Ludwig (Oettingen-Wallerstein)

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Prince Ludwig of Oettingen-Wallerstein

Ludwig Kraft Ernst Karl Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Wallerstein (born January 31, 1791 in Wallerstein , † June 22, 1870 in Lucerne ) was a Bavarian statesman and prince from the house of Oettingen . He was Kronobersthofmeister , Bavarian Minister of the Interior from 1832 to 1837 , during the revolutionary upheaval of 1847/1848 administrator of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Culture. Most recently, he worked in politics between 1849 and 1858 as a member of the Second Chamber of the Bavarian State Parliament on the side of the liberal wing.

Contemporaries like Goethe considered him a well-known art collector and expanded the Oettingen-Wallerstein collection and the Oettingen-Wallerstein library . King Ludwig I acquired part of it for his own collection.

Life

Early years

Ludwig was born on January 31, 1791 as the first son of Prince Kraft Ernst zu Oettingen-Wallerstein (1748–1802) and his wife Duchess Wilhelmine Friederike (1764–1817). He received private lessons from the piarist Andreas Reubel and later from a secular canon . Louis Mother took over after his father's death in 1802 the guardianship and led the official business of the Ries situated Principality . Four years later, Ludwig traveled to Paris with his mother to be introduced to Emperor Napoleon . The trip's request to request the sovereignty of the principality from Napoleon failed because Oettingen-Wallerstein refused to enter French service. In the capital of France, Oettingen-Wallerstein first met Crown Prince Ludwig I of Bavaria , whereupon a friendly relationship was established. In 1807 the neighboring states mediated the principality. Both the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Württemberg annexed parts of the principality.

Ludwig zu Oettingen-Wallerstein studied law at the University of Landshut between 1807 and 1810 . Here he made a friend in the later Bavarian Minister of the Interior, Eduard von Schenk . His views on the state were influenced by the legal scholars Nikolaus Thaddäus von Gönner and Friedrich Carl von Savigny . During his studies, he joined the Landshut Romantics group , which was formed around the Catholic theologian Johann Michael Sailer .

Wars of Liberation

When he came of age, he took over the office of Crown Colonel Master of Bavaria for life in 1810 and received a seat and thus a vote in the secret Council of State. Oettingen-Wallerstein organized the general armament of the Upper Danube in the course of the Wars of Liberation in 1813 ; back then in Swabia , in southern Franconia and in western " Old Bavaria ". The subject of Maximilian I performed this task with skill, so that public praise arose; in the reputation of Prince Ludwig I, he achieved lasting respect. Until 1831 he kept the post as district commander of the Landwehr. In 1811 and 1814 he visited Paris again. The visit in 1814 is said to have included diplomatic activities in Bavarian services.

Political beginnings

Oettingen-Wallerstein's political career began in 1815 as a member of the Württemberg Assembly of Estates . As a registrar, he was also Imperial Councilor in the First Chamber of the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg. As the first estate commissioner at the Württemberg meeting of estates, where he contributed a great deal to the completion of the constitution, he stood up as an advocate for the old estates institutions. As a representative of the constitutional principle, he also influenced the draft of the constitution of the Kingdom of Bavaria from 1818 .

As a hereditary Reichsrat, Oettingen-Wallerstein took part in the Bavarian State Assemblies in 1819 and 1822 in the Chamber of Reichsräte (First Chamber). In 1819 he represented aristocratic interests against liberal tendencies. In 1822 he opposed the restriction of the military budget by the Chamber of Deputies (Second Chamber). He also criticized shortcomings in the bureaucracy. With its commitment to the nobility, Oettingen-Wallerstein stood in contradiction to the progressive Crown Prince Ludwig I. The commitment to a well-stocked royal civil list and criticism of the alleged rule of officials met with approval.

