Hans Globke

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hans Globke (1963)

Hans Josef Maria Globke (* 10. September 1898 in Dusseldorf , † 13. February 1973 in Bonn ) was an administrative lawyer in the Prussian and Reich Interior Ministry , co-author and commentator of the Nuremberg racial laws and responsible ministry official for the anti-Jewish name change regulation in the era of National Socialism and the 1953 until 1963 head of the Federal Chancellery under Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer .

Globke is the most prominent example of the continuity of the administrative elite from the “Third Reich” to the early Federal Republic of Germany . In the Adenauer era , as the “ gray eminence ” and closest confidante of the Chancellor, he was responsible for personnel policy, cabinet work, the establishment and control of the BND and the protection of the constitution, as well as for questions relating to the CDU party leadership. During his lifetime, his commitment to the National Socialist dictatorship was only partially known. He was repeatedly attacked at home and abroad, but was always protected by the government, the BND and the CIA .

Life

Origin and studies (1898 to 1929)

Globke was born in Düsseldorf in 1898 as the son of a cloth wholesaler. The family moved to Aachen shortly after the birth of Hans Globke . After graduating from the Kaiser-Karls-Gymnasium , he entered the military in 1916 . He served in an artillery unit on the Western Front until the end of the First World War .

Immediately after the end of the war, Globke studied law and political science at the universities of Bonn and Cologne from 1919 to 1925 . He was a member of the Catholic student union Bavaria Bonn . Globke did his doctorate on the immunity of the members of the Reichstag and the Landtag at the University of Giessen . In 1922 he joined the Center Party as a practicing Catholic , which he belonged to until its dissolution in 1933.

In 1925 Globke became a probationary officer and deputy chief of police in Aachen. In 1926 he was appointed Prussian government assessor and thus sworn in as a civil servant for life .

Start of his career as a ministerial official (1929 to 1933)

Globke was 1929 Councilor in the Prussian Ministry of the Interior . There he worked on topics such as registry offices , name changes , Saar issues , demilitarization of the Rhineland and the consequences of the Versailles Peace Treaty .

In November 1932, under Globke's leadership, an ordinance and a circular issued by the Prussian Ministry of the Interior on naming rights and in December the corresponding implementation guidelines were created. They should make it impossible for Jews to discard a family name deemed to be Jewish.

This unequal treatment of Jews already in the final phase of the Weimar Republic , in which Globke played a key role, is considered in research and in the earlier case law of the GDR as a preliminary stage to the legal discrimination in the period of National Socialism and as a sign of Globke's tendency towards anti-Semitism.

Globke's activities during the Nazi era (1933 to 1945)

Commentary on the Reich Citizenship Law

After the takeover of the Nazis in early 1933 Globke was involved in the drafting of a series of laws aimed at phasing aimed the legal system of Prussia with the Reich. In December 1933, he was appointed Oberregierungsrat, which (at least according to Globke's later account) had previously been postponed due to his doubts in the ministry about the legality of the so-called Prussian strike of 1932.

After the merger of the Prussian Ministry of the Interior with the Reich Ministry of the Interior , Globke was taken over as a consultant in the newly formed Reich and Prussian Ministry of the Interior under Minister Wilhelm Frick from November 1, 1934 , where he worked until 1945. In 1938 Globke was promoted for the last time during the Nazi era , this time to the ministerial councilor .

In 1934 he married Augusta Vaillant, with whom he had two sons and a daughter.

Measures for the exclusion and persecution of Jews

From 1934 onwards, Globke was mainly responsible for name changes and civil status issues; from 1937 the field of international issues in the field of citizenship and option contracts was added. As a co-lecturer, he also dealt with “general racial issues”, “immigration and emigration” and matters relating to the anti-Semitic “ blood protection law ”. Globke's work also included the preparation of templates and drafts for laws and regulations. In this context, he played a leading role in the preparation of the First Ordinance on the Reich Citizenship Act of November 14, 1935, the Act for the Protection of Hereditary Health of the German People of October 18, 1935 and the Civil Status Act (November 3, 1937). The "J", which was stamped on passports by Jews, was designed by Globke.

Hans Globke's draft for an anti-Jewish law on changing family names of December 10, 1937 is approved.

Globke was responsible for preparing legal comments and explanations for his areas of responsibility. In 1936, together with his superior, State Secretary Wilhelm Stuckart , he published the first commentary on the Nuremberg Laws and their implementing ordinances. This proved to be particularly influential for the interpretation of the Nuremberg Laws because it was given an officious character. Initially, Globke was only supposed to comment on questions of marriage law. Stuckart wanted to take over the remaining part himself, but fell ill for a long time, so that Globke had to write the Stuckart / Globke comment on his own. Stuckart then only wrote the extensive introduction. In this context, Globke's later defense lawyers point out that Globke cannot be held responsible for Stuckart's racist choice of words and that Globke's legal commentary interpreted the Nuremberg Laws narrowly in comparison to later comments. In individual cases, especially in so-called mixed marriages , this has proven to be beneficial for those affected.

In their comments, however, Stuckart and Globke expanded the concept of sexual intercourse very broadly and thus disadvantageously for those affected: The courts not only punished actual sexual intercourse, but also "acts similar to sexual intercourse, e. B. mutual masturbation ”. Because of the “ racial disgrace ” so defined by Globke , a total of 1911 people were sentenced by official, ie legally formal, judgments by 1940; Attacks by other Nazi institutions ( Gestapo etc.) not included.

Globke, Wilhelm Frick and Wilhelm Stuckart , 1941 in Slovakia

Globke also wrote the law on the change of family names and first names of January 5, 1938, the name change ordinance of August 17, 1938 and the associated implementing ordinances. Thereafter, Jews who did not have any of the given names in an attached list had to add a middle name to their own: " Sara " for women and " Israel " for men. The list of male given names began with Abel, Abieser, Abimelech, Abner, Absalom, Ahab, Ahaziah, Ahasver and so on. Some of the names on the list were fictitious or controversial. It is unclear whether this was due to the intention to further disparage Jews or whether it was due to errors and inaccuracies. If they were particularly widespread among German Jews at the time, even the names of Christian saints were put on this list, e. B. " Isidor ", the name of the church father Isidore of Seville or of Saint Isidore of Madrid , the patron of many southern German village churches. Globke created the administrative prerequisites for the Holocaust that began in late 1941 by recording the population considered to be Jewish .

Globke was fully aware that these guidelines were radicalized until the Jewish minority was destroyed. In the Wilhelmstrasse trial he testified as a witness for the prosecution against the accused Stuckart and declared in this connection that he knew “that the Jews were being murdered en masse.” He had known “at that time” that the Jews were being exterminated systematically ", although, he stated," not that it applied to all Jews. "

Activity during the war (1939 to 1945)

At the start of the war, Globke was also responsible for the new German imperial borders in the west in the Reich Ministry of the Interior. For this he made several trips to the conquered areas. As the historian Peter Schöttler suspects, he was probably also the author of a memorandum to Hitler in June 1940 , with which Stuckart proposed an extensive annexation of eastern French and Belgian areas, which would have involved the deportation of around 5 million people.

Hanns Ludin , Globke (left behind Frick) and Frick, Bratislava , Slovakia, September 1941

At the beginning of September 1941, Globke accompanied Interior Minister Frick and State Secretary Stuckart on an official visit to Slovakia , which was then a satellite state of the German Reich . Immediately after this visit, the government of Slovakia announced the introduction of the so-called Jewish code , which created the legal basis for the later expropriations and deportations of Slovak Jews. In 1961 Globke denied any connection between the two events and the allegation that he had contributed to the creation of the code. Indeed, clear evidence of this could never be produced.

According to CIA documents, Globke may also have been responsible for the deportation of 20,000 Jews from northern Greece to German extermination camps in Poland.

Globke applied for membership in the NSDAP , but this was finally rejected in 1943 because of his earlier membership in the German Center Party .

On the other hand, Globke maintained contacts with military and civil circles of the resistance: he was an informant for the Berlin bishop Konrad Graf von Preysing and an accessory to the preparations for a coup d'état by Hitler’s opponents around Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ludwig Beck . According to the testimonies of Jakob Kaiser and Otto Lenz , Globke was earmarked for a senior ministerial post in an imperial government formed by Goerdeler in the event that the Nazi regime had been overthrown . However, there was never any evidence of Globke's later claim that the National Socialists wanted to arrest him in 1945, but that the advance of the Allies prevented them from doing so.

Post-war period (1945 to 1949)

During his denazification , Globke stated that he had been in the resistance against National Socialism and was therefore classified by the Spruchkammer on September 8, 1947 in category V (unencumbered). Globke was both a defense witness and a prosecutor at the Wilhelmstrasse trial . In the trial against Stuckart he testified as a witness for the prosecution: "I knew that the Jews were being murdered en masse."

From 1948 to 1949 Globke was Vice President of the State Audit Office in North Rhine-Westphalia .

Globke in the Adenauer era (1949 to 1963)

Bonn station, Adoption of the Apostolic Nuncio , 1959

In West Germany Globke was in his career as a civil servant for Professional staff continue unhindered. Under Konrad Adenauer he was in 1949 the Federal Chancellery for Ministerialdirigenten appointed and rose in 1953 as a successor of the Bundestag elected Otto Lenz for civil servants of State and thus the head of the Federal Chancellery on. In this function he was a member of the closest management circle around Adenauer and his closest confidante. In the shadow of the Federal Chancellor, Globke pulled the strings in the background and thus acted as an important pillar of Adenauer's “ Chancellor Democracy ”.

Its tasks resulted from the regulation in § 7 of the Federal Government's Rules of Procedure (GOBReg), which has not changed to this day , according to which the State Secretary of the Federal Chancellery also performs the business of a State Secretary of the Federal Government. In this position, Globke influenced government policy significantly. During Adenauer's second legislative period, he managed the transfer of the Gehlen organization to the Federal Intelligence Service . On walks together in the garden of the Chancellery, Adenauer sought his advice on important political decisions, for example on the reparation agreement with Israel or the emergency laws ; he made Adenauer personnel suggestions for the ministries and monitored their loyalty to the line, u. a. through the Spiegel reports he created in the Chancellery; he maintained close contact with the CDU / CSU parliamentary group , in particular through his good relationship with the CDU parliamentary group chairman Heinrich Krone ; As the “secret general secretary” of the CDU, he was the central point of contact in order to get the chancellor's hearing, and he largely managed the CDU's economic donations, which flowed through the “ citizens' association ”.

In the 1961 election campaign against the later (1969) elected Chancellor Willy Brandt , Globke made an offer, according to CIA documents, not to make allegations of patriotic treason resulting from his exile into an election campaign issue , provided that the SPD did not use the Globke issue . According to the documents, Brandt is said to have accepted the suggestion.

After retirement (1963)

On October 15, 1963, four days after Adenauer had resigned from office, Globke was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany by the then Federal President Heinrich Lübke at the suggestion of the former Chancellor . He also remained active in an advisory capacity for Adenauer. In particular , he intervened in the search for a successor for Ludwig Erhard .

After retiring, Globke decided to move to Switzerland . The Swiss government declared him an undesirable foreigner and issued an entry ban.

Death (1973)

After a long and serious illness, Globke died on February 13, 1973. He was buried in the Bad Godesberg Central Cemetery in Bonn-Plittersdorf .

Discussion about Globke's Nazi past

Political debate

The fact that a man like Globke again played a leading role in German politics shortly after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany sparked a bitter debate in the German Bundestag . On July 12, 1950, Adolf Arndt , the SPD's legal policy spokesman, quoted from the comments on the Nuremberg Laws and others. a. a passage in which Globke discusses whether the "racial disgrace" committed abroad could not also be punished. Federal Interior Minister Gustav Heinemann , who was still a member of the CDU at the time, referred in his answer to the exculpatory testimony of the Nuremberg prosecutor Robert Kempner , whom Globke had served with his willingness to testify. Although Globke was controversial because of his Nazi past, Adenauer held on to him until the end of his tenure in 1963. On the one hand, he commented on the debate about Globke's involvement in the drafting of the Nuremberg Race Laws with the words "You don't throw away dirty water until you have clean water," on the other hand, on March 25, 1956, in a newspaper interview, he declared allegations that his close colleague was been a zealous helper of the National Socialists, lacked any basis. Many people, including those from the ranks of the Catholic Church, certified Globke that he had campaigned for persecuted people several times.

According to the journalist Harald Jähner , the continued use of Globke led to “shameful state measures to thwart punishment and obstruction of justice” and repeatedly provided the GDR with a welcome opportunity to label the Federal Republic as “fascist”. Especially after 1960, when the Israeli secret service Mossad tracked down Adolf Eichmann in Argentina , clinging to Globke increasingly proved to be a burden for the Adenauer government. Eichmann had worked at Mercedes-Benz in Buenos Aires , and the BND had known his whereabouts since 1952. Whether Globke knew where Eichmann was staying at the end of the 1950s was still the subject of political debates in 2013.

Investigations in West Germany

The former administrative officer of Army Group E in Saloniki Max Merten had heavily incriminated Globke as being jointly responsible for the Holocaust in Greece . A preliminary investigation against Globke started by the Hessian public prosecutor Fritz Bauer in Frankfurt am Main was handed over to the Bonn public prosecutor's office in May 1961 after the intervention of the Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , where it was discontinued for lack of sufficient suspicion. Bauer's preliminary investigations began when he learned that Globke should have prevented the rescue of 20,000 Jews in Saloniki. Adolf Eichmann is said to have contacted the Reich Ministry of the Interior and asked Globke for permission to transport the Jews to extermination camps.

Globke trial in East Berlin

Hilde Benjamin (right) and Friedel Malter watch the second day of the trial against Hans Globke

At the beginning of the 1960s there was a major campaign in the GDR , led by the Politburo member Albert Norden , of the Ministry for State Security against the so-called “author of the Nuremberg Blood Laws” and “agitator and organizer of the persecution of Jews”. Her goal was to prove Globke had contacts with Adolf Eichmann . In a memo from 1961, Norden stated that “ certain materials should be procured or manufactured in cooperation with Mielke . We absolutely need a document that in some way proves Eichmann's direct collaboration with Globke. "

In July 1963 the Supreme Court of the GDR , chaired by court president Heinrich Toeplitz, opened the Globke trial "in the German state of peace and justice" , in which it sentenced him to life imprisonment in absentia. In the process it tried to prove the alleged "identity of the Bonn regime" with the terrorist state of Hitler. The reason for the conviction was Globke's participation in laws and regulations that had created the legal basis for the persecution of the Jews and the Germanization of subject peoples in the occupied eastern territories during the Nazi era .

Scientific research

In 1961 Reinhard-M was published by Bertelsmann's Rütten & Loening publishing house . Strecker's book Dr. Hans Globke - extracts from files, documents based on Strecker's research in Polish and Czech archives. Globke tried to prevent further publication in court. The Federal Intelligence Service , at that time still under the leadership of the former general of the Wehrmacht, Reinhard Gehlen , who was burdened by National Socialism , is said to have invested 50,000  marks to take the book off the market as quickly as possible. Due to two insignificant errors, a process comparison was made in which Bertelsmann agreed to waive further conditions. This is said to have been preceded by threats from Bonn, otherwise no more books from Bertelsmann Verlag would be acquired for official bodies.

In June 2006 it became known that the Adenauer government had informed the US secret service CIA in March 1958 about the whereabouts of Adolf Eichmann . According to the American historian Timothy Naftali , through contacts at the highest level, she also ensured that the CIA did not use this knowledge. Neither the federal government nor the CIA informed Israel of the new knowledge. Naftali suspects that Adenauer wanted to prevent such direct exposure of Globke from Eichmann. Eichmann had previously given the Dutch journalist and former SS man Willem Sassen extensive interviews from which his memoirs were to emerge. Since 1957, Sassen's attempts to sell this material to the American magazine Life had been in vain. That changed with Eichmann's spectacular abduction by the Mossad in May 1960 - made possible by an unofficial tip from the Hessian Attorney General Fritz Bauer - and with the preparations for the Eichmann trial in Israel. Life now published excerpts from Sassen's material on Eichmann in two articles, on November 28 and December 5, 1960. The royalties wanted to use his family for his defense. However, the federal government, which was already concerned about the East Berlin campaign, had previously switched on the CIA and managed to have every reference to Globke removed from the Life articles. CIA chief Allen Dulles stated in an internal memo dated September 20, 1960: “All material has been read. An unclear mention of Globke, which Life leaves out at our request. "

In 2009 a monograph by the historian Erik Lommatzsch was published by Campus-Verlag, for which he was able to evaluate Globke's estate in the archive of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung . Globke's actual relationship to National Socialism and his influence on Adenauer's government are not really clarified, which according to the reviewer Hans-Heinrich Jansen "[a] n in view of the lack of sources on many central issues" is not conclusively possible. The background to the MfS campaign against Globke also remains largely in the dark; however, this aspect of Lommatzsch's Globke biography was only intended as an excursus, as it requires separate treatment. However, Lommatzsch uses a number of examples to show that Globke actually campaigned for the persecuted, that his commentary on the Nuremberg Laws was aimed at defusing the regulations, and that in the post-war period he did not play the dominant role that he had from him Adenauer opponents had been subordinated.

The historian Wolfgang Benz judges that Globke was “neither a National Socialist nor an anti-Semite”, but “functioned in the interests of the NS regime and was complicit in the system of persecution of the Jews through competent participation”.

Honors

Before 1945

After 1945

Publications

  • The immunity of the members of the Reichstag and the state parliaments. Dissertation . University of Giessen, 1923.
  • Referendum and referendum. Berliner Aktien-Gesellschaft f. Pressure and Verlag, Berlin 1931. Citizenship Education, Issue 1.
  • The name change due to the Prussian ordinance of November 3, 1919 and the other relevant provisions. R. Müller, Eberswalde-Berlin 1934 (with Walter Kriege and Fritz Opitz).
  • Reich Citizenship Act of September 15, 1935. Act for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor of September 15, 1935 . Law for the Protection of Hereditary Health of the German People (Marriage Health Law) of October 18, 1935. In addition to all implementing provisions and the relevant laws and ordinances. Beck, Munich / Berlin 1936 (explained with Wilhelm Stuckart )
  • The supplementary contract to the German-Slovak citizenship contract. In: Journal for Eastern European Law. November / December 1941, pp. 278-283.
  • The citizenship of ethnic German resettlers from Eastern and Southeastern Europe. In: Journal for Eastern European Law. January 1943, pp. 1-26.

literature

  • Franz Josef Bach: Konrad Adenauer and Hans Globke. In: Dieter Blumenwitz u. a. (Ed.): Konrad Adenauer and his time. Politics and personality of the first Federal Chancellor. Volume 1, contributions from fellow travelers and contemporaries. DVA, Stuttgart 1976.
  • Klaus Bästlein: The Globke case. Propaganda and Justice in East and West . Metropol-Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-86331-424-8 .
  • Jürgen Bevers: The man behind Adenauer. Hans Globke's rise from Nazi lawyer to Eminence Gray of the Bonn Republic. Christoph Links, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86153-518-8 ( review ).
  • Frank Bösch: The Adenauer CDU. Foundation, rise and crisis of a successful party 1945–1969. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-421-05438-X .
  • Theodor Eschenburg : Globke. In: On political practice in the Federal Republic . Volume 1: Crit. Reflections 1957 to 1961. 2nd edition. Piper, Munich 1967, pp. 246-250 (first in: Die Zeit ).
  • Klaus Gotto (Ed.): The State Secretary Adenauer. Personality and political work of Hans Globke. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1980
  • Hans Hartl: The "Globke Case" and its background. In: German monthly books for politics and culture. Issue 7/8, August 1961, pp. 14-19.
  • Ulrich von Hehl : Hans Globke (1898–1973). In: Jürgen Aretz u. a. (Ed.): Contemporary history in life pictures. From the German Catholicism of the 19th and 20th centuries. Volume 3. Mainz 1979, pp. 247-259.
  • Michael Lemke: Campaigns against Bonn. The systemic crisis of the GDR and the Western propaganda of the SED 1960–1963. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 41, 1993, pp. 153–174 (also online).
  • Erik Lommatzsch: Hans Globke and National Socialism. A sketch. In: Historical-political messages. # 10, 2003, pp. 95-128.
  • Erik Lommatzsch: Hans Globke (1898–1973). Civil servant in the Third Reich and State Secretary Adenauer. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2009 ISBN 978-3-593-39035-2 .
  • Thomas Ramge: Brown Eminence. Hans Globke and the Nuremberg Race Laws 1950–1963. In: The Great Political Scandals. Another story of the Federal Republic. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2003 ISBN 3-593-37069-7
  • Stephan Reinhardt: The Globke case. Neue Gesellschaft - Frankfurter Hefte , 5, 1995, pp. 437-447
  • Norbert Jacobs : The dispute over Dr. Hans Globke in Public Opinion in the Federal Republic of Germany 1949–1973. A contribution to the political culture in Germany. Bonn 1992
  • Peter Schöttler : A kind of “General Plan West”: The Stuckart memorandum of June 14, 1940 and the plans for a new German-French border in World War II. In: Social.History . NF 18, No. 3, 2003 ISSN  1660-2870 pp. 83-131
  • Reinhard Strecker (Ed.): Dr. Hans Globke. File extracts, documents. Rütten & Loening , Hamburg 1961
  • Michael Wagner-Kern: State and name change. The change of name under public law in Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries (= Contributions to the Legal History of the 20th Century, Volume 35). Mohr Siebeck Verlag , Tübingen 2002, ISBN 3-16-147718-9 .
  • Discussion. Journal of the Federal Association of German-Israeli Study Groups . Focus issue, issue 4, Berlin 1961 (correspondence from employees of the German Evangelical Church Congress in Berlin 1961 with a Mr. Wünsche, Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, about the negative mention of Globke in DEKT 's public documents , which the latter criticized. Barzel's speech for defense des Globke on July 17, 1961 at the Ring of Christian Democratic Students in Bonn.)
  • Dr. Globke and political humanism. In: Junge Kirche , Dortmund, April 1962, special edition with the entire controversy after the DEKT, similar to the previous one. notebook

Documentation

  • Jürgen Bevers, Bernhard Pfletschinger : The man behind Adenauer: Hans Maria Globke. Documentary, WDR / ARTE, 52 min., Germany 2008.
  • Jean-Michel Meurice: Black Coffers. (Original title: Le Système Octogon) Documentary, ARTE France, Maha and Anthracite, 70 min., France 2008.

Web links

Commons : Hans Globke  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Judgment of the OG of the GDR on the Globke case. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Rüter, University of Amsterdam u. a., 2003, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on May 23, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www1.jur.uva.nl
  2. ↑ Michael Wagner-Kern: State and change of name. The change of name under public law in Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries (= contributions to the legal history of the 20th century . Volume 35). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2002, pp. 214–222.
  3. ↑ Susanne Wirtz: Biography of Hans Globke in: LeMO-Biographien, Lebendiges Museum Online, Foundation House of the History of the Federal Republic of Germany
  4. ↑ See Strecker (ed.): Dr. Hans Globke. File extracts, documents . Hamburg 1961, p. 144 ff.
  5. ^ Erik Lommatzsch: Hans Globke and the National Socialism. A sketch. (PDF) In: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (Hrsg.): Historical-political messages. Volume 10, 2003, pp. 95-128.
  6. ↑ Marius Hetzel: The challenge of racial mixed marriage in the years 1933-1939. The development of the jurisprudence in the Third Reich. Adaptation and self-assertion of the courts. Mohr, Tübingen 1997, pp. 146-148.
  7. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Wehler : The National Socialism. Movement, leadership, crime. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, p. 138 f.
  8. ^ Erik Lommatzsch: Hans Globke (1898–1973). Civil servant in the Third Reich and State Secretary Adenauer. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2009 ISBN 978-3-593-39035-2 , p. 75.
  9. ↑ Saul Friedländer, Martin Pfeiffer (trans.): The Third Reich and the Jews. Beck, Munich 2007, p. 276.
  10. ↑ Gerd R. Ueberschär (Hrsg.): National Socialism in front of court. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2000, p. 192; literal quotations after: Bad memories . In: Der Spiegel . No. 14 , 1956 ( online ).
  11. ↑ Peter Schöttler: A kind of "General Plan West": The Stuckart memorandum of June 14, 1940 and the plans for a new German-French border in World War II. In: Social.History. NF 18, No. 3, 2003, pp. 88, 92 f. and 106.
  12. ↑ Jürgen Bevers: The man behind Adenauer. Hans Globke's rise from Nazi lawyer to Eminence Gray of the Bonn Republic. Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2009, p. 44 f.
  13. ^ "E Eichmann Trial". (PDF) Central Intelligence Agency , April 6, 1961, accessed November 21, 2014 .
  14. ^ Wolfgang Breyer: Dr. Max Merten - a military officer in the German armed forces in the field of tension between legend and truth. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Inaugural dissertation, University of Mannheim , 2003, formerly in the original ; accessed on November 21, 2014 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de  
  15. ^ Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945 . 2nd Edition. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, p. 187.
  16. ↑ Affidavit by Jakob Kaiser, December 31, 1945; affidavit by Otto Lenz, January 3, 1946; Declaration by Konrad Cardinal von Preysing, January 18, 1946. Printed in: Klaus Gotto (Hrsg.): Der Staatssekretär Adenauers. Personality and political work of Hans Globke. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1980, pp. 259-262, 266-267.
  17. ^ Erik Lommatzsch: Hans Globke (1898–1973). Civil servant in the Third Reich and State Secretary Adenauer. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2009. pp. 108–111.
  18. ^ The judgment in the Wilhelmstrasse trial : D. official wording d. Decision in case no. 11 d. Nuremberg military tribunals against von Weizsäcker u. others, with different reasons for the judgment, rectification decisions, d. basic legal provisions, e. Delay d. Court persons u. Witnesses and Introductions by Robert MW Kempner u. Carl Haensel . Edited with co-author from CH Tuerck. (officially recognized. Translated from the English), Bürger Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd 1950 DNB , p. XXIII
  19. ^ The judgment in the Wilhelmstrasse trial. P. 167.
  20. ↑ See cabinet minutes of October 27, 1953 ( Federal Archives )
  21. ↑ Frank Bösch : The Adenauer CDU. Foundation, rise and crisis of a successful party, 1945–1969 . Stuttgart / Munich 2001, pp. 230-234, 257-261.
  22. ↑ Jürgen Bevers: The man behind Adenauer . Ch. Links Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-86153-518-8 , p. 172 f . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  23. ↑ A small chronicle of the German Nazi debates. In: Tagesspiegel . August 23, 2006, accessed May 13, 2015 .
  24. ^ Chronicle 1956. Chronik Verlag im Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, 1989, 1996 C, p. 58.
  25. ↑ Harald Jähner, Wolfszeit. Germany and the Germans 1945 to 1955 , Rowohlt - Berlin Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2019, p. 398
  26. ↑ Klaus Wiegrefe : The curse of the evil deed. The fear of Adolf Eichmann . In: Der Spiegel . No. 15 , 2011 ( online ).
  27. ^ Willi Winkler : Holocaust Trial: Adolf Eichmann. When Adenauer panicked . Süddeutsche Zeitung , March 29, 2011
  28. ↑ Clarification of the relationship between the Federal Government and the Federal Intelligence Service to Adolf Eichmann (PDF) Response of the Federal Government to the minor question from MEPs Claudia Roth (Augsburg), Ekin Deligöz, Katja Dörner, other MEPs and the BÜNDNIS 90 / DIE GRÜNEN parliamentary group. BT printed matter 17/13563 of May 13, 2013; accessed on September 16, 2016.
  29. ↑ a b Genocidium - Der Fall Globke , Fritz Bauer Archive, accessed on September 15, 2016
  30. ↑ Jürgen Bevers: The man behind Adenauer. Hans Globke's rise from Nazi lawyer to Eminence Gray of the Bonn Republic. Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag 2009, p. 170 f.
  31. ↑ Globke and the extermination of the Jews. About the criminal past of the State Secretary in the office of Federal Chancellor Adenauer. Edited by the Committee for German Unity, 2nd edition. Berlin (East) 1960, pp. 7 and 15.
  32. ↑ Quoted from: Michael Lemke: Campaigns against Bonn: The systemic crisis of the GDR and the Western propaganda of the SED 1960–1963. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . Volume 41, 1993, pp. 153-174, here p. 163.
  33. ↑ Neues Deutschland from July 9, 1963. Headline on the front page
  34. ↑ Reinhard-M. Strecker (Ed.): Dr. Hans Globke. File extracts, documents. Rütten & Loening, Hamburg 1961 ( dnb )
  35. ↑ Gottfried Oy, Christoph Schneider: The sharpness of the concretion. Reinhard Strecker, 1968 and National Socialism in West German historiography. 2nd edition, Münster 2014.
  36. ↑ Otto Köhler : Eichmann, Globke, Adenauer . In: Friday . June 16, 2006.
  37. ↑ Timothy Naftali: New Information on Cold War CIA Stay-Behind Operations in Germany and on the Adolf Eichmann Case (PDF; 721 kB). Federation of American Scientists website . June 6, 2006, p. 4 ff.
  38. ^ Scott Shane: CIA Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show . In: The New York Times . June 7, 2006.
  39. ↑ Jennifer Abramsohn: "This is a German story" . Deutsche Welle , June 10, 2006 (Interview with Naftali)
  40. ^ Riedl / Kleine-Brockhoff: History: Among friends . In: The time . June 13, 2006.
  41. ↑ Timothy Naftali: New Information on Cold War CIA Stay-Behind Operations in Germany and on the Adolf Eichmann Case (PDF; 721 kB). Federation of American Scientists website . June 6, 2006, p. 6 and 16; Translation according to Rainer Blasius: National Socialism: Nazi criminals covered, State Secretary protected? In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , June 7, 2006.
  42. ^ Erik Lommatzsch: Hans Globke (1898–1973). Civil servant in the Third Reich and State Secretary Adenauer. Campus, Frankfurt am Main / New York 2009. ISBN 978-3-593-39035-2
  43. ^ Hans-Heinrich Jansen: E. Lommatzsch: Hans Globke. Book review for H-Soz-Kult, February 10, 2010 , accessed October 20, 2017.
  44. ↑ Sven Felix Kellerhoff : Symbolic Figure of the Early Federal Republic: From Hitler to Adenauer - A new biography paints a more differentiated picture of Hans Globke . In: Die Welt , October 1, 2009.
  45. ^ Erik Lommatzsch: Hans Globke (1898–1973). Civil servant in the Third Reich and State Secretary Adenauer. Frankfurt am Main / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-593-39035-2 , chap. V. Excursus: Attacks, campaigns and defamation, pp. 310–322.
  46. ^ Erik Lommatzsch: Hans Globke and the National Socialism. A sketch. (PDF) Retrieved March 24, 2016 .
  47. ^ Wolfgang Benz: Globke, Hans Maria . In: the same (ed.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus . Volume 2: People De Gruyter Saur, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-598-44159-2 , p. 287 (accessed via De Gruyter Online).
  48. ^ Supreme Court of the GDR, judgment of July 23, 1963, Az .: 1 Zst (I) 1/63 - upon own application. Prof. Dr. CF Rüter: GDR Justice and Nazi Crimes, Vol III, Procedure 1068.
  49. ↑ for 25 years of civil service, including military service
  50. ↑ awarded by the Antonescu government
  51. ↑ List of all decorations awarded by the Federal President for services to the Republic of Austria from 1952 (PDF; 6.9 MB)
  52. ↑ Government examines the withdrawal of decorations orf.at, July 16, 2018, accessed July 16, 2018.
  53. ↑ Badge of Honor withheld: Historians appeal to Sobotka , Kleine Zeitung, July 15, 2020, p. 6.
  54. ^ Database of the winners of Italian decorations
  55. ↑ Awarded by the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Joseph Bech in Bonn. Later, when Globke retired, there was controversy about it. According to Der Spiegel , No. 6, 1965, Globke declared Luxembourg to be a no man's land under the German occupation (1940–1944) when he was Ministerialrat in the RMI in the semi-official Nazi legal commentary Pfundtner-Neubert : “With the occupation […] is the The independent Luxembourgish state was dissolved, the Luxembourgish citizenship ceased, the former Luxembourgish citizens have become stateless. ”The Letzeburger Journal corrected the mirror : It was not Foreign Minister Eugen Schaus , a liberal, but his Christian social predecessor Bech who put the neck around the neck. The newspaper wrote: “It remains incomprehensible […] why […] Bech proposed this Globke for a Luxembourg award. The government bears the responsibility for the award, for this unbelievable narrow-mindedness. ”However, Globke did not return the medal, as Luxembourg then requested (Bech 1965:“ One thing is certain: if I had already known then that Luxembourg was in Globke's eyes is a no man's land, he would certainly not have received the award. ”), but instead demanded that the German press leave him alone. Lt. Jürgen Bevers: The man behind Adenauer. Christoph Links, Berlin 2009, p. 54.
  56. ↑ Honors. Hans Globke . In: Der Spiegel . No. 8 , 1960, pp. 79 ( online ).
  57. ↑ Complete text of the “First Ordinance” in the article Reich Citizenship Law, under web links: Wikisource
  58. ↑ According to Strecker (the only source), Reinhard Gehlen from the Gehlen Organization had offered 50,000 DM to prevent the book from being published. Jürgen Bevers: The man behind Adenauer . Ch. Links Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-86153-518-8 , p. 177 ( limited preview in Google Book search). .
  59. ↑ Excerpts in: Dietrich Goldschmidt, Hans-Joachim Kraus (ed.): The non-terminated covenant. New meeting of Jews and Christian community. Kreuz, Stuttgart 1962, pp. 130f. In essence, the correspondence showed that the DEKT representatives stuck to their view that Globke / Stuckart's comment had already significantly tightened the law to the detriment of the Jews, and that there was no evidence of any help that he was supposed to have provided later
  60. ↑ The man behind Adenauer - The uncanny German career of Dr. Globke in the Internet Movie Database (English)
personal data
SURNAME Globke, Hans
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Globke, Hans Josef Maria (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German lawyer in civil service
DATE OF BIRTH September 10, 1898
PLACE OF BIRTH Dusseldorf
DATE OF DEATH February 13, 1973
Place of death Bonn