Non-binary gender identity

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Non-binary gender identity , in short non -binary or non-binary ( English nonbinary , short enby ), is a collective term for gender identities from the transgender spectrum that are neither exclusively male nor female , i.e. are outside this binary classification. From the English for the designation was genderqueer [dʒɛndɐkwɪə̯] taken ( queer gender : of gender ordering deviant social gender rules); The term gender non-conforming is often used internationally . The non-binary gender identity of a person is not related to their biological sex or their sexual characteristics , and not all intersex people see themselves as non-binary. The gender identity is to be distinguished from the sexual identity : The erotic orientations of non-binary people are just as different and diverse as those of binary people (compare cisgender ). A non-binary gender identity can contradict the outwardly visible gender expression in appearance and behavior and does not necessarily have to appear androgynous or “hermaphrodite” - non-binary people express their sense of identity in many ways (compare differences between gender habit and gender role ).

Some non-binary persons identify internally with the two genders man / woman ( bigender “both sexes”), others also with other gender variants ( trigender “three sexes ”, or comprehensively pangender “all sexes”).

The expression gender fluid ("flowing") moves between the genders male-female (or others), sometimes in alternating form or changeable. In addition to these, there are non-binary people who (temporarily) do not feel they belong to any gender and who define themselves as agender (“asexual”) or gender-neutral .

In addition, there are other self-names to describe one's own identity . Non-binary also consider people who assign themselves to a third gender (compare the legal gender option " diverse ") or a completely different gender concept (compare postgender , X-gender ), as well as those who deliberately do not name their gender identity more precisely and not on one traditional gender roles want to be established.

Nonbinary Pride - Flag ( pride: " proud "),
designed by Kye Rowan in 2014:
- yellow for people outside of binary
- white for many people
- purple for intersex people (m↔w)
- black for asex people
Genderqueer Pride flag,
designed by Marilyn Roxie in 2011:
- lavender for androgynous , queer (m↔w)
- white for asexual ( agender)
- green for people outside of binary

Definitions and identities

In 2015, the largest survey of transgender people in the USA to date , the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) defined the term non-binary as follows:

“ Non-binary: This term is used by some to describe individuals whose gender is not exclusively male or female, including those who identify as asexual, or a gender other than male or female, or as multisexual. "

" Non-binary: This term is used by some to describe people whose gender is not exclusively male or female, including those who identify as no gender, as a gender other than male or female, or as more than one gender."

Transgender is a generic term (umbrella term) include non-binary people; Non-binary people can see themselves as transgender, if they want, or as intersexual (“ intersexed ”). The variants trans * and inter * expressly include non-binary and other gender identities through the gender asterisk. In the 2015 US survey, 35% of around 28,000 respondents described themselves as non-binary / genderqueer , 82% had no objections to being described as “transgender”.

Since November 2017, the US Library of Congress has been recording the topics of gender-variant, genderqueer, non-binary people under the identifier gender-nonconforming people: “gender non - conforming people” (see 2018 study ).

In 2018, the US social psychologists Bosson, Vandello and Buckner defined the individual terms as follows (translated):

  • Transgender: Describes people whose psychological gender identity does not match the gender assigned to them at birth.
  • Genderqueer: Describes people who identify as neither / nor, or as both or as a combination of man and woman.
  • Genderfluid: Describes people whose gender identity shifts or changes flexibly instead of remaining the same over the long term.
  • Bigender: Describes people who switch between the gender identities of women and men.
  • Trigender: Describes people who switch between women, men and a third gender identity.
  • Agender: Describes people who feel internally asexual.

Gender-fluid people prefer to keep their gender identity permanently changeable instead of committing to one gender. They can move between different genders or express several genders at the same time. In the 2015 US survey, 20% described themselves as gender fluid / fluid .

Bigender ("both sexes") refers to people who identify with the two genders male / female or who combine elements of both, also in the expression. In the2018global gender census , 4.7% of the approximately 11,000 “gender divers ” questioned said they were bigenders .

Trigender ("three- sex ") goes beyond that and includes another gender variation or elements thereof; the third can be a mixed form of man / woman or be completely outside of the bisexuality, or the (temporary) feeling of not belonging to any gender.

Pangender ("all-sex") refers to people who somehow feel they belong to all genders, without being tied to one.

Agender (“asexual / asexual”), also referred to as gender-neutral, neuter or neutrois : people who do not identify with any gender or who (do not want to) have any gender identity. Neutrois can also be understood as a separate, neutral gender (for example by Lann Hornscheidt ).

Demigender describes people who identify partially or mainly with one gender, but also with another. This group includes subgroups, so a demi-girl sees herself only partially as a woman (regardless of the sex of birth), while other parts of her identity belong to other genders or can be gender fluid or agender ; a demi-boy does this in reverse . In 2018, 11% described themselves as demeaning in the global gender census .

Arn Sauer, political scientist and employee for gender mainstreaming at the German Federal Environment Agency , explains in 2017 about the introduction of the LGBTIQ lexicon of the Federal Agency for Civic Education : “Self-definitions and self-descriptions are always to be recognized, they should not be questioned, but as a further part of oneself differentiating, sexual and gender diversity. And thus as an enrichment! "

Self-designations

In Germany, the first accompanying materials for the “Interministerial Working Group on Inter- & Transsexuality” (IMAG) in 2015 mentioned in two places “non-binary normative gender identities and physicalities” and “people who are considered neither * nor *, (gender) queer, non- gender / non-gender u. Ä. live beyond gender polarity ”. At the end of 2017, the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth published research results and findings from IMAG and also mentions “non-binary”, “non-binary people” and “non-binary people”.

In August 2015, an entry appeared in the queer lexicon of the Berliner Tagesspiegel , in which transgender people are also named "who do not want to see themselves as either man or woman ('not binary', 'genderqueer')."

In 2016, Hengameh Yaghoobifarah published a small glossary of LGBT terms on Zeit Online , including “ Non-binary: Non-binary gender identities can be totally different. Agender (genderless), genderqueer, femme, demigirl, demiboy, the list is endless. What they all have in common, however, is that they refuse to be divided into two (binary) men or women. ”Two years later, Hengameh Yaghoobifarah added:“ I am non-binary or in German: non-binary. This is an umbrella term for many different genders [...] In Germany the discourse is not that far, but it will. "

In Missy Magazine from 2017 a glossary entry explains: “Non-binary is both a collective term and a term for an independent identity. […] Non-binary people can be trans or cis , inter or dyad . They can be female, male, both, neither-nor, many, several, femme, agender, neutrois or something completely different. […] You can use different, new or old, multiple, alternating or no pronouns . [...] Similar to trans and queer, non-binary is a self-designation. "

Most recently at the beginning of 2019 , the annual Gender Census of the Welsh Cassian Lodge surveyed around 11,000 “gender divers” worldwide (translated): “Which of the following English terms describe how you think about yourself?” Of 28 requirements, here are the top 10:

# designation 2019  2018  2017  2016  2015  2013
1. nonbinary 66.6% 60.6% 65.8% 64.6% 63.7% 39.0%
2. queer 43.0% 2.9% 0.3%
3. trans 36.6% 34.8% 30.1% 34.8% 31.1%
4th enby 31.7% 24.5% 19.4% 15.6%
5. transgender 30.4% 27.9% 23.9% 30.9% 26.5% 24.0%
6th genderqueer 28.9% 30.8% 34.3% 40.7% 41.2% 58.0%
7th gender non-conforming 26.2% 1.1%
8th. agender 23.5% 26.1% 33.1% 30.9% 31.4% 22.0%
9. fluid gender / gender fluid 21.0% 24.6% 27.9% 30.8% 31.2% 31.0%
10. transmasculine 19.5% 18.8% 15.8% 14.2%
Asked persons: 11,242 11,278 9,934 3,055 2,901 2,061

The initiator gives the following definitions (translated) for the most frequently mentioned terms:

  • Non-binary: someone whose gender is neither always entirely male nor always entirely female. Usage: a non-binary person, a person who is non-binary.
  • Genderqueer: someone who is at odds with genders. Usage: a genderqueere person, a person who is genderqueer.
  • Transgender: The gender is different from that assigned at birth. Often shortened to “trans”, although trans is also often viewed as a separate identity. Usage: a transgender person, a person who is transgender.

In 2018, the Gender Census also asked for the preferred spelling: "nonbinary vs. non-binary “- 45% of all respondents were in favor of simple and only 28% for hyphenated spelling; Non-binary votes 49% versus 25% (see also Preferred Pronouns ).

The US dictionary Merriam-Webster's Dictionary has the term written together:

" Non-binary ( adjective ) C): referring to a person or that person who identifies with or expresses a gender that is neither entirely male nor entirely female"

" Nonbinary (adjective) c): relating to or being a person who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that is neither entirely male nor entirely female"

In addition to other gender names, Webster's uses genderqueer and gender-fluid . The British Oxford English Dictionary also declares the terms with similar wording as gender identities.

Sexual identity

Non-binary gender identity is not associated with a specific sexual orientation or romantic orientation : A non-binary person can have just as different erotic preferences and attitudes as binary-sex people and can be heterosexual , bisexual , lesbian , gay or non-sexual . For non-binary people, this can lead to hurtful experiences, for example on online dating platforms, if a certain sexual identity is wrongly inferred from their gender identity .

history

Kate Bornstein (* 1948), American actress and author, accepts feminine or gender-neutral pronouns (Photo: 2010)
Jonathan Van Ness (* 1987), hairdresser and podcaster, declares himself nonbinary in 2019 , but continues to claim male pronouns (Photo: 2018)

The US anthropologist April Scarlett Callis traced traditional bisexuality back to the 19th century, when sexuality was first studied medically. In the early 20th century, sexuality was initially categorized according to gender identity rather than sexual partner , while in the middle of the 20th century the separation into heterosexuality and homosexuality emerged (according to the historian George Chauncey 1994).

In 1990 the feminist philosopher Judith Butler (* 1956) published her book Gender Trouble (German: The unease of the sexes ), in which she questioned both a natural given of the male / female “gender” and its exclusive dichotomy. She concluded with the assessment: "The cultural configurations of gender and gender identity could multiply (...) by confusing the gender binary ."

In 1994 the book Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us was published by the non-binary actress and author Kate Bornstein (* 1948). Both gender studies and the emerging queer theory began to expand their research approaches to include non-binary gender and gender identities. Bornstein renewed its inventory in 2010 with the book Gender Outlaws: The Next Generation .

In the English-speaking world, the term “gender queer ” came up in the mid-1990s, often seen in connection with the American transgender activist Riki Wilchins (* 1952), in particular because of her co-editor of the article collection GenderQueer: Voices from beyond the Sexual Binary in 2002 (German: GenderQueer: Voices from beyond binary sexuality ). As early as 1995, Wilchins used the expression in the newsletter In Your Face , primarily to argue against heteronormative sexual rules, but also against discriminatory gender roles . In 1997 she stated in her autobiography that she identified herself as a genderqueer . Wilchins continued to publish activist publications and in 2017 published his own collection of articles under the title Burn the Binary! ("Burn the binary").

In 1997, Jim Sinclair publicly declared himself neuter and gender neutral - an intersex and autistic person (* 1940) who became known as a co-initiator and activist of the international neurodiversity movement .

The musical The Rocky Horror Show with the main character of the transvestite Dr. Frank N. Furter - his creator Richard O'Brien (* 1942) saw himself as transgender early on and later declared himself to be between the sexes, rather than a third gender . In 2013, O'Brien told the BBC , "I consider myself probably around 70% male, 30% female."

In Japan , the expression “ X-gender ” (x-jendā) has been used since the turn of the millennium as a self-definition of a gender outside of the two categories “ man ” and “ woman ” (for example by the manga artists Yūki Kamatani and Yuu Watase ).

distribution

Kaitlyn Alexander (* 1992), active in the film industry, declared himself non-binary in 2015 and claims the neutral pronoun they (Photo: 2015)

In 2011, the UK's Equality and Human Rights Commission conducted a survey in the UK , with just under 0.4% of the 10,000 respondents describing themselves as not clearly male or female (in another way) .

In 2015, two different population groups in Belgium were asked about their gender identities ; 1.8% of those born as men and 4.1% of those born as women classified themselves as gender ambivalent , defined as being differently between themselves and the other Identifying gender.

In a US- wide systematic online survey by the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) in 2015, 35% of the approximately 28,000 transgender respondents identified themselves as non-binary (genderqueer) , 82% of them agreed with the designation " Transgender " or were neutral towards her.

In 2018, a study of around 81,000 students in the US state of Minnesota found a proportion of 2,170 people (2.7%) who identified themselves as transgender or gender nonconforming . “ Gender nonconforming ” (also an official LCCN identifier) ​​was described as a person whose gender expression does not follow the gender conventions regarding masculinity and femininity, and who identify as transgender or not. In contrast, 97.3% of the respondents identified themselves as cisgender ( according to their birth gender). In the previous year, a US study had estimated the proportion of transgender people at 0.7% between the ages of 13 and 24 and between 0.6 and 0.5% for the elderly; the estimates put the figure at 1.55 million transgender Americans.

In a 2019 study of the two-spirit and LGBT population of the Canadian city of Hamilton , 164 of the 906 respondents said they were non-binary (18%).

No reliable figures are known for the German-speaking countries, partly because previous surveys did not differentiate more precisely between non-binary and binary transgender and intersex people. In the 2016 German ZEIT Legacy Study, 3.3% of the 3,104 respondents stated “either to have a different gender than that assigned at their birth or simply not to define themselves as female or male. That means: almost 2.5 million Germans ”.

Legal recognition

Norrie May-Welby (* 1961), cartoonist and activist , fought for the possibility of an indefinite gender entry in Australia in May 2013 , here while reading the decision of the Supreme Court

Many non-binary people express their identity in everyday life in a form that corresponds to the gender assigned to them at birth in order to adapt to the predominant binary , two-part gender roles (see gender order , gender habitus ). Since the 2010s there has been a growing awareness and acceptance of non-binary gender and gender identities , due to self-portrayals in social media and media-effective coming-outs of artists (e.g. Sam Smith 2019) as well as promoted by more systematic studies.

There are only around 20 countries worldwide that allow a third gender option, usually an entry as an “X” ( list ). Other social genders have a long tradition in many cultures around the world, but only in a few cases are they legally recognized and protected against discrimination (see list of third genders ).

Gender entry left open or "diverse"

In Germany, since the end of 2013, the birth of those newborns without information on their gender who cannot be assigned to either male or female gender must be entered in the birth register ; in these cases, the gender entry must be left open (see third gender option in the Civil Status Act from 2013 ). In February 2012, however, the German Ethics Council recommended that the Federal Government include “other” gender options as well as male and female. The psychologist Michael Wunder , member of the ethics council, commented on the change in the law: “No entry looks like no gender. Of course, intersex people have one gender - another, which can be very different. ”Interest groups such as Zwischengeschlecht.org feared that parents would now prefer surgical interventions instead of assigning their child no gender.

At the end of 2018, the new gender category “ diverse ” was legally created as a “third option” for people who define themselves as neither man nor woman (regardless of their biological gender characteristics ). The Federal Constitutional Court had previously "allowed the complaint of an inter * person and decided that a positive entry must also be possible beyond the binary gender model " (according to the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency ).

In Austria, since the beginning of 2019, it has been possible to change the gender entry to “diverse” afterwards in justified cases .

Legal restrictions

In December 2019, an article in the lifestyle magazine Vice points out that even those countries that allow a third gender option in identification documents have non-binary persons in their files as either male or female (exceptions: Malta and Denmark ). This type of data management could lead to restrictions, for example with regard to a marriage law that only allows marriage between men and women (see Norrie May-Welby's marriage request ), or when entering other countries or with regard to military service .

Discrimination

In 2008, the majority of respondents in the US National Transgender Discrimination Survey chose “ a gender not listed here” . These respondents renounced medical care 9 percentage points (33%) more often than the respondents as a whole (36% compared to 27%) for fear of discrimination. 90% said they experienced anti-transgender discrimination at work and 43% said they had attempted suicide.

In 2017, a study by Transgender Europe (TGEU) in five European countries came to the conclusion that non-binary people in the health system are disadvantaged compared to other transgender people and often have to prove that they are "sufficiently trans" in order to access transgender-specific health services.

Personal salutation and pronouns

Pins to answer questions about the appropriate pronoun :
"she / her" • "he / him" • "she / them" • "ask me!"
(At the XOXO Art and Technology Festival in Portland , Oregon 2016)

Many claim to be non-binary defining persons with gender-neutral pronouns ( pronouns ;) and addressed to be; every tenth non-binary person would like to be addressed and described only by name, without any pronouns at all. In the Anglo-Saxon language area , the singular use of they in relation to a single person is most common for non-binary people (originally corresponds to the German plural form “she”). Instead of saying about a non-binary person: he / she is a singer ("he / she is a singer"), it says in the singular: they are a singer . There is a similarity to the German-speaking form of politeness “Sie” , which is also multiple, but also applies to individuals and is always capitalized: Can you sing?

Interviews on pronouns

In 2015, of around 28,000 transgender people in the United States, 84% said they did not use the pronouns that corresponded to the gender on their birth certificate. The National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) found in its systematic online survey :

37%   he… his  (“he… to be”)
37%   she… her  (“she… her”)
29%   they… their
20% without any special claims
04% only wanted to be addressed by name and without any pronouns
04% used pronouns that were not in the questionnaire

35% of the 28,000 respondents saw themselves as non-binary / genderqueer.

At the beginning of 2019 , the annual gender census surveyed around 11,000 “gender divers” worldwide (translated): “If all pronouns were accepted by everyone and easy to learn, which would you like to see used in relation to you?” In German there is for this English-language variants have no equivalents (except for "he", "she" and "sier" ) - they have been leading the top 9 answers since 2013:

# Pronoun (pronouns) 2019  2018  2017  2016  2015  2013
1. they ... them ... their ... theirs ... themself  ( singular ) 79.5% 77.4% 80.5% 77.5% 74.4% 63.0%
2. he … him… his… his… himself 30.8% 31.2% 27.9% 23.4% 21.8% 34.0%
3. she … her… her… hers… herself 29.0% 30.9% 29.2% 25.0% 23.9% 40.0%
4th  -0 no pronouns , or avoid (name only) 10.3% 10.1% 10.7% 11.0% 13.2%
5. xe … xem… xyr… xyrs… xemself 7.2% 7.4% 8.2% 9.7%
6th e … em… eir… eirs… emself  ( Spivak pronoun ) 5.2% 5.3% 4.8% 7.4% 9.3% 5.0%
7th ze ... hir ... hir ... hirs ... hirself 4.7% 5.3% 6.1% 8.7% 13.1% 13.0%
8th. it … its… its… itself 4.4% 4.5% 4.7% 4.8% 5.7% 3.0%
9. fae … faer… faer… faers… faeself 4.3% 3.9% 4.1% 4.1%
Asked persons: 11,242 11,278 9,934 3,055 2,901 2,061
Of these, nonbinary accept for themselves ( see above ) : 66.6% 60.6% 65.8% 64.6% 63.7% 39.0%

The Gender Census 2020 had received 24,500 completed questionnaires from all over the world by April and is currently being evaluated by its initiator Cassian Lodge.

The singular pronoun "they"

The oldest US dictionary, Merriam-Webster's Dictionary , has had its own meaning for the pronoun they since September 2019 :

"Used to refer to a single person whose gender identity is non-binary (see nonbinary meaning C )"

"Used to refer to a single person whose gender identity is nonbinary (see nonbinary sense c )"

The editors stated that the use of the plural they for individual persons was documented as early as the late 14th century; the word form you (“you”) is originally a plural form ( you are: “you are”, but also: “you are”). In his non-binary significance would They occupied from the 1950s.

At the end of 2015, the major US daily The Washington Post added the pronoun in its meaning for non-binary people to its vocabulary. In March 2017, the Associated Press (AP) news and press agency followed suit and included the non-binary use of they in their AP style book . In the same year, a first study on the use of gender-neutral pronouns was published - until then they had rarely been used in academic texts.

The influential US - Style Guide Chicago Manual of Style allows singular They in its 17th edition in 2018 in oral and informal written language; for formal written use it is only allowed in relation to individual persons who do not identify with the gender pronouns he ("he") or she ("she"). The Oxford English Dictionary also gives the non-binary meaning of they.

In March 2019, a three-part language study found that the use of neutral pronouns increases the acceptance of women in public positions and the LGBTI community.

Forms of address

The gender-neutral form of address Mx. incorporated Webster's in 2016 for possible use in place of the binary Mr. (Mr.) or Ms. (Mrs.); using Mx for the first time . was documented in a US parent magazine in 1977. A year earlier, the traditional Oxford English Dictionary had added the meaning of Mx as a title (in British spelling without a point). In 2019, the Gender Census determined among 11,000 respondents worldwide: 33% would like to leave out a title in the address, 31% prefer Mx. , 8.7% Mr. and 4.7% Ms. For gender-neutral (academic) abbreviations such as prof. and dr. 5.5% speak out. The neutralizing X-shape was mainly taken up by Lann Hornscheidt in German-speaking countries from 2014 onwards : Hornscheidt referred to himself as “Professx” (for Prof. ) and continues to suggest replacing female and male word endings with an “x”, for example dex Radfahrex (instead of "the cyclist").

Recommendations in German

In November 2018, the Council for German Spelling (RdR) stated in a report on “ gender-equitable spelling ”, “that the social discourse on the question of how a third gender or other genders can be appropriately designated in addition to male and female is very controversial . Nevertheless, the right of people who do not feel they belong to either the male or female sex to appropriate linguistic designation is a concern that should also be reflected in the written language. ”The Council continues to examine and monitor the various spellings and means of expression such as gender asterisks , Underscore ( gender gap ) or the addition “(m, w, d)”, where “d” stands for the third gender option “ diverse ”. The question of gender-neutral pronouns does not arise.

In October 2019 the Ministry for Family, Women, Youth, Integration and Consumer Protection of Rhineland-Palatinate wrote in its handout "Gender Equitable Language" that pronouns for self-designation would be discussed under " transident and intersex people", and names the English they as well as the newly coined German Singular form “sier” (as a contraction of “she” and “he”). The Ministry recommends using only the first and last name in the salutation or cover letter and omitting “Mr.” or “Ms.” if possible. This also corresponds to the recommendations of the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency (compare gender-equitable spelling in German ). Planningtorock , Berlin musician and performer, uses the pronoun “sier” . In the translations of the award-winning Wayfarer trilogy by science fiction author Becky Chambers , non-binary characters are described using the compound pronoun "ser".

The Allgemeine Deutsche Tanzlehrerverband ( General German Dance Teachers Association) , one of the largest umbrella organizations for dance schools and dance teachers worldwide, recommends in November 2019: “Anyone who wants to show and show the appreciation they deserve will [...] shape the current spoken and written language in such a way that also find those who feel neither women nor men. "

Feast day and flags

The annual "International Non- Binary Day " is celebrated on July 14th, exactly between the International Women's Day in March and the International Men's Day in November. The proposal for this was published on a Canadian blog in 2012 and was subsequently taken up. In 2019, the US news magazine Newsweek reported about it.

Since 2009 , the International Transgender Day of Visibility (TDoV) has been celebrated on March 31 , the "International Day for trans Visibility" to demonstrate the achievements and successes of trans * and gender nonconforming people.

There are different flags to represent the non-binary spectrum or parts of it, for example in Pride parades ( pride: " pride , self-esteem "):

Genderqueer

!!!!= Androgyny or being queer , as a mixture of male / female
!!!! = Agender identities or gender neutrality
!!!!= Identities outside the binary system or without reference to it ( complementary color of the lavender shade)

The flag was designed by Marilyn Roxie in June 2011 (under Creative Commons ) and expanded the transgender flag designed by Monica Helms in 1999 ."Transgender Pride Flag" by Monica Helms (1999)

Nonbinary

!!!! = Gender identities outside of bisexuality
!!!!= People with many or all genders (color: " cosmic latte ")
!!!! = Mix of male / female, or in between
!!!! = People who (want to) have no gender

The flag was developed in February 2014 by the 17-year-old non-binary Kye Rowan under the user name "thejasmineelf" on the Tumblr online platform and placed under Creative Commons in order to supplement the Genderqueer flag with further versions.

Gender fluid

!!!! = Pink for femininity
!!!! = White for all genders
!!!!= Purple for both: femininity and masculinity
!!!! = Black for the absence of gender
!!!! = Blue for masculinity

The flag was designed in 2012 by JJ Poole under "genderfluidity" on Tumblr.

Agender

"Agender Pride Flag" by Salem X (2014)Black and white stand for the absence of gender, gray for partial gender or half-genderlessness, green represents non-binary gender ( inverse to purple: without reference to male / female).

This flag was designed in 2014 by Salem X on Tumblr under "transrants".

Film culture

In 1998 the Hamburg director Monika Treut shot the documentary Gendernauts - a journey through the land of the new sexes (English: "A Journey through shifting identities") in cooperation with WDR and arte in San Francisco , which is considered the first group portrait of non-binary people.

Since 2016, the non-binary filmmakers Owl Fisher and Fox Fisher have been working on the ongoing film project My Genderation , which portrays the lives and experiences of transsexual and gender-queer people in many individual short films .

At the beginning of 2018, Sandra Polchow, Kate Bergmann and Juli Lenz founded the Berlin Lesbian Non-Binary Filmfest (BLNfilmfest) and at the end of 2019 they organized their second film festival with thematic focuses such as "Rainbow Family, trans * gender in sport, queer * feminism in music and associated film talks ”.

In April 2018, the science magazine Quarks of WDR television created the documentary Boy or Girl? Why there are more than two genders , on which several authors have contributed: “There are variations - so common that more and more researchers are viewing gender as a continuum on which 'female' and 'male' are just the end poles. “Two months later the WDR documentary by Franziska Ehrenfeld, Insa Rauscher and Hannah Reineke was released Male, female - or what? Life with the third gender , in which three intersex people describe the search for their gender role.

In 2018, the Austrian filmmakers Constanze Grießler and Franziska Mayr-Keber shot the documentary The Abolition of the Sexes about gender roles and their dissolution, about the personal rights of intersex people and gender-appropriate language for the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation (ORF) .

The documentary Always Amber by Lia Hietala and Hannah Reinikainen had its world premiere at the Berlinale 2020 : It is about the 17-year-old Amber, who sees herself as non-binary in Sweden and is looking for her way. The film describes in personal recordings, mostly filmed by the young people with cell phones, how important a tolerant social environment is for the development of one's own gender identity .

Exhibitions

  • Parker R. Hirschmüller: Non-binary Identity. Jugend Museum Berlin-Tempelhof, 2018 (photographs).

See also

Portal: Transgender, Transsexuality and Gender Diversity  - Wikipedia content

literature

  • 2020: Sasha Geffen: Glitter Up the Dark: How Pop Music Broke the Binary. University of Texas Press, Austin April 2020, ISBN 978-1-4773-1878-2 (English; preliminary excerpt in TheGuardian).
  • 2019: Network Sexual Diversity Trans * NRW (Ed.): Non-binary. Glossary entry on NGVT.nrw (funded by the Ministry for Children, Family, Refugees and Integration of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia ).
  • 2019: Micah Rajunov, A. Scott Duane (Eds.): Nonbinary: Memoirs of Gender and Identity. Columbia University Press, New York 2019, ISBN 978-0-231-18533-2 (English; contributions by 20 authors; review by Rebecca Rafferty ).
  • 2018: Sarah Gibson, J. Fernandez: Gender diversity and non-binary inclusion in the workplace: the essential guide for employers. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London / Philadelphia 2018, ISBN 978-1-78450-523-3 (English; excerpt in the Google book search).
  • 2018: Jennifer K. Bosson, Joseph A. Vandello, Camille E. Buckner: The Psychology of Sex and Gender. Sage, Los Angeles January 2018, ISBN 978-1-5063-3132-4 (English; excerpt from Google book search).
  • 2017: Adam Smiley, Aisa Burgwal u. a .: Overdiagnosed but Underserved - Trans Healthcare in Georgia, Poland, Serbia, Spain, and Sweden: Trans Health Survey. Published by Transgender Europe (TGEU), October 2017 (English; 26% non-binary study participants; press release ; PDF: 761 kB, 89 pages on tgeu.org).
  • 2017: Riki Wilchins : Burn the Binary! Selected Writings on the Politics of Trans, Genderqueer and Nonbinary. Riverdale Avenue Books, Riverdale NY 2017, ISBN 1-62601-407-8 (collection of articles; Extract in the Google Book Search).
  • 2016: Sandy E. James, Jody L. Herman et al. a .: The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey. Published by the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE). Washington December 2016 (English; detailed evaluations: 27,715 transgender respondents, 35% of them non-binary; PDF: 2.1 MB, 302 pages on transequality.org).
  • 2016: Previn Karian (Ed.): Critical & Experiential: Dimensions in Gender and Sexual Diversity. Resonance, Eastleigh 2016, ISBN 978-0-9957625-0-3 (English; contributions on the topic of “non-binary identity” by researchers, doctors and activists from Great Britain, USA, Canada, Russia and India).
  • 2016: Meg John Barker: Nonbinary Genders. In: Abbie E. Goldberg (Ed.): The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies. Sage, Thousand Oaks CA 2016, ISBN 978-1-4833-7131-3 , pp 816-820 (English; Extract in the Google Book Search).
  • 2016: Christina Richards, Walter Pierre Bouman u. a .: Non-binary or genderqueer genders. In: International Review of Psychiatry. Volume 28, No. 1, January 2016, pp. 95-102 (English; doi: 10.3109 / 09540261.2015.1106446 ; full text: PDF: 872 kB, 9 pages on ugent.be).
  • 2015: Arn Thorben Sauer: Expert opinion: terms, definitions and disciplinary approaches to transgender and intersexualities. Accompanying material for the Interministerial Working Group on Inter- & Transsexuality - Volume 1. Published by the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth . Berlin May 2015 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 134 pages at bmfsfj.de).
  • 2010: Jannik Franzen, Arn Sauer: Discrimination against trans * people, especially in working life. Published by the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency (ADS). Berlin December 2010 ( PDF: 900 kB, 118 pages on antidiskriminierungsstelle.de).
  • 2002: Joan Nestle , Clare Howell, Riki Anne Wilchins (Eds.): GenderQueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary. Alyson Books, Los Angeles 2002, ISBN 1-55583-730-1 (English).

Web links

Commons : Non -binary people  - images and media files

English:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Kye Rowan: Genderweird: After counting up all the 'votes' for each variation of my nonbinary flag… In: tumblr.com. 2014, accessed November 22, 2019 (English; color codes );
    Quote: " Yellow is representative of being outside the binary, as it is a color often used to distinguish something as its own.
    White is the photological presence of all color / light. This is to represent people who are many or all genders.
    Purple represents the fluidity and multiplicity of many gender experiences, the uniqueness and flexibility of nonbinary people, as well as representing those whose gender experiences include being of or between female and male.
    Black is the photological absence of color / light. This is to represent agender or genderlessness. "
  2. ↑ a b c Yori Gagarim: Huh? What does non-binary mean? In: Missy Magazine . October 4, 2017, accessed November 8, 2019.
  3. ^ A b Marilyn Roxie: About the Flag. In: GenderQueerID.com. Genderqueer and Non-Binary Identities, April 2013, accessed on November 22, 2019;
    Quote: "Lavender (# b57edc): The mixture of blue and pink (traditional colors associated with men and women […]) as lavender is meant to represent androgynes and androgyny. Also represents the “queer” in genderqueer, as lavender is a color that has long been associated with “queerness” […]
    White (#ffffff): Meant to represent agender identity, congruent with the gender neutral white on the transgender pride flag.
    Dark chartreuse green (# 4A8123): The inverse of lavender; meant to represent those whose identities which are defined outside of and without reference to the binary. [...]
    The three colors are not meant to indicate that any of these identities are entirely separate or opposites of one another conceptually; they are all interrelated as well as key concepts in their own right, and there are more concepts and variation of gender and sexuality present that tie into genderqueer identities than can be listed here. The purpose of the flag is to help create visibility for the genderqueer community and related identities.
    [...] Please note that the design is not related to the any UK suffragette colors, flags, or other symbols. "
  4. ↑ Sandy E. James, Jody L. Herman, et al. a .: The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey. Ed .: National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE). Washington DC December 2016, final June 1, 2017, p. 40 (English; PDF: 2.1 MB, 302 pages on transequality.org; USTS website ).
  5. ↑ Jonathan Dent: Release notes: the formal language of sexuality and gender identity. In: Public.OED.com . March 29, 2018, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: " Umbrella Terms and Wildcards: These days, the terms transgender and trans are both frequently used to refer to a broad range of non-traditional gender identities, experiences, and expressions. [...] The idea of ​​the transgender umbrella appears to have started life in the early to mid-1990s [...] ".
  6. ↑ a b Arn Thorben Sauer: Expert Opinion: Concepts, Definitions and Disciplinary Approaches to Transgender and Intersexualities. Accompanying material for the Interministerial Working Group on Inter- & Transsexuality - Volume 1. Ed .: Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth . Berlin May 2015, p. 121 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 134 pages at bmfsfj.de ); Quote: “Even people who are classified as neither * nor *, (gender) queer, non-gender / non-gender etc. Ä. Live beyond gender polarity, can - but do not have to - understand themselves as inter * and / or trans * (Franzen / Sauer 2010: 7 ff.). It is important to emphasize that such identification processes are independent of a possibly intersex body or a body that is considered normal in the two-sex system . "
  7. ↑ Jannik Franzen, Arn Sauer: Discrimination against trans * people, especially in working life. Ed .: Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes (ADS), Berlin December 2010, p. 7 ( PDF: 900 kB, 118 pages on antidiskriminierungsstelle.de ); Quote: “Trans * is a very young, broad umbrella term for a variety of identities and ways of life , which is now widespread in German-speaking countries . The asterisk * serves as a placeholder for various compounds . "
  8. ↑ a b c d Sandy E. James, Jody L. Herman et al. a .: The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey. Ed .: National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE). Washington DC December 2016, final June 1, 2017, pp. 44/45 (English; PDF: 2.1 MB, 302 pages on transequality.org; USTS website ).
  9. ↑ a b Compare the US Library of Congress Control Number: LCCN  sh2017-004882 . In: LCCN.loc.gov. January 24, 2019, accessed November 22, 2019; Quote: "Topical heading: Gender-nonconforming people - Variant (s): Gender-creative people […] Genderqueer people, Non-binary people."
    Ibid: Gender-nonconforming people: " Change Notes: 2017-11-09: new ; 2019-01-24: revised. "
  10. ↑ Jennifer K. Bosson, Joseph A. Vandello, Camille E. Buckner: The Psychology of Sex and Gender. Sage, Los Angeles January 2018, ISBN 978-1-5063-3132-4 , pp. 9–11 (English; reading sample without page numbers in the Google book search); Quote:
    " Gender Identity [...]
    Transgender: Describes people whose psychological gender identity does not align with their assigned sex at birth.
    Agender: Describes people who feel internally ungendered.
    Genderqueer: Describes people who identify as neither, both, or a combination of man and woman.
    Gender fluid: Describes people whose gender identity shifts or changes flexibly rather remaining constant.
    Bigender : Describes people who shift between gender identities as woman and man.
    Trigender: Describes people who shift among woman, man, and third gender identities. "
  11. ↑ Sarah Marsh, Editor of the Guardian , "We're not a trend." In: derFreitag.de . January 18, 2017, accessed November 8, 2019 (translated version by Holger Hutt); Quote: “ Generation Y is also often referred to as the gender-fluid generation […] In the Guardian survey, 104 people registered who sometimes feel more, sometimes less gender-fluid. For some of them, that even means switching back and forth between a number of genders. "
  12. ↑ Simone Leimgruber: Trend topic «Gender Fluidity»: Kaleidoscope of the sexes. In: NZZ.ch . March 15, 2017, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: “As“ flowing gender ”, gender fluidity stands for the dynamic alternation of male, female and gender-neutral sensations. These do not follow a predefined structure, are not permanent and also independent of time phases. Gender-fluid people experience and celebrate changing tendencies of their gender. The body is a kind of “neutral space” which, depending on the mood, offers space for male as well as female (or neutral) feelings, without the change being obvious.
    The perceived gender affiliation of gender-fluid people is an internal process and has little to do with external appearance, genitals and sexuality for the time being. In contrast to transgender people, no definitive conversion to the opposite sex is sought. Gender fluids don't disguise themselves either, like crossdressers do. Their diverse gender identity is in a symbiosis with one another. The (over) flowing is often expressed in an androgynous look that has male and female characteristics at the same time. "
  13. ↑ a b c d e f Cassian Lodge: Gender Census 2019 - The Full Report (Worldwide). In: Gender Census. May 31, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019.
    The Welshman's private initiative began in 2013 and is now co-financed by crowdfunding at crowdfunder.co.uk: gender-census-2019.
    All data tables are available online in Google Spread Sheets under the title 2013–2019 popularity over time [Gender Census] :
    Identity words over time. nonbinary vs. non-binary (2018).
    Pronouns over time. Titles over time.
  14. ↑ a b Madison-Amy Webb: A Reflective Guide to Gender Identity Counseling. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London / Philadelphia 2019, ISBN 978-1-78592-383-8 , p. 48 (English; side view in the Google book search); Quote: "Pangender: A non-binary gender defined as being more than one gender. A pangender person may consider themselves a member of all genders. "
    S. 53: " Trigender: A non-binary identity in which one shifts among three genders, which could include male, female and a non-binary gender. Someone who is also genderqueer may mix two or more genders at a time. "
  15. ↑ a b Christina Richards, Walter Pierre Bouman u. a .: Non-binary or genderqueer genders. In: International Review of Psychiatry. Volume 28, No. 1, January 2016, pp. 95-102, here pp. 95/96 (English; doi: 10.3109 / 09540261.2015.1106446 ; full text: PDF: 872 kB, 9 pages on ugent.be ).
  16. ^ A b Sarah Gibson, J. Fernandez: Gender diversity and non-binary inclusion in the workplace: the essential guide for employers. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London / Philadelphia 2018, ISBN 978-1-78450-523-3 , p. 123 (English; side view in the Google book search); Quote: "DEMI-GENDER: a person with a demi-gender may be part or mostly one gender and part or mostly one of another. For example, a demi-boy may be someone who is mostly a boy, but can be part of something else. [...] ENBY: a shorthand term for 'non-binary' (from the initials NB). Often used by younger non-binary people. "
  17. ↑ a b Hengameh Yaghoobifarah , itself non-binary: Homosexuality: LGBT, is that a cell phone standard ? In: Zeit Online . June 16, 2016, accessed November 8, 2019.
  18. ↑ Arn Sauer: LSBTIQ lexicon: Preface. In: bpb.de . March 27, 2017, accessed April 5, 2020.
  19. ^ Arn Thorben Sauer: Expert opinion: terms, definitions and disciplinary approaches to transgender and intersexualities. Accompanying material for the Interministerial Working Group on Inter- & Transsexuality - Volume 1. Ed .: Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth . Berlin May 2015, p. 119 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 134 pages at bmfsfj.de ).
  20. ↑ Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth : Summary of research results and findings of the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth from the accompanying work on the inter-ministerial working group “Inter- and Transsexuality” (IMAG). Accompanying material for the Interministerial Working Group on Inter- & Transsexuality - Volume 12. Berlin November 2017, pp. 6, 10 and 14 ( PDF: 823 kB, 32 pages on bmfsfj.de ).
  21. ↑ Anja Kühne: The Queer Lexicon: What does transgender mean? In: Tagesspiegel.de . August 10, 2015, accessed November 22, 2019.
  22. ↑ Hengameh Yaghoobifarah : Gender Fluidity : How lucky to be a 90s kid. In: Zeit Online . September 2, 2018, accessed November 8, 2019.
  23. ^ Cassian Lodge: Definitions / glossary. In: GenderCensus.com. 2020, accessed on April 28, 2020 (English); Quote:
    “ Nonbinary: Someone whose gender is neither always entirely male nor always entirely female. Usage: A nonbinary person, a person who is nonbinary.
    Genderqueer: Someone who queers gender. Usage: A genderqueer person, a person who is genderqueer.
    Transgender: Gender is different to the one assigned at birth. Often shortened to “trans”, though trans is also often considered to be a unique identity. Usage: A transgender person, a person who is transgender. "
  24. ↑ a b c Dictionary entry : nonbinary (adjective) c): In: Merriam-Webster's Dictionary . 2019, accessed on November 8, 2019.
    Ibid: genderqueer: "of, relating to, or being a person whose gender identity cannot be categorized as solely male or female".
    Ibid: gender-fluid: "of, relating to, or being a person whose gender identity is not fixed".
  25. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary : nonbinary. In: lexico.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019; Quotation: " nonbinary (adjective) 1.1: Denoting or relating to a gender or sexual identity that is not defined in terms of traditional binary oppositions such as male and female or homosexual and heterosexual." Ibid: genderqueer: "Denoting or relating to a person who does not subscribe to conventional gender distinctions but identifies with neither, both, or a combination of male and female genders. " Ibid .: gender-fluid: " Denoting or relating to a person who does not identify themselves as having a fixed gender. "

  26. ^ Susan Stryker: Transgender History. Seal Press, Berkeley 2008, ISBN 978-1-58005-224-5 , p. Without page number (English; side view in Google book search); Quote: "A transgender person may be of any sexual orientation, just like a nontransgender person."
  27. ^ Glossary of the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation : Glossary of Terms - Transgender. In: GLAAD Media Reference Guide. April 19, 2017, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: " Non-binary and / or genderqueer: Terms used by some people who experience their gender identity and / or gender expression as falling outside the categories of man and woman. They may define their gender as falling somewhere in between man and woman, or they may define it as wholly different from these terms. [...] Gender identity and sexual orientation are not the same. "
  28. ^ Karen L. Blair, Rhea Ashley Hoskin, Transgender exclusion from the world of dating: Patterns of acceptance and rejection of hypothetical trans dating partners as a function of sexual and gender identity. In: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. May 31, 2018, pp. 1–22, here pp. 17–19 (English; doi: 10.1177 / 0265407518779139 ; PDF: 306 kB, 22 pages on squarespace.com ).
    Criticism of Madeleine Kearns' study methodology: Natural Law: Are Your Sexual Preferences Transphobic? In: NationalReview.com . August 23, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019.
  29. ^ Karen L. Blair: Are Trans People Excluded from the World of Dating? In: PsychologyToday.com . June 16, 2019, accessed November 8.
  30. ^ April Scarlette Callis: Bisexual, pansexual, queer: Non-binary identities and the sexual borderlands . In: Sexualities: Studies in Culture and Society . tape 17 , no. 1/2 , February 5, 2014, p. 63–80 , doi : 10.1177 / 1363460713511094 (English): “This article focuses on sexualities in the USA that exist within the border between heterosexuality and homosexuality.”
  31. ^ George Chauncey : Gay New York: gender, urban culture, and the makings of the gay male world, 1890-1940 . Basic Books, New York 1994, ISBN 0-465-02621-4 , pp. ?? (English).
  32. ↑ Judith Butler : The discomfort of the sexes . From the American by Kathrina Menke. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1991, ISBN 3-518-11722-X , p. 218.
  33. ^ Kate Bornstein : Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us. Routledge, New York / London 1994, ISBN 0-415-90897-3 (English; excerpt in the Google book search).
  34. ^ Kate Bornstein, S. Bear Bergman : Gender Outlaw: The Next Generation. Seal Press, Berkeley 2010, ISBN 978-1-58005-308-2 (English; excerpt from Google book search).
  35. ^ Joan Nestle, Clare Howell, Riki Anne Wilchins (Eds.): GenderQueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary. Alyson Books, Los Angeles 2002, ISBN 1-55583-730-1 (English).
  36. ↑ Riki Wilchins : In Your Face! No. 1, New York, Spring 1995, p. 4 (English; PDF: 247 kB, 4 pages on digitaltransgenderarchive.net ); Quote: "[...] But maybe we genderqueers feel it most keenly, because it hits us each time we walk out the front door openly and proudly."
  37. ^ A b Marilyn Roxie: Genderqueer History. In: GenderQueerID.com. December 4, 2011, accessed January 20, 2020.
  38. ↑ Riki Wilchins: Burn the Binary! Selected Writings on the Politics of Trans, Genderqueer and Nonbinary. Riverdale Avenue Books, Riverdale NY 2017, ISBN 1-62601-407-8 (collection of articles; Extract in the Google Book Search).
  39. ^ Jim Sinclair: Self-Introduction To The Intersex Society Of North America: Brief Biography. (No longer available online.) In: syr.edu. 1997, archived from the original on February 7, 2009 ; accessed on January 19, 2020 (English): "I remain openly and proudly neuter, both physically and socially."
  40. ↑ Jo Fidgen: Richard O'Brien: "I'm 70% man". In: BBC.com/news . March 18, 2013, accessed January 20, 2020; Quote: "[...] I believe myself probably to be about 70% male, 30% female."
  41. ^ Sonja Pei-Fen Dale: An Introduction to X-Jendā: Examining a New Gender Identity in Japan. In: Carolyn Brewer (Ed.): Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific. No. 31. Australian National University, December 2012 ( online at anu.edu.au).
  42. ^ Fiona Glen, Karen Hurrell: Technical note: Measuring Gender Identity. Ed .: Equality and Human Rights Commission. Manchester June 2012, ISBN 978-1-84206-447-4 , p. 5 (English; PDF: 347 kB, 21 pages on equalityhumanrights.com ).
  43. ↑ Eva Van Caenegem, Katrien Wierckx u. a .: Prevalence of Gender Nonconformity in Flanders, Belgium. In: Archives of Sexual Behavior. Volume 44, No. 5, July 2015, pp. 1281–1287, here p. 1281 (English; PDF download from doi: 10.1007 / s10508-014-0452-6 ).
  44. ^ G. Nicole Rider, Barbara J. McMorris et al. a .: Health and Care Utilization of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth: A Population-Based Study. In: Pediatrics . February 2018 (English; full text: doi: 10.1542 / peds.2017-1683 ); Quote: "Data came from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey, which consisted of 80,929 students in ninth and 11th grade (n = 2168 TGNC, 2.7%). [...] Gender nonconforming describes individuals whose gender expression does not follow stereotypical conventions of masculinity and femininity and who may or may not identify as transgender. "
  45. ↑ Jody L. Herman, Andrew R. Flores et al. a .: Age of Individuals Who Identify as Transgender in the United States. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles January 2017 (English; PDF: 468 kB, 13 pages on williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu ).
    Williams Institute press release: New Estimates Show that 150,000 Youth Ages 13 to 17 Identify as Transgender in the US. In: WilliamsInstitute.Law.UCLA.edu. January 17, 2017, accessed November 22, 2019.
  46. ^ Study by Cole Gately et al. a .: Mapping the Void: Two-Spirit and LGBTQ + Experiences in Hamilton. Ed .: McMaster University , The AIDS Network. Canada June 11, 2019, p. 16 (English; PDF: 3.4 MB, 99 pages on mcmaster.ca ). Note: The percentage “19.0” printed in the work relates to the pure number of answers: 164 of 862 (with 906 participants).
  47. ↑ Tania Witte: The other way around isn't better either: Welcome to the mainstream. In: Zeit Online . June 15, 2017, Retrieved November 8, 2019.
  48. ^ Christiane Meister: Change of law for intersex people: boy, girl or neither. In: The time . November 1, 2013, accessed July 2, 2020.
  49. ↑ Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency (ADS): Third option - questions and answers. In: Antidiskriminierungsstelle.de. April 8, 2019, accessed July 2, 2020.
  50. ↑ Milou Deelen, Noor Spanjer: Why gender-neutral passports do not mean equal rights. In: Vice.com . December 11, 2019, accessed November 22, 2019.
  51. ^ Jack Harrison, Jaime Grant, Jody L. Herman: A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and OtherWise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. In: LGBTQ Policy Journal at the Harvard Kennedy School. Volume 2, 2011–2012, pp. 13–24, here p. 21 (English; PDF: 181 kB, 12 pages on thetaskforce.org ( memento of July 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive )).
  52. ↑ Dodo Karsay: Health discrimination against people outside the binary gender system. October 10, 2017, accessed on November 22, 2019.
    The study: Adam Smiley, Aisa Burgwal u. a .: Overdiagnosed but Underserved - Trans Healthcare in Georgia, Poland, Serbia, Spain, and Sweden: Trans Health Survey. Published by Transgender Europe (TGEU), October 2017 (English; 26% non-binary study participants; PDF: 761 kB, 89 pages on tgeu.org ).
  53. ↑ Sandy E. James, Jody L. Herman, et al. a .: The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey. Ed .: National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE). Washington DC December 2016, final June 1, 2017, p. 49 (English; PDF: 2.1 MB, 302 pages on transequality.org; USTS website ).
  54. ↑ Cassian Lodge: The Gender Census 2020 is now open! In: GenderCensus.com. April 7, 2020, accessed April 28, 2020 (English); Quote: “ The survey is now closed! It's 7th April 2020, and after 54 days the survey has gathered 24,576 responses! "
  55. ^ Liam Knox: Merriam-Webster adds nonbinary 'they' pronoun to dictionary. In: NBCnews.com . September 18, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: "Merriam-Webster's dictionary is adding a new entry to the definition of the pronoun 'they': a way to refer to a nonbinary individual, one who identifies as neither exclusively male nor female."
  56. ^ Jacey Fortin: When Dictionaries Wade Into the Gender (Non) Binary. In: NYTimes.com . September 20, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019.
  57. ↑ Dictionary entry : they (pronoun) 4). In: Merriam-Webster's Dictionary . 2019, accessed on November 8, 2019.
    Meaning no. 4 was added in September 2019, along with the editorial comment: Usage Notes - A Note on the Nonbinary “They”: It's now in the dictionary. In: Merriam-Webster.com. September 19, 2019 (English).
  58. ↑ Merriam-Webster's editor : Words We're Watching: Singular “They”. In: Merriam-Webster.com. September 2019, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: "Though singular 'they' is old, 'they' as a nonbinary pronoun is new - and useful". See also Dennis Baron: A brief history of singular 'they'. In: oed.com/blog . September 4, 2018, accessed November 8, 2019 (English; Professor of English and Linguistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ); Quote: "Singular they has become the pronoun of choice to replace he and she in cases where the gender of the antecedent - the word the pronoun refers to - is unknown, irrelevant, or nonbinary, or where gender needs to be concealed."
  59. ↑ Emily A. Brewster (Merriam-Webster), interviewed by Cristan Williams (trans activist): Merriam-Webster explains why “they” was added as a non-binary pronoun to dictionary. In: TransAdvocate.com. September 18, 2019, accessed January 20, 2020.
  60. ^ Benjamin Mullin: The Washington Post will allow singular 'they'. In: Pointer. December 1, 2015, accessed November 8, 2019 (English; the Poynter Institute is an American journalism school).
  61. ↑ Avinash Chak: Beyond 'he' and 'she': The rise of non-binary pronouns. In: BBC.com . December 7, 2015, accessed November 8, 2019.
  62. ↑ Bill Walsh, Executive Editor of the Washington Post : Acknowledging the Inevitable: Important changes in Post style (effective Sunday). In: theSlot. Own blog. December 1, 2015, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: "The singular they is also useful in references to people who identify as neither male nor female."
  63. ^ Kristen Hare: AP style change: Singular they is acceptable 'in limited cases'. In: Pointer. March 24, 2017, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: "For the first time, The Associated Press now permits journalists to use 'they' as a singular pronoun. [...] They / them / their is acceptable in limited cases as a singular and-or gender-neutral pronoun [...] If they / them / their use is essential, explain in the text that the person prefers a gender-neutral pronoun. Be sure that the phrasing does not imply more than one person. "
  64. ↑ Brooke Sopelsa: AP Stylebook Embraces 'They' as Singular, Gender-Neutral Pronoun. In: NBCnews.com . March 27, 2017, accessed November 8, 2019; Quotation: "In its latest edition, the Associated Press Stylebook  - a widely used reference for journalists - is embracing the use of 'they' as a singular pronoun."
  65. ↑ BBC radio show: Newsbeat: A brief history of gender neutral pronouns. In: BBC.com. September 22, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: “The practice of using pronouns in a non-binary way has not featured much in academic writing - the first paper on it was published in 2017, but has become more accepted online and on social media, with people now listing them in their Twitter bios. "
  66. ^ Tracy Frey: Singular They. In: AMAstyleInsider.com. September 27, 2017, accessed on May 12, 2020.
    Chicago Manual of Style : Official website .
  67. ↑ Lexicon entry: they, pron., Adj., Adv., And n. In: Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved May 12, 2020 (English).
  68. ↑ Margit Tavits, Efrén O. Pérez: Language influences mass opinion toward gender and LGBT equality. In: PNAS . August 5, 2019 (English; published online; doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1908156116 ); Summary: "Significance: Evidence from 3 survey experiments traces the effects of gender-neutral pronoun use on mass judgments of gender equality and tolerance toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ( LGBT ) communities. The results establish that individual use of gender-neutral pronouns reduces the mental salience of males. "
  69. ↑ Inga Barthels: Study from Sweden: Gender equitable language works. In: Tagesspiegel.de . August 20, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: “In Sweden there is a gender-neutral pronoun. A study shows: its use directly influences the perception of gender roles. "
  70. ^ Ian Sample (Science Editor): Language: He, she, or ...? Gender-neutral pronouns reduce biases - study. In: TheGuardian.com . August 20, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: “Researchers find usage boosts positive feelings towards women and LGBT people”.
  71. ↑ Ben Kesslen: Ms., Mr. or Mx.? Nonbinary teachers embrace gender-neutral honorific. In: NBCnews.com . January 20, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019.
  72. ↑ Matthias Heine : Culture - Mr, Mrs or Mx: English now also has a third gender. In: The world . May 6, 2015, accessed November 22, 2019
  73. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary : Mx 1). Retrieved November 8, 2019; Quote: "A title used before a person's surname or full name by those who wish to avoid specifying their gender or by those who prefer not to identify themselves as male or female."
  74. ↑ Anna Damm and Lann Hornscheidt , interviewed by Malte Göbel: Gender equitable language: “There are more than women and men”. In: taz.de . May 17, 2014, accessed November 22, 2019.
  75. ↑ Lann Hornscheidt , interviewed by Nadine Lange: “Let's say goodbye to gender”. In: Tagesspiegel.de . July 23, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019; Quote: “The system with the X is much simpler than the current one with its three gender forms. But it's not about adding an X to everything or introducing new rules, but rather about regaining language. ” On the same day, Peter Grimm published a criticism : Gender is no longer good at all. In: Achgut.com . July 23, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019.
  76. ^ Council for German Spelling (RdR), press release: Recommendations on “gender equitable spelling” - resolution of the Council for German Spelling of November 16, 2018. Mannheim, pp. 1–2 ( PDF: 422 kB, 2 pages onrechtschreibrat.com) .
  77. ^ Ministry for Family, Women, Youth, Integration and Consumer Protection Rhineland-Palatinate (MFFJIV), Section Same-Sex Lifestyles and Gender Identity: Handout “Gender- Equitable Language”. October 2019, p. 4: How can individuals be addressed in a gender-equitable manner? Ibid p. 6: Which self-names do transident and intersex people use? ( PDF: 235 kB, 8 pages at mffjiv.rlp.de ).
  78. ↑ Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency : Man - Woman - Divers: The “Third Option” and the General Equal Treatment Act. In: Antidiskriminierungsstelle.de. April 8, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019.
  79. ↑ Jens Balzer: Kiss me on my sexes! In: Republik.ch . November 17, 2018, Retrieved November 22, 2019 (via multiple transgender / non-binary musicians).
  80. ↑ Judith Vogt : Essay: It works! Gender-appropriate language in a novel (using the example of "Wasteland"). In: TOR online . October 18, 2019, accessed April 25, 2020.
  81. ↑ Allgemeiner Deutscher Tanzlehrerverband (ADTV): Press release: Gender equitable language has a new dimension - Current recommendation of the Working Group on Manners International (AUI). In: Presseportal.de . November 4, 2019, accessed November 8, 2019.
  82. ↑ Katje's blog post: Calling for an International Non-Binary Gender Day. In: Fierce Femme's Black Market. Fierce Femme, Canada, private blog, March 8, 2012, accessed November 22, 2019.
    A 2018 appeal from Charlie Mathers: Prepare for International Non-binary Day by learning how to be a better ally. In: GayStarNews.com. July 13, 2018, accessed November 22, 2019.
  83. ↑ Alexander Kacala: Culture: International Non-Binary People's Day Celebrates Gender Non-Conforming People. In: Newsweek.com . July 14, 2019, accessed November 22, 2019.
    Rokia Hassanein: Breaking Binaries this International Non-Binary Day. In: Equality Magazine. Online journal of the Human Rights Campaign (HRC). July 11, 2019, accessed November 22, 2019.
    Jesse Jones: Events: Brisbane celebrates International Non-Binary Day. In: Qnews.com.au. July 15, 2019, accessed November 22, 2019.
  84. ↑ Queer Calendar: Transgender Day of Visibility. In: Queer-Lexikon.net. December 19, 2019, accessed July 9, 2020.
  85. ↑ Anna Siegel: Anti-Discrimination: Nuremberg Greens demand bathing day only for trans * and intergender people. In: inFranken.de . July 7, 2020, accessed on July 9, 2020 (“The campaign is to start for the International Trans * gender Day of Visibility on March 31, 2021”).
  86. ↑ Ashlee Fowlkes: Transgender Day Of Visibility: Honoring The Visible And The Invisible. In: Forbes.com . March 31, 2019, accessed on July 9, 2020.
  87. Jump up ↑ Flag Gallery: Pride Gallery. In: Nonbinary.wiki. October 19, 2019, accessed November 22, 2019.
  88. ↑ a b c Flag Gallery: Pride Flags. In: Wikia.org: Gender Wiki. July 17, 2019, accessed November 22, 2019.
  89. ↑ JJ Poole: So I couldn't find a flag that… In: Tumblr . 2012, accessed on November 22nd (English; only after registration).
  90. ^ Salem: Untitled: hi my name is salem and i created the agender flag. In: Tumblr . January 4, 2019, accessed November 22; Quote: "i wiped the rest of my content because it contained a lot of information from an extremely difficult period of my life."
  91. ↑ Film entry: Gendernauts - a journey through the land of the new sexes at filmportal.de , accessed on April 3, 2020.
  92. ↑ Official project website: My Genderation. 2016–2020, accessed on April 3, 2020. Owl Fisher and Fox Fisher
    video channel :     Fox and Owl on YouTube, accessed April 3, 2020.
  93. ^ Berlin Lesbian Non-Binary Filmfest (BLNfilmfest): Team. In: blnfilmfest.org. 2020, accessed April 3, 2020.
  94. ↑ Sandra Polchow (BLN team), interviewed by Eva Tepest: Lesbian Film Festival Berlin “We want to reach a wide audience”. In: Der Tagesspiegel . December 7, 2018, accessed April 3, 2020.
  95. ↑ Independent German Queer Film: Berlin Lesbian Non-Binary Filmfest (BLN). In: QueerScope.de. December 2019, accessed April 3, 2020.
  96. ↑ Documentation by Jakob Kneser, Dirk Gilson, Anke Rau, Angela Sommer, Georg Wieghaus, Pina Dietsche: Junge oder Mädchen? Why there are more than two genders. In: WDR : Quarks . April 10, 2018, accessed on April 3, 2020 (with video: 44:18 minutes; available until April 10, 2023).
  97. ↑ Video from WDR documentary: Male or female? The third gender on YouTube, June 7, 2018, accessed April 3, 2020 (43:03 minutes).
  98. ↑ Documentation by Constanze Grießler and Franziska Mayr-Keber at Ultimate Documentary: The Abolition of Gender (HD documentary German 2018) on YouTube, August 4, 2018, accessed on April 3, 2020 (51:40 minutes).
    Julian Dörr: Gender documentary at 3sat: Typically male, typically female, typically something. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . July 25, 2018, accessed on April 3, 2020.
    Program information : “The abolition of the sexes - typically man, typically woman, typically what?” On July 25 at 8:15 pm in 3sat. In: ORF.at . July 25, 2018, accessed April 3, 2020.
  99. ↑ Jan-Philipp Kohlmann: Transgender Films in the Panorama: My Body, My Choice. In: Tagesspiegel.de . February 28, 2020, accessed April 3, 2020.
  100. ↑ Katharina Lipowsky: Non-binary Identity: Photography exhibition. Federal Agency for Civic Education 2018, accessed on March 20, 2020 (with video: 6:54 minutes).