management Limited , which had been founded in 2007. The beneficiaries of this offshore company were the brothers Oleg and Alexei Navalny.

In an interview on December 14, 2012, Navalny admitted that although he was the founder of the Cypriot offshore company Alortag Management Limited , it was not illegal to do so. When the interviewer inquired whether he could also confirm the founding of Glawpodpiska (as a 99% daughter of Alortag ), Navalny claimed to have known nothing about it. He also cannot remember Leonid Saprudski, the co-founder and general director of Glawpodpiska , even though the name does not seem unfamiliar to him.

After the contract was signed in August 2008, Glawpodpiska passed on the transport service to another company at lower cost. Navalny regarded the difference as a customary commission. The contract he had signed with the French company saved Yves Rocher part of the cost of transporting it from Yaroslavl to Moscow. Oleg made about $ 1.2 million on the deal between 2008 and 2011. He was charged with having obtained that amount through fraud. The money is said to have been laundered via a company network.

Navalny, for his part, was accused of being involved in the alleged fraud because he was accused of controlling Glawpodpiska via the Cypriot offshore company, which Navalny denies . The founder and general manager have different names. Shares in the company are owned by Alortag Management Limited in Cyprus, which is said to be owned by Navalny . In an interview in December 2012, Navalny said that he had actually started an offshore company in Cyprus. He does not know whether the company Glawpodpiska was founded in Russia through his Cypriot company.

After the contract with Glawpodpiska expired , Bruno Leproux, General Director of Yves Rocher Vostok, filed a complaint against unknown persons with Russia's investigation committee for fraud at the end of 2012. However, Leproux's successor, who had left Yves Rocher, later issued a statement that no damage had occurred. However, the company is also accused of silence in a petition and a statement is requested. The defense said no evidence had been presented by the state to show that any crime was committed. A document of Yves Rocher's controlling published by the defense had confirmed that Oleg Navalny not only fulfilled his duties reliably, but had also worked for less than the average market price. A representative from Yves Rocher stated during the process that the company would sign this contract again. The supervisor Oleg Navalnys at the Russian Post confirmed that the Post had not suffered any damage either.

The prosecutor nevertheless called for ten years in prison, nine for the current case and another year for previous offenses. Navalny described the process as constructed.

First, the court wanted to announce the judgment on January 15, 2015; Opposition members had started to organize a demonstration that was to take place on the same day. Tens of thousands had already announced their participation when the court announced on December 29 that it would announce the verdict the next morning (Tuesday, December 30, 2014). Numerous supporters assured that they wanted to demonstrate despite the lack of approval and thus despite the threat of arrest.

On December 30, Judge Yelena Korobchenko found Navalny guilty of fraud and sentenced him to three and a half years in prison. The sentence has been suspended. His co-defendant Oleg received the same sentence, but without parole. When the verdict was announced, Navalny was particularly shocked by the punishment against his brother. He also denied Putin's regime the right to exist and demanded that it be broken up. Navalny described the verdict as disgusting. Supporters stated that the regime had imprisoned Oleg's brother in order to better control Alexei Navalny. On the day the verdict was announced, Navalny went to a demonstration announced by his supporters in the arena square, despite the house arrest imposed on him. On the way he was picked up by the police and taken back to his apartment.

On October 17, 2017, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) convicted Russia of unfair criminal proceedings. The Court found the judgments of the Russian courts in the Yves Rocher case to be arbitrary.

Sentenced to several years in prison in February 2021

After Navalny returned to Moscow in January 2021 after recovering in Germany after the poison attack , he was arrested at Moscow airport and taken into custody for 30 days by an emergency court decision . While he was being cured abroad, the Russian prosecution had put him on a wanted man for allegedly violating the probation requirements imposed in 2014. With his arrest , protests developed across the country in Russia . On February 2, 2021, his suspended sentence was commuted to three and a half years in prison.

propaganda

In April 2017, Doschd reported on the establishment of a working group in the presidential administration to launch a campaign to discredit Navalny. Videos, films, and video games are outsourced. According to the sources, "about like with Hitler" will be fought. Immediately after this report, a video appeared on YouTube under the title Hitler 1945. Navalny 2018 - We can repeat it, in which Navalny is directly compared to Hitler . According to the Frankfurter Rundschau , this video is part of state propaganda. At the same time, the chairman of the Communist Party Gennady Zyuganov said in the State Duma that a “new leader” (he used the German word) had already appeared. Observers thought this remark was aimed at Navalny.