Loss of office and regaining

In mid-1823 he married Maria Crescentia Bourgin (1806-1853). The "love marriage with a hothead" gave the courtly tabloids material. This marriage is to be seen against the background of financial problems of the Princely House, of which Oettingen-Wallerstein was never master. If he was able to marry, he had to renounce his position as head of the family; this was taken by his younger brother Friedrich. King Maximilian I then withdrew the Bavarian crown office and the seat in the First Chamber from Ludwig.

When Maximilian I died and Crown Prince Ludwig I ascended the throne, Oettingen-Wallerstein got all offices back in 1825. Ludwig knew how to increase his popularity with the royal namesake; The regent appointed him general commissioner and regional president of the Oberdonaukreis on April 14, 1828. Oettingen-Wallerstein showed his gratitude to Ludwig I for returning his position to the assembly of estates in 1828 by opposing his peers and vehemently defending his regent's reform plans.

As interior minister between reform and reactionary standstill

On the occasion of the July Revolution of 1830 in France, Louis I's style of government changed from a reform course to a reactionary stance. The controversial assembly of estates of 1831 helped Oettingen-Wallerstein to stage itself again; Ludwig I shared Oettingen-Wallerstein's view of the situation. Pressed by the Second Chamber, Eduard von Schenk had to vacate his position as Bavarian Minister of the Interior as part of the controversial press regulation. In the meantime, Johann Baptist von Stürmer represented the Ministry of the Interior as the “stop-gap” . Oettingen-Wallerstein succeeded Stürmer unscathed on December 31, 1831 at the turn of the year to the ministerial post. Part of his term of office included the construction of the first railway line between Nuremberg and Fürth , the Danube-Main Canal , the founding and conclusion of the German Customs Association and the expansion of the credit and banking system, as well as progress in agriculture. In educational policy, he promoted technical teaching by building industrial, agricultural and polytechnical schools . In social policy he sacrificed “the last remnants of a liberal trade order”; Stricter provisions on home law, resettlement and marriage, and reformed poor welfare and servant regulations in a conservative manner, taking into account the needs of the middle class. He advocated freedom of the press, the statutory fixation of ministerial responsibility, the expansion of the right of the Second Chamber to petition, the simplification of administration and the transfer of political responsibility to the level of the municipalities and district administrators. Aims were also the Greater German constitutional solution of the German question , the extension of the right to vote for the Second Chamber, a reform of the nobility, a progressive income tax and the replacement of the basic burden in exchange for compensation. As a member of the First Chamber, he belonged to the liberal wing and had close ties to Johann Caspar Bluntschli and Friedrich Rohmer . The exercise of office appeared to the regent Ludwig I as too progressive .

At the meeting of the estates in 1837, Oettingen-Wallerstein, who had fallen in the favor of the king, provoked a conflict over budget law with Finance Minister Ludwig von Wirschinger (1781–1840) because he was the only minister to demand the expansion of the powers of the Second Chamber. The king dismissed Oettingen-Wallerstein from the ministry on November 4th of the same year because of the open affront. He was ready to accept the position as general commissioner offered to him in the course of his dismissal. Initially, however, he was given leave of absence for five months and retired on March 10, 1838 without giving any reason. Seeing himself as a martyr, he declared that he was renouncing the title of Council of State, the rank of general and the general commissioner. He even gave up the pension, which must have been difficult for him. The ministerial dismissal, which had not yet occurred before, presented Oettingen-Wallerstein as inappropriateness of royal action. His popularity rose in public because of the treatment he had received from the regent and, above all, from his peers.

From the "Ministry of Dawn" to the "Lola Ministry"

Oettingen-Wallerstein kept the office of the crown chief steward and thus his seat in the first chamber. King Ludwig I's attempts to remove him from office failed. From this position he quarreled with Karl von Abel , who succeeded him as Minister of the Interior. The dispute culminated in a pistol duel in 1840. The conversation lexicon of the present by Brockhaus suggested for the future of Oettingen-Wallerstein: "He is a man of the future, which even his enemies admit, and evidently called to an even more extensive class and administrative activity." In 1843 his relationship with the regent recovered, who sent him on a diplomatic mission in the affairs of the Kingdom of Greece . However, the former proximity did not materialize. On behalf of the king, he served as ambassador extraordinary in Paris from 1846–1847 .

