Administrative structure of the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel

The administrative structure of the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel was divided into 118 offices in 1793. Of these, 11 were municipal court offices, 32 main offices, 19 monastery courts, 8 princely courts, 22 aristocratic courts with higher jurisdiction , 21 noble courts without higher jurisdiction, 4 glebasten courts without higher jurisdiction, and 1 noble commandery court. All of these areas had the competences of an office and seat and vote in the Braunschweigische estates assembly , although they were of very different size, legal form and importance.

Systematics

In the system below, the year 1793 is taken as the reference year because statistical information is available for all offices. The administrative history of the principality and most of the countries has been relatively continuous and unchanged since the Hildesheim Recession of 1643 and the recapture of the long independent city ​​of Braunschweig in 1671. In 1753/54 the princely residence was moved back from Wolfenbüttel to the newly built Braunschweig Palace .

Many of the 48 noble courts, with their traditional rights, often only comprised one or two villages. Sometimes the monastery offices did not include any villages at all, but still had a seat in the national assembly. But they employed residents from other offices and paid taxes. All offices in the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (excluding the Principality of Blankenburg and Lower Harz Communion) together comprised 11 independent cities, 12 towns and 434 villages and hamlets.

The offices were divided into two main areas (northern and southern offices) and these were divided into two main districts each. In addition, there was the small office of Thedinghausen, located far north near Bremen . The Thedinghausen office had belonged to the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel since 1679. His affiliation to the Braunschweig district only ended in 1972.

From 1731 the principality of Blankenburg in the southeastern Harz was permanently linked with Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel in personal union, but remained an independent imperial estate until 1805. It is therefore not dealt with here. Another special feature of constitutional law was the Lower Harz Communion District , which was administered in the 18th century together with the Electorate of Hanover .

Among the northern departments of listed Wolfenbüttelsche district around the capital and the royal seat, and the slightly less important Elmbezirk (even after the main town Nice Inge magnetic domain ) to Helmstedt with the isolated in today's Saxony-Anhalt as exclave lying Office Calvörde . The southern offices , which are spatially separated from the northern part of the country, were formed by the Harz district and the Weser district in a narrow belt of land between the Electorate of Hanover and the Duchy of Hildesheim .

In the system below, the offices are first divided according to the type of office rule and then listed alphabetically under their most common name. As explained above, there were municipal offices (roughly comparable to an independent city ), main dominal offices (most likely comparable to a rural district that is usual today ), and several special forms of mostly subordinate importance with traditional rights: monastery offices, princely courts, noble courts with or without higher jurisdiction (everyone had the lower jurisdiction), and glebasten courts . Noble court oO means a noble court rule without higher jurisdiction.

The list also includes: the name of the most likely permanent main place (in the link you can often read more about the history of the office), a modern coat of arms from one of the places of the office (where possible, the main place), the number of localities, villages and hamlets for which the office was responsible, the number of fireplaces (roughly comparable to today's households), the number of residents, comments and further information on historical or orthographic features of the respective office, and a typical picture from the office. Coats of arms and images were only used for the municipal and main offices, also for better differentiation. The Brunswick lion can be found in many of the coats of arms . Regarding the coats of arms, it should be noted that many of the coats of arms were only designed in the last few decades and they are not supposed to represent historically correct coats of arms of the offices. There is no evidence that the offices had their own coat of arms.

Northern offices

Wolfenbüttelsch district

The Wolfenbüttel district, or, as it is called after the French model, the Oker district from its main river , was about 24.5 square miles in size (about 1,396 square kilometers). In 1793, a total of 81,677 people (excluding the military) lived in the 170 villages and 3 cities, i.e. around 58.5 people per square kilometer. Among them there were 13,803 house fathers, 17,126 house mothers, 2,649 single, self-supporting persons, 707 house servants, 3,471 servants and grandmothers, 5,715 maids, 85 high school students, 195 shop attendants, 198 shop boys, 1,719 journeymen, 777 apprentices, 1,228 old fathers and 2,232 old mothers, 4,199 Sons and 4,725 daughters over 14 years of age, 11,685 sons and 11,196 daughters under 14 years of age. A total of 39,076 were male and 42,601 female, including 1,006 widowers and 4,209 widows, and 365 orphans. 35,340 people lived in cities and 46,337 in rural areas.