Poison attack

Navalny had recently commented approvingly on the protests in Belarus and expressed that he assumed that a similar revolution would soon also take place in Russia. In video messages he expressed his solidarity with the protests in Belarus and with the protests in Khabarovsk .

Navalny was in Siberia in August 2020 on the occasion of the upcoming Russian regional elections to hold talks with opposition representatives. He is to the Russian secret service FSB , which is supposed to have made a detailed report on his stay closely shadowed have been. On August 20, 2020, Navalny flew from Tomsk to Moscow, suffered a collapse and was transferred to the No. 1 Municipal Clinic after the emergency landing in Omsk . 1 and treated there with atropine, artificially ventilated and put into a coma. The suspicion of poisoning, for example through the tea at morning breakfast, was expressed by paramedics, doctors and the Nawalnys team. The involvement of the Russian government, similar to earlier cases, was suspected by some English and German-speaking media as well as some German politicians, with individual voices warning against premature attribution of guilt.

Initial alleged poisoning diagnoses and corresponding protective measures by Russian doctors were later denied. Finally, on the evening of August 21st, the medical profession in Omsk stated that poisoning of Navalny could "definitely" be ruled out, and cholinesterase inhibitors were ruled out. The diagnosis of blood sugar level and metabolic disorder was rejected by a doctor Nawalnys.

The Berlin Charité declared itself ready for admission on August 21.

As of August 21, the media reported that after delays the transfer to Germany was allowed. Navalny was brought to the Charité in an intensive care transport from the Bundeswehr medical service and is said to have been placed under police protection there.

On August 24, the Charité announced the first clinical findings showed an intoxication Nawalnys by a compound that the inhibits cholinesterase and thus attacks the nervous system.

Chancellor Merkel called on Russia to investigate the crime and offered to have Navalny treated in Germany.

On the same day, the Russian government repeatedly denied the allegation of responsibility for the attack, and the Russian police stated that they had initiated preliminary investigations and secured possible evidence. The Russian General Prosecutor's Office further refused to initiate investigative proceedings and sent an initial request for legal assistance to the German federal government to submit analyzes and preliminary diagnoses.

On September 2, 2020, the German government announced that a special Bundeswehr laboratory had unequivocally detected a neurotoxin from the Novitschok group in the samples taken from Nawalny's Charité. The federal government condemned the poison attack "in the strongest possible way" and called in the Russian ambassador . The government of the Russian Federation was asked to explain the results of the investigation. The German government also announced that it would brief the EU , NATO and the German Bundestag and inform the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) of the results.

The federal government complied with Russia's request for mutual legal assistance, but did not want to surrender a large part of the investigation files in order to preserve evidence and for reasons of “confidentiality”. The final result was handed over to the OPCW, but "not the complete investigation file which is subject to confidentiality". Russia said it wanted to contact the OPCW.

On September 14, the federal government announced that special laboratories in France and Sweden had independently confirmed the poisoning with a warfare agent from the Novichok group. Navalny himself had recovered further that day and no longer needed artificial respiration. According to the Charité, he has been able to get out of bed for some time.

On September 17, Navalny's team announced that traces of Novichok had been found on a water bottle that the team had seized from the Tomsk hotel after Navalny's collapse. According to Nawalny's team, the poison on the bottle is a secondary trace. The actual cause of the poisoning is still unknown.

On September 22nd, Navalny was able to leave the hospital.

According to a statement from Navalny's spokeswoman Kira Jarmysch on Twitter on September 23, Navalny's accounts in Russia were frozen and his apartment in Moscow's Maryino district was confiscated. The court order was issued on August 27th.

On October 6, the OPCW confirmed that Navalny had been poisoned with a new Novichok variant not included in the Annex to the Chemical Weapons Convention .

The first EU sanctions began in October against people whose shared responsibility appeared certain.

In the international “Valdai” discussion club in 2020, the President of the Russian Federation Putin spoke for the first time about poisoning at the video conference panel on October 22, 2020 at the request of a German journalist. Putin confirmed that after an interview by Nawalny's wife, he supported the departure despite existing legal travel restrictions. He complained that the German side had so far neither provided biological material nor the official report on the “Novitschok” analyzed for investigation in Russia. He expressed doubts about the investigations because the OPCW had come to a different analysis result (not “Novitschok”) and again offered joint international investigations.

According to research by Bellingcat , Spiegel and other partners published on December 14, 2020, eight employees of the Russian secret service FSB were involved in the attack. Putin confirmed during his annual press conference that Russian intelligence services were watching Navalny, but denied involvement in the poison attack. Navalny is not a worthwhile goal and "if someone had wanted to kill him, it would have been brought to the end."

On December 21, 2020, Navalny posted a video on YouTube. According to his own account, he telephoned an alleged Russian agent named Konstantin Kudryavzew; to the person whom he called, he said he was an assistant to the secretary of the Russian Security Council. The interlocutor, known as Kudryavzew, provided alleged details about the participants and the execution of the nerve poison attack. Accordingly, the poison was administered through Nawalny's underpants. Nawalny's clothes were collected at the hospital after the attack and cleaned several times by the FSB. However, the authenticity of the phone call - especially the identity of the person called - has not yet been proven.

Political positions

Navalny has been calling for more political transparency since the beginning and is fighting against corruption in Russia during Putin's reign. In his program for the 2018 presidential election, Navalny called for a minimum wage of 25,000 rubles , higher social benefits, and for the UN Anti-Corruption Convention to be ratified and a horizontal and vertical separation of powers to be established.

The poet Lev Rubinstein described him as "talented, active and very dangerous" because he had no value system; In 2013, however, he supported his candidacy for the office of Moscow mayor.

According to Gwendolyn Sasse , Navalny deliberately avoids committing to a political program for the post-Putin period. According to his earlier political statements, he had bypassed a political position in the system and concentrated on tactical priorities, the cooperation of the opposition forces and on elections. Whether he has given up the positions that met with criticism or just no longer represents them publicly is not known for sure.

Promote transparency and symbol yellow duck

Navalny uses a yellow rubber duck as a mascot and at the same time as a symbol of denouncing corrupt elites. The background: on the dacha plot of Prime Minister Dmitri Medvedev, there is said to be a duck house as big as a villa. Bird's-eye view of the luxurious summer domicile, "in which even the ducks in their pond live like kings", Navalny published on his blog. According to an estimate by Nawalny, around 400 million euros were diverted from the Russian natural gas business for the purchase and renovation of this domicile. Inflatable yellow ducks are shown by his supporters at demonstrations. They are also used against Vladimir Putin. The state authorities cracked down on people who use them as a symbol against corruption, and also against demonstrators who take to the streets in duck costumes, wear ducks on their heads or stick them on boards.

In 2015 and 2016, the yellow duck became a symbol of protest against corrupt politicians and the rich in other countries such as Serbia and Brazil .

Ukraine conflict and annexation of Crimea

Navalny supports the regional integration of Russia and Ukraine and rejects arms deliveries from the West to Ukraine.

In an interview with Aleksei Venediktov from Ekho Moskvy in 2014, Navalny stated that Crimea was part of the Russian Federation, even if it had been taken over "in tremendous violation of all international norms". To resolve the conflict and to restore justice, a new, "normal" referendum by the Crimean population on the status of Crimea is required. He commented that the breakup of Crimea would also benefit Ukraine because Crimea's 2 million pro-Russian and conservative voters had put a brake on the anti-corruption movement in Ukraine. The statement triggered a large number of critical comments. When asked whether Russians and Ukrainians are two different nations, he hesitated to answer, referring to his own experience and relatives, and said that he thought his view would spark a gigantic outrage in Ukraine, for which it was essential to prove that Russians and Ukrainians are two different peoples. "I don't see any difference between Russians and Ukrainians."

In mid-2017, he declared that he would not support the annexation of Crimea to Russia, since Ukraine and Russia had signed the Budapest Memorandum . An "honest" referendum had to take place, as he believed that the 2014 referendum on the status of Crimea was falsified. With regard to the Donets Basin , he said that if he took over government he would abide by the Minsk Agreement .

Established proximity to nationalism in 2011

The UK's Economist reported in December 2011 that Navalny described himself as a " nationalist democrat". The Guardian wrote of Navalny that he was one of the few opposition politicians with his nationalism and charisma to be able to address not only “Moscow hipsters” but also the masses in the provinces. The political scientist Gerhard Mangott described him as an intrepid activist against corruption, but also as a "radical Russian nationalist". 3sat reported that Navalny was trying to shed his reputation as a nationalist.

In 2011 Navalny used nationalist slogans and attracted attention with racist remarks. According to the Moscow Times , he saw illegal immigration to Russia as one of the country's biggest problems. He called for the introduction of a visa requirement for migrant workers from Central Asia. In his blog he was critical of the supposedly common practice of exercising blood revenge in the North Caucasus : “Unfortunately, North Caucasian society and all elites have only one thing in common: the desire to follow animal laws and customs. [...] I categorically disagree with Basmachi running through Moscow and taking revenge on each other by shooting at each other from machine guns. […] If this is my country, then I do not want regions in it to exist where blood revenge is a common phenomenon that is accepted by society ”. In 2007 he compared people from the Caucasus to cockroaches. He explained in a video that the terrorists could not be fought with a fly swatter or a slipper, but only with a pistol. Navalny proposed the deportation of the "corrosive elements". According to a report by heute.de in 2013, not only moderate nationalists but also neo-Nazis were pleased when subsidy cuts were requested for the North Caucasus . Navalny appeared as a speaker at various right-wing groups' rallies in 2011. On October 22, 2011, he took part in the right-wing Russian March in Moscow, on whose organizing committee he was also a member. The left-wing taz wrote at the end of 2011 that Navalny did not shy away from using nationalist moods in Russian society for his struggle. The socialist daily Neues Deutschland called Navalny a "flawless nationalist" in a report from 2012. The former government adviser Sergei Maratowitsch Gurijew, who fled abroad, remarked on this subject in 2013 that Navalny had changed his attitude towards nationalists. Der Spiegel reported in 2020 that at Navalny - "apart from the demand for free arms" - " little remained of the nationalists and xenophobes ".

Poster with the inscription: "United Russia - Party of crooks and thieves!"

Reception in the population

Navalny coined the term "party of crooks and thieves" ( Russian партия жуликов и воров ) for the Kremlin party " United Russia ". This satirical antonomasia was quickly adopted by large parts of the population. A 2013 poll by the opinion research institute Levada-Zentrum found that 40 percent of Russians considered the ruling United Russia party to be a “party of crooks and thieves”. In December 2011 the ironic renaming of the ruling party became part of the main advertising slogan of the protest movement for “honest elections” .

In 2009 the newspaper Vedomosti named Navalny Person of the Year . In October 2010, he was the undisputed first in a non-official and non-representative online election for a new Moscow mayor carried out by the Kommersant and Gazeta.ru newspapers . He received about 30,000 votes, or 45%, ahead of Boris Nemtsov with only 8,000 or 14% of all 67,000 votes.

Nawalny's supporters can be found mainly in the country's big cities. In December 2011, the Economist wrote that Navalny was a largely unknown figure in Russia. Only 7 percent of Russians could do something with his face. In March 2017, his level of awareness had risen to 55 percent. This increase was based on the film For you, he's not a Dimon (original title: Он вам не Димон ) about Dmitri Medvedev, which 7 percent of the respondents had seen and of which another 31 percent had heard.

In December 2020, around 78 percent of the Russians surveyed by the Levada Center were aware of Navalny's poisoning. Their opinion on this depended on the information channel. Young people - who obtained information on the Internet - were more likely to blame the authorities (34%) than older people over 55 years of age (9%) who obtained information via television and predominantly from a form of staging (40%) or actions from the West Secret services (26%) believed.

Filmography

literature

Web links

Commons : Alexei Anatoljewitsch Navalny  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  211. ↑ Russian blogger Alexei Navalny in spotlight after arrest
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  222. ↑ If not Putin, who? It's because I love my own country that I can see the point of this sinister tyrant who so ruthlessly stands up for Russia
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  228. ^ Aert van Riel: A flawless nationalist. In: Neues Deutschland via AG Friedensforschung , August 3, 2012.
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personal data
SURNAME Navalny, Alexei Anatolyevich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Навальный, Алексей Анатольевич (Russian); Navalʹnyj, Aleksej Anatolʹevič (transliteration)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian lawyer, dissident dissident and democratic politician
DATE OF BIRTH 4th June 1976
PLACE OF BIRTH Butyn , Moscow Oblast , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union