Karl von Abel's “Ministry of Dawn” came under increasing criticism. Prince Karl Theodor von Wrede (1797–1871) complained about "the dire situation in which the administration of the Minister von Abel had brought the country". Oettingen-Wallerstein took up the criticism in a more moderate way. In addition, Abel did not comply with the request of Ludwig I, who demanded the naturalization and ennoblement of his lover Lola Montez . Thereupon the monarch dismissed Abel on February 16, 1847. This was followed by the Rhein - Maurer Ministry , which only lasted until November of the same year.

On December 1, 1847, Ludwig I. Oettingen-Wallerstein, who had returned to Munich , assigned the task of forming a new government. However, the regent only appointed the ministers as administrators . The king installed Oettingen-Wallerstein as the Bavarian Foreign Minister and had him represent the Ministry for Church and School Affairs. Oettingen-Wallerstein's confidante Franz von Berks , the Justice Ministry Hermann von Beisler and the Finance Ministry Karl Friedrich von Heres were awarded the Ministry of the Interior . The vernacular mockingly called it the "Lola Ministry". Oettingen-Wallerstein tried to take up liberal positions during his tenure in order to soften the emerging revolutionary processes of 1848/49 and to maintain the monarchy. Reforms - such as comprehensive parliamentarization and "adequate representation of the German people" - contradicted the royal understanding, so that Ludwig I felt betrayed and dismissed Oettingen-Wallerstein on March 11, 1848, even before he himself renounced his throne. In May 1848, Oettingen-Wallerstein's applications for the "elimination of pauperism through state aid" caused a sensation.

"Prince Proletarian"

Before the state elections of 1849, Oettingen-Wallerstein published an appeal: “What about the German cause, and what should the citizen and farmer want in particular?” In it he complains that the promises of March 6, 1848 remained unfulfilled “for a long time I would always stick to the old class system, to a rigid official regiment and other braids ”, and named the constitutional Belgian constitution as exemplary.

His defensive stance of the Frankfurt Paulskirche constitution brought him into political isolation from his peers in the Chamber of Imperial Councils. In 1849 he proposed to the Bavarian heir to the throne Maximilian II to solve the German question on the basis of the Constitution of the Frankfurt National Assembly that the Wittelsbachers should hold the office of imperial governor. The Bavarian regent himself Wittelsbacher and his confidante rejected the proposal because of the associated risk. On the occasion of the grueling dispute with the Reichsrat under King Maximilian II , Oettingen-Wallerstein gave up his office as Crown Supreme Courtmaster on June 16, 1849 and resigned the dignity of the Reichsrat. After losing his seat in the First Chamber, he applied for a mandate in the Second Chamber. The constituency of Donauwörth had also accepted Ludwig as a member of the second chamber of the former assembly of estates, which had been called the state parliament since June 4, 1848. He was elected and followed his liberal orientation. For this the people gave him the nickname "Prince Proletarian". "Until 1858, as long as he was a member of the state parliament," he was the spokesman for the Liberals.

Retirement

After the death of his wife in 1853, the second marriage to the wealthy Countess Albertine Larisch von Moennich did not improve the broken financial situation. In 1862 Ludwig had to take a longer term of custody and escaped his creditors by moving to Switzerland. Oettingen-Wallerstein spent the rest of his life near Lucerne and died on June 22, 1870.

reception

Historian Karl Theodor von Heigel considers Oettingen-Wallerstein to be a highly gifted statesman. The historian Karl Möckl describes Ludwig as a talented and eloquent gentleman who "virtuously represented the cause of the mediatized".

Upper Danube District 1828–1831

The historian Dirk Götschmann points out that Oettingen-Wallerstein's personnel policy with regard to civil servants, whom he regarded as the “most terrible of all absolutisms”, led to permanent rejection on the part of the other side. In the office of General Commissioner and District President of the Upper Danube District, he had little effect during the two and a half years.

Minister of the Interior 1831–1837

Contemporaries

During his time as Minister of the Interior, contemporaries saw him as a "German Whig " because of his advocacy for the parliamentary monarchy . With regard to the opposition rebellion, Oettingen-Wallerstein allegedly said: “One must eradicate the canaille from the root” and the words often quoted later: “Everything is forbidden that has not been expressly allowed”. The opposition side accused him of having spun a surveillance network with informers and informers across the country, persecuting the press and illegally influencing judges. The effective fight against cholera , on the other hand, was even credited to him by political opponents.

Modern evaluation

Karl Möckl names the contradiction between Oettingen-Wallerstein and Ludwig I, "whose political ideals he was originally close to". Oettingen-Wallerstein tried the balancing act between “the use of police violence against the liberal-democratic movement” and “a moderate reform policy”. Dieter Götschmann cites the assessment of the historian Heinz Gollwitzer , according to which Oettingen-Wallerstein tried to “implement the concept of a cautious conservative-liberal reform” within the narrow framework of the political guidelines of Ludwig I, whereby Oettingen-Wallerstein followed the reactionary politics of the monarch came far, "to 'save remnants of liberalism'". Götschmann describes Oettingen-Wallerstein's work as minister of the interior would be "largely assessed positively in research". In Götschmann's view, the reform of the internal administration that he was striving for had remained unsuccessful, as he continued the austerity policy begun under Joseph von Armansperg. Increasing tasks with the same staff caused a notorious overload of officials, which damaged the reputation of the king, the government, the administration and the judiciary.

At the time of the revolution in 1848/49

In the opinion of Karl Theodor von Heigels, he cannot be held responsible for the exercise of his office, since the government was more of an "executive" than an independent civil servant responsible to the state. Ludwig I "did not even want to give the impression that the minister was called to anything other than the execution of the monarch's decisions".

Member of the Landtag 1849–1858

For Karl Möckl, Oettingen-Wallerstein was an opposition leader who stood up for the parliamentary monarchy and at the same time advocated maintaining the reforms of 1848.

Affection for music and art

First wife Crescentia von Oettingen-Wallerstein
Daughter Caroline Antonie Wilhelmine Friederike

Günther Grünsteudel thinks Ludwig tried, despite the financial situation, to maintain the " Hofkapelle Wallerstein " , which was made up of well-known musicians under his father, through the high contributions and other war costs of the liberation wars, and to give new impulses with some commitment.

When he came of age at the age of 21 in 1812, Oettingen-Wallerstein began a collection of medieval armor and weapons, coins and carvings, stained glass and especially paintings. For the exhibition of his art treasures, Prince Ludwig founded a museum, which he opened on May 1, 1816 in Wallerstein Castle . King Ludwig I acquired large parts of the collection for the Alte Pinakothek in 1828 . Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , Queen Victoria's German husband , received a small part of the collection . Goethe's magazine "Kunst und Alterthum" praised the pieces. From 1842 to 1947, the rest of the collection was in the former Maihingen Monastery , which came to the Princely House in the course of secularization in 1802 and remained in its possession until 1946. Since then, the exhibits have been housed on the Harburg . The art historian Enno Krüger writes that Oettingen-Wallerstein was one of the most important collectors of medieval art of his time with his collection. In relation to the biographical background, Krüger believes that “the collecting activity can be interpreted as a compensation for political and social claims that are no longer realizable”. The collection expresses a way of thinking about social status. Oettingen-Wallerstein "endeavored to save the cultural heritage of the Middle Ages on a large scale, to store it appropriately, to organize it according to learned principles and to release it to interested contemporaries for intellectual appropriation".

King Ludwig I and his princely namesake combined art. For the beauty gallery , Ludwig I had both Prince Ludwig's wife Maria Crescentia Bourgin and daughter Caroline painted by the artist Joseph Karl Stieler .

On December 11, 1802, in the course of the Napoleonic Wars and the Peace of Lunéville, the Princely House of Oettingen-Wallerstein received both the Maihingen Monastery and the Sankt Mang Monastery in Füssen. At the beginning of 1803, Prince Ludwig's mother, Princess Wilhelmine, who had just been widowed, had secularized the monastery and converted it into a secular rule, which remained in the possession of the Princely House until 1839. In 1821, Prince Ludwig heard that King Maximilian I had sold Schwanstein Castle near Füssen for 200 guilders for demolition the previous year after it had long since fallen into disrepair and had also been damaged in the coalition wars from 1800 to 1809. He immediately bought the castle for 220 guilders to save it, as he was  enthusiastic about its location - like on a panoramic stage in the most charming landscape between Alpsee and Schwansee . He had repair and security measures carried out for 507 guilders, but sold them again in 1823 after he had lost his position as head of the family due to his morganatic marriage. In 1832 King Maximilian's grandson, Crown Prince Maximilian , who later became King Max II, bought the late Gothic castle back for 7,000 guilders and had it re-gothically restored as "Hohenschwangau Castle", as Prince Ludwig had planned ten years earlier.

Fonts

  • Lecture: About obstacles to the advancement of the landscape, which are based on the credit system. 1839.
  • Lecture: About evidencing and improving Bavarian agriculture after the proposals of the government councilor von Heffels. 1839.
  • Abel and Wallerstein , 1840.
  • Prince Ludwig von Oettingen-Wallerstein, the anonymous press and the letters of an emigrated German , Verlag der Franz'schen Buchhandlung, Munich 1848.
  • several articles in the German constitutional newspaper as separate reprints: Germany, its future and its constituent assembly appeared in August 1848.
  • Pamphlets from the speeches, from November 3 and 6, 1849, on the German question
  • The German-Austrian question from the standpoint of international politics: and the artificial world , Fahrmbacher, 1849.
  • Germany's task in the oriental confusion, by a former German minister , on the occasion of the Crimean War in 1853
  • Article for the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung
  • Pamphlet federal and state reform
  • autobiographical abstract
  • Letters and diary entries

Worth mentioning and awards

He became a member of the Polytechnic Association. In 1828 Oettingen-Wallerstein founded the “Altertums-Bureau” (historical association for Swabia) on the proposal of Johann Nepomuk von Raiser . In 1829 the city of Augsburg granted him honorary citizenship. In 1833 he was made an honorary member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . In 1837 the city of Munich granted him honorary citizenship .

family

He was the son of Prince Kraft Ernst zu Oettingen-Wallerstein and his wife Duchess Wilhelmine Friederike (1764–1817) , a daughter of Duke Ludwig Eugen von Württemberg . He himself married on July 7, 1823, Maria Crescentia Bourgin (1806-1853), the daughter of his garden inspector in Hohenbaldern. The couple had two daughters. After the death of his first wife, Ludwig married Countess Albertine Larisch von Moennich (1819–1900). The latter marriage remained childless.

  • Caroline Antonie Wilhelmine Friederike, Princess of Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Wallerstein (* August 19, 1824 - January 14, 1889) ∞ Hugo Philipp, Count Waldbott von Bassenheim ,
  • Theresia Wilhelmine Friederike Creszentia, Princess of Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Wallerstein (* February 4, 1827, † April 12, 1833).

literature

  • Enno Krüger: Early collectors of 'old German' panel paintings after the secularization of 1803 . Heidelberg January 21, 2009, p. 155–188 ( uni-heidelberg.de [PDF; 4.5 MB ] at the same time dissertation at the Philosophical Faculty of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / ZEGK - Institute for European Art History).
  • Michael Renner: Ludwig von Oettingen-Wallerstein wooing his bride Creszentia geb. Bourgin in Baldern. In: Yearbook / Historical Association for Nördlingen and the Ries; Volume 31, 2006 (2007), pp. 241-283.
  • Wilfried Sponsel: Castles and palaces. From the life of Prince Ludwig zu Oettingen-Wallerstein, In: The holiday region of Donau-Ries. F. Steinmeier Verlag, Nördlingen 2001, pp. 44-53.
  • Frank Raberg : Biographical handbook of the Württemberg state parliament members 1815-1933 . On behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-17-016604-2 , p. 630 .
  • Karl Möckl :  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Kraft Prince to. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-428-00200-8 , p. 476 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Christof Metzger: The revolutionary prince. Prince Ludwig von Oettingen-Wallerstein, In: Lola Montez or a revolution in Munich. Münchner Stadtmuseum, Munich 1998, pp. 66–80, hardback edition: Edition Minerva Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-932353-23-4 .
  • Dirk Götschmann : The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864 . Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy (=  series of publications of the historical commission at the Bavarian Academy of Science. Volume 48 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1993, ISBN 3-525-36040-1 , p. 215–224 ( Digitale-sammlungen.de ).
  • Karl-Heinz Zuber: The "Proletarian Prince" Ludwig von Oettingen-Wallerstein (1791-1870). Noble life and conservative reform politics in constitutional Bavaria. Dissertation 1976. (= Journal for Bavarian State History, Supplement, Series B, 10). CH Beck, Munich 1978, ISBN 3-406-10810-5 , pp. 66-80.
  • Ernst Deuerlein: Ludwig Kraft Prince of Öttingen-Wallerstein (1791–1879). In: Life pictures from Bavarian Swabia. Volume II. Max Hueber Verlag, Munich 1953, pp. 349-375.
  • Valeria D. Dcsacsovszky: The Ministry of Prince Ludwig von Oettingen-Wallerstein 1832-1837. Dissertation. University, Munich 1932.
  • Georg Grupp: Prince Ludwig von Oettingen-Wallerstein as the museum's founder. In: Yearbook 6 of the Historical Association for Nördlingen and the surrounding area. Augsburg 1917, pp. 73-109 ( Wikimedia Commons ).
  • Georg Grupp: Prince Ludwig von Öttingen-Wallerstein as district commander of the Landwehr. In: Journal of the Historical Association for Swabia and Neuburg 42, Augsburg 1916, pp. 83–127 MDZ .
  • Georg Grupp: The youth of Prince Ludwig von Öttingen-Wallerstein and the mediatization. In: Yearbook 4 of the Historical Association for Nördlingen and the surrounding area. Augsburg 1915, pp. 58-100 ( Wikimedia Commons ).
  • Karl Theodor von Heigel :  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Prince of . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, pp. 736-747.
  • Öttingen-Wallerstein (Ludwig Kraft Ernst, Prince of) . In: Conversations Lexicon of the Present. tape III / IV . FA Brockhaus , Leipzig 1840, p. 1096 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

Web links

Commons : Ludwig Kraft Ernst Fürst von Oettingen-Wallerstein  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 736.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 215 ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  3. ^ A b c d Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 738.
  4. ↑ a b Enno Krüger: Early collectors of 'old German' panel paintings after the secularization of 1803 . Heidelberg January 21, 2009, p. 159 ( uni-heidelberg.de [PDF; 4.5 MB ] at the same time dissertation at the Philosophical Faculty of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / ZEGK - Institute for European Art History).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Karl Möckl:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Kraft Fürst zu. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-428-00200-8 , p. 476 f. ( Digitized version ).
  6. ↑ Ludwig Kraft Ernst Prince of Oettingen-Wallerstein in the parliamentary database at the House of Bavarian History
  7. ^ A b c d e f g Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 739.
  8. ↑ a b c d e Helmut Gier, Günther Grünsteudel: Oettingen-Wallerstein. University Library Augsburg, Augsburg 2010, p. 1. Retrieved on April 4, 2013 (as of March 29, 2010).
  9. ↑ Enno Krüger: Early collectors of 'old German' panel paintings after the secularization of 1803 . Heidelberg January 21, 2009, p. 161 ( uni-heidelberg.de [PDF; 4.5 MB ] at the same time dissertation at the Philosophical Faculty of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / ZEGK - Institute for European Art History).
  10. ^ Öttingen-Wallerstein (Ludwig Kraft Ernst, Prince of) . In: Conversations Lexicon of the Present. tape  III / IV . FA Brockhaus , Leipzig 1840, p. 1099 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  11. ↑ Enno Krüger: Early collectors of 'old German' panel paintings after the secularization of 1803 . Heidelberg January 21, 2009, p. 156 ( uni-heidelberg.de [PDF; 4.5 MB ] at the same time dissertation at the Philosophical Faculty of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / ZEGK - Institute for European Art History).
  12. ↑ Rosina Stephan: wife and daughter of a friend immortalized. November 9, 2011, accessed April 4, 2013 .
  13. ↑ a b Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 215 f. ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  14. ↑ a b c d e f Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 217 ( Digitale-sammlungen.de )
  15. ^ A b Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 740.
  16. ^ A b Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 742.
  17. ^ Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 741 f.
  18. ↑ a b c Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 222 ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  19. ↑ Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 222 f. ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  20. ↑ a b c d e Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 223 ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  21. ^ Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 743.
  22. ^ A b c Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 744.
  23. ^ Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 744 f.
  24. ↑ Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 223 f. ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  25. ^ A b c Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 746.
  26. ↑ a b c d Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 224 ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  27. ^ A b Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 747.
  28. ↑ Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 216 ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  29. ↑ Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 218 ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  30. ↑ Dirk Götschmann: The Bavarian Ministry of the Interior 1825–1864. Organization and function, civil service and political influence of a central authority in the constitutional monarchy, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1993, p. 221 ( digital-sammlungen.de )
  31. ^ Karl Theodor von Heigel:  Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Fürst von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, p. 741.
  32. ^ Günther Grünsteudel: The horn players of the Wallersteiner Hofkapelle (approx. 1745–1825) . S. 15–17 ( uni-augsburg.de [PDF; 154 kB ; retrieved on April 4, 2013] Published in: Zeitschrift des Historischen Verein für Schwaben 97 (2004), pp. 229-251 [publ. 2005]).
  33. ↑ a b Enno Krüger: Early collectors of 'old German' panel paintings after the secularization of 1803 . Heidelberg January 21, 2009, p. 155 ( uni-heidelberg.de [PDF; 4.5 MB ] at the same time dissertation at the Philosophical Faculty of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / ZEGK - Institute for European Art History).
  34. ↑ Enno Krüger: Early collectors of 'old German' panel paintings after the secularization of 1803 . Heidelberg January 21, 2009, p. 168 ( uni-heidelberg.de [PDF; 4.5 MB ] at the same time dissertation at the Philosophical Faculty of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / ZEGK - Institute for European Art History).
  35. ↑ Dieter Kudorfer: Oettingen, Count / Prince of. In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria . May 24, 2012, accessed April 4, 2013 .
  36. ↑ Enno Krüger: Early collectors of 'old German' panel paintings after the secularization of 1803 . Heidelberg January 21, 2009, p. 188 ( uni-heidelberg.de [PDF; 4.5 MB ] at the same time dissertation at the Philosophical Faculty of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg / ZEGK - Institute for European Art History).
  37. ^ A b Ludwig Kraft Ernst, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Wallerstein. In: geneall.net. Retrieved April 3, 2013 .
  38. ↑ Residenzmuseum Munich (Ed.): The Schönheiten – Galerie King Ludwig I in the Munich Residenz, with an introduction and descriptions of the lives of those portrayed . Hanfstaengl, Munich 1927, p. 97 .
  39. ^ Journal of Bavarian State History. Booklet . CH Beck, Munich 1966, p.  403 ("Therese Wilhelmine (1827–1833), daughter of Prince Ludwig Kraft 91").
personal data
SURNAME Ludwig
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Oettingen-Wallerstein, Ludwig Kraft Ernst Prince of
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Bavarian politician
DATE OF BIRTH January 31, 1791
PLACE OF BIRTH Wallerstein
DATE OF DEATH June 22, 1870
Place of death Lucerne