In 1799 there were 163 churches and chapels, 106 collective accommodation for widows ( widow houses ), 1 knight academy, 3 high schools, 45 community and 149 country schools, and 3 orphanages. The following data was available on the social structure of the rural population in 1799: there were 488 large farms ( arable farms ), 498 medium-sized farms ( half-span farms ), 3,086 small farms ( Kothöfe ), and 1,080 small and part-time farms ( Brinkitzer and cultivators ). In the entire principality there were 3,998 soldiers and military personnel in 1799.

The following offices were part of the Wolfenbüttel district :

Office / court	main place	coat of arms	Type of authority	Number of localities	Fireplaces (households)	Inhabitants 1793	Remarks	image
Braunschweig Office	Braunschweig		Municipal Office	1	k. A.	27.301	since 1754 royal seat and largest city
Wolfenbüttel City Office	Wolfenbüttel		Municipal Office	1	898	6,397	Old capital with high offices
Office Scheppenstedt	Schöppenstedt		Municipal Office	1	235	1,642	City rights since 1474
Office Achim	Achim		Main Dominialamt	6th	225	1,480	own office only since 1751, previously resident office
Office camping	Camp		Main Dominialamt	15th	394	2,815	In 1706 it was finally acquired in exchange with Hanover-Lüneburg
At the pond	Dankwarderode Castle		Main Dominialamt	11	398	3,170	also: Amt der Eich , old name: Burgamt
Gebhardshagen Office	Gebhardshagen		Main Dominialamt	5	246	1,948
Office Lichtenberg	Lichtenberg		Main Dominialamt	19th	1,053	7,751	old patrimonial office
Office Neubrück	Neubrück Castle		Main Dominialamt	6th	147	943
Office Salzdahlum	Salt dahlum		Main Dominialamt	8th	273	1.918
Winnigstedt office	Winnigstedt		Main Dominialamt	5	202	1,272
Wolfenbüttel Office (Residence Office)	Wolfenbüttel		Main Dominialamt	42	1,557	11,196	largest Dominialamt
Office monastery for the glory of God	Monastery for the glory of God		Monastery office	0	1	18th	Jungfrauenkloster founded in Salzdahlum in 1701 , moved to Wolfenbüttel in 1791. Without a seat in the assembly of estates.
Office of Riddagshausen	Riddagshausen Monastery		Monastery office	8th	238	1.923	largest monastery office in the principality, parts in the Elm district
Office of St. Aegidius	Aegidienkloster		Monastery office	0	1	16	The Benedictine monastery formed the aegidia freedom in the south of the city of Braunschweig, from 1615 the Lutheran convent of virgins
Office of St. Blaise	St. Blaise Monastery		Monastery office	0	1	11	Brunswick Cathedral
Office of St. Crucis	Heiligkreuz Monastery		Monastery office	0	8th	84	two Vorwerk-Höfe, also Amt Heilig Kreuz
Office of St. Cyriacus	St. Cyriacus Abbey		Monastery office	0	1	7th	south of Braunschweig
Steterburg Office	Steterburg Monastery		Monastery office	2	25th	285	Residenzamt has higher jurisdiction
Office balances	Salder Castle		Princely court	2	177	713	joint administration of justice with Amt Lichtenberg
Office of Vechelde	Vechelde Castle		Princely court	4th	96	614	In 1807 the office was incorporated into the Kingdom of Westphalia , created by Napoleon , and dissolved. After the end of the so-called " French era ", the Vechelde office was restituted. Around 1850 Vechelde was the administrative center of 34 villages in the Duchy of Braunschweig .
Veltenhof Office	Veltenhof		Princely court	1	27	256	Colony of tobacco farmers from the Palatinate , later growing asparagus
Wendhausen Office	Wendhausen Castle		Princely court	1	42	322	since 1751 Princely Court Office
Brunsrode Office	Brunsrode Castle		Noble court	2	47	361	Enclave in office camping
Destedt Office	Destedt		Noble court	5	167	1,136	largest noble office in Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
Office Duttenstedt	Duttenstedt		Noble court	2	55	411
Glentorf Office	Glentorf		Noble court	1	42	311	Enclave in office camping
Office Groß Vahlberg	Manor Groß Vahlberg		Noble court	1	48	293	Enclave in the Residenzamt
Hedwigsburg Office	Hedwigsburg Castle		Noble court	2	51	480
Klein Vahlberg office	Klein Vahlberg		Noble court	2	37	155	Enclave in the Residenzamt
Office Lucklum	Lucklum		Noble court	1	19th	288	Enclave in the Residenzamt
Neindorf office	Neindorf		Noble court	1	14th	108	Enclave in the Residenzamt
Office Schliestedt	Schliestedt Castle		Noble court		20th	260	Enclave in the Voigtsdahlum office in the Elm district
Veltheim Office	Veltheim Castle		Noble court	2	46	410	Enclave in the Residenzamt
Office Watzum	Watzum manor		Noble court	1	52	319
Office official life	Burg Amtleben		Noble court o.O.	1	28	226	Enclave in the Residenzamt, which has higher jurisdiction
Burgdorf Office	Burgdorf		Noble court o.O.	2	75	526	Enclave in the Lichtenberg district, which has higher jurisdiction
Engerode Office	Engerode		Noble court o.O.	1	11	67	Enclave in the Gebhardshagen office, which has higher jurisdiction
Office Halchter	Halchter		Noble court o.O.	1	32	311	Enclave in the Residenzamt, which has higher jurisdiction
Office Küblingen	Küblingen		Noble court o.O.	2	88	688	City Office Scheppenstedt has jurisdiction
Office Linden	Linden trees		Noble court o.O.	1	20th	182	Enclave in the Residenzamt, which has higher jurisdiction
Office Niedernsicke	Sick		Noble court o.O.	1	43	294	Enclave in the Residenzamt, which has higher jurisdiction
Office Oelber	Oelber on the white path		Noble court o.O.	1	65	366	Amt Lichtenberg has jurisdiction
Office Scheppau	Scheppau		Noble court o.O.	1	25th	176	Enclave in the office of Campe, which has jurisdiction
Office of Wendessen	Wendesser Good		Noble court o.O.	1	26th	199	Enclave in the Residenzamt, which has higher jurisdiction
Office turning cell	Turning cell		Noble court o.O.	1	51	343	Enclave in the Residenzamt, which has higher jurisdiction
Office Bornum	Bornum am Elm		Glebasten dish	1	35	220	Enclave in the Residenzamt, which has higher jurisdiction
Wolfenbüttelscher District 1799				170	10,317	86,920	with military personnel

Elm district

The Elm district, or, as named after its capital, Schöningen district , was 14.375 square miles in size (about 805 square kilometers). In 1793 a total of 35,831 people lived in the 92 villages and 3 cities, i.e. about 44.5 people per square kilometer. Among them there were 6,202 house fathers, 7,245 house mothers, 647 single, self-supporting persons, 178 house servants, 1,745 servants and grandchildren, 2,081 maids, 213 students and high school students, 36 shop attendants, 39 shop boys, 559 journeymen, 327 apprentices, 2,137 old fathers and old mothers, 4,079 children over 14 years and 10,343 under 14 years. A total of 17,578 were male and 18,253 female, including 520 widowers and 1,779 widows, and 130 orphans. 8,044 people lived in cities and 27,877 in rural areas.

The following data were available in 1799 on the social structure of the rural population and the economic infrastructure: there were 432 large farms ( arable farms ), 277 medium-sized farms ( half-span farms ), 1,229 small farms ( koth farms ), and 684 small and sideline farms ( brinkitzer and cultivators ). In addition, there were 1 salt mine, 1 Gesundbrunnen (spa), 2 hard coal and lignite mines , 3 paper mills , 86 grinding and oil mills with water, 29 windmills , 8 brick kilns, 2 gypsum ovens and 9 lime kilns .

The Elm district is made up of the following offices:

Office / court	main place	coat of arms	Type of authority	Number of localities	Fireplaces (households)	Inhabitants 1793	Remarks	image
Office Helmstedt	Helmstedt		Municipal Office	1	638	4,321	largest city, plus 193 students from Helmstedt University
Office Schöningen City	Schöningen		Municipal Office	1	272	2.130	very old place, city rights since 1370
Koenigslutter City Office	Königslutter am Elm		Municipal Office	1	181	1,437	City rights since 1400
Office of Bardorf	Bahrdorf		Main Dominialamt	7th	198	1,493	old patrimonial office
Office of Hessen	Hesse		Main Dominialamt	2	235	1,758	two isolated villages in the extreme south, today in Saxony-Anhalt
Office Jerxheim	Jerxheim		Main Dominialamt	7th	405	3,090
Kalvörde office	Calvörde		Main Dominialamt	10	316	2,816	Exclave in the Prussian province of Saxony
Office of Königslutter-Land	Königslutter am Elm		Main Dominialamt	6th	364	2,744	The official seat is an enclave within the city office of Königslutter
Neuhaus Office	Neuhaus Castle		Main Dominialamt	4th	143	1,060
Office Schöningen -Land	Esbeck		Main Dominialamt	8th	206	1,576	old princely allodial office
Office Voigtsdahlum	Voigtsdahlum		Main Dominialamt	5	202	1,272
Office of Vorsfelde	Vorsfelde		Main Dominialamt	14th	202	1,272	former bartensleben fiefdom, office only from 1742
Warberg Office	Warberg Castle		Main Dominialamt	4th	202	1,272
Office of Marienberg Monastery	Marienberg Monastery		Monastery office	1	k. A.	195	Monastery district in Helmstedt
Office of the Marienthal Monastery	Marienthal Monastery		Monastery office	4th	167	1,172	second largest monastery office in the principality
Office of the Bornum Monastery Estate	Bornum		Monastery office	1	83	481	since 1781 outer courtyard of the Amelungsborn monastery
Office of Riddagshausen	Riddagshausen Monastery		Monastery office	2	58	489	the main part of the office is in the Wolfenbüttel district
St. Lorenz Office	St. Lorenz Monastery		Monastery office	2	95	616	Parts in Schöningen ( monastery freedom )
Office of St. Ludgeri	Lüderkloster		Monastery office	2	94	708	before Helmstedt
Königslutter monastery office	Königslutter Monastery		Monastery office	0	28	260	1 monastery, 1 grinding mill, 1 forecourt
Office Twieflingen	Twieflingen		Princely court	1	54	391	only princely court in the Elm district
Altena Office	Altena Manor		Noble court	2	114	570
Office Büstedt	Büstedt manor		Noble court	2	93	686
Office Rottorf	Rottorf		Noble court	1	42	254
Office of Velvet Life	Sambleben Castle		Noble court	2	52	389
Office of Süpplingenburg	Süpplingenburg Castle		Noble Commandery Court	2	96	756
Office Nordsteimke	Nordsteimke		Noble court o.O.	1	32	230	Enclave in the Neuhaus district, the Bardorf district has higher jurisdiction
Office Groß Twülpstedt and Sißbeck	Groß Twülpstedt		Noble court o.O.	2	49	397	Enclave in the Bardorf office, which has jurisdiction over the higher courts
Elm district 1793				95	4,368	35,831	with military and students

Southern offices

Harz District

The Harz District was 9.75 square miles (about 546 square kilometers). In 1793, a total of 25,007 people lived in the 61 villages, 2 cities and 2 market towns, i.e. about 45.8 people per square kilometer. There were 4,314 house fathers, 5,005 house mothers, 403 single, self-supporting persons, 153 house servants, 1,086 servants and grandparents, 1,306 maids, 11 high school students, 7 shopkeepers, 16 shop assistants, 282 journeymen, 124 apprentices, 447 old fathers and 883 old mothers, 1,668 Sons and 1,566 daughters over 14 years of age, 3,871 sons and 3,865 daughters under 14 years of age. A total of 12,067 were male and 12,940 female, including 338 widowers and 1,174 widows, and 111 orphans. 3,363 people lived in cities and 21,664 in the countryside.

The following data was available in 1799 on the social structure of the rural population and the economic infrastructure: there were 157 large farms ( arable farms ), 136 medium-sized farms ( half-span farms ), 1,267 small farms ( koth farms ), and 849 small and sideline farms ( brinksitzer and cultivators ). In addition there were 1 ironworks, 1 copper hammer , 2 paper mills , 8 sawmills, 46 grinding and oil mills , 3 fulling , grinding and groats mills, 6 iron pits, 5 brick kilns, 2 plastering works and 9 lime kilns .

The following offices belonged to the Harz district :

Office / court	main place	coat of arms	Type of authority	Number of localities	Fireplaces (households)	Inhabitants 1793	Remarks	image
Office of Gandersheim City	Gandersheim		Municipal Office	1	274	1,742	one of the oldest cities in Lower Saxony, city rights even before Braunschweig. Bad Gandersheim since 1932
Seesen City Office	Seesen		Municipal Office	1	217	1,621	City rights since 1428
Office of Gandersheim-Land	Gandersheim Castle		Main Dominialamt	23	545	4,087	largest and most western office of the district, divided into two Börden (Leinebörde with 12 villages and Harzbörde with 11 villages)
Harzburg Office	Bündheim Castle		Main Dominialamt	7th	435	3,442	Amt is an isolated exclave in the Harz Mountains east of Goslar
Langelsheim Office	Langelsheim		Main Dominialamt	3	372	2,609
Office Lutter am Barenberge	Lutter Castle		Main Dominialamt	6th	297	2,459	Surrounded on three sides by the duchy of Hildesheim
Seesen Land Office	Seesen Castle		Main Dominialamt	8th	378	2,551	The official seat is an enclave within the Stadt-Amt Seesen
Office of Staufenburg	Stauffenburg		Main Dominialamt	7th	416	2,792
Office of Brunshausen Monastery	Brunshausen Monastery		Monastery office	1	8th	58	before Bad Gandersheim
Office of Frankenberg Monastery	Frankenberg Church		Monastery office	2	6th	37	small exclave in the city of Goslar
Office of Klus Monastery	Monastery church Clus		Monastery office	1	7th	50	before Bad Gandersheim, assessed with Brunshausen Monastery
Office of the Gandersheim Monastery	Gandersheim Abbey		Monastery office	2	71	514	Princes of the imperial empire, extensive rights
Bodenburg office	Bodenburg		Noble court	2	137	810	Exclave in the Hildesheim district of Winzenburg
Office Kirchberg and Ildeshausen	Kirchberg		Noble court	2	110	682
Office Volkersheim	Volkersheim Castle		Noble court	1	71	490
Hilprechtshausen and Wolperode office	Hilprechtshausen and Wolperode		Noble court o.O.	2	41	265	two enclaves in the district of Gandersheim-Land, which has jurisdiction over the highest court
Office Nienhagen	Gut Nienhagen		Noble court o.O.	1	2	30th	Enclave in the Hildesheim district of Wohldenberg , the district of Lutter im Barenberge has jurisdiction
Office of Rimmerode	Rimmerode		Noble court o.O.	1	2	33	Enclave in the office of Gandersheim-Land, which has higher jurisdiction
Office Windhausen	Windhausen		Noble court o.O.	1	46	279	Enclave in the Staufenburg office, which has higher jurisdiction
Office Hachenhausen	Hachenhausen		Glebasten dish	1	14th	95	Enclave in the office of Gandersheim-Land, which has higher jurisdiction
Office Helmscherode	Helmscherode		Glebasten dish	1	27	172	Enclave in the office of Gandersheim-Land, which has higher jurisdiction
Office Hochstedt	Hochstedt		Glebasten dish	1	4th	29	Enclave in the Seesen district, which has jurisdiction over the highest court
Harz District 1799				65	3,493	25,614

Weser District

To the west of the Harz district, the Weser district joined between the Weser and Leine. Even the minor offices (monastery, princely and noble offices) are often considerable compared to the other districts. The Weser district was 11.75 square miles (about 658 square kilometers). In 1793, a total of 31,433 people lived in the 86 villages, 2 cities and 3 market towns, i.e. about 47.8 people per square kilometer. Among them there were 5,262 house fathers, 5,743 house mothers, 636 single, self-supporting persons, 146 house servants, 932 servants and 237 grandmaids (junior servants), 1,486 maids, 22 high school students, 8 shop servants, 16 shop assistants, 304 journeymen, 122 apprentices, 2,014 grandfathers and Old mothers, 4,626 sons and daughters over 14 years of age, 9,829 children under 14 years of age. A total of 15,388 were male and 16,045 were female. 4,567 people lived in cities and 26,866 in rural areas.

The following data was available in 1799 on the social structure of the rural population and the economic infrastructure: there were 259 large farms ( arable farms ), 411 medium-sized farms ( half-span farms ), 1,270 small farms ( koth farms ), and 1,092 small and sideline farms ( brinkitzer places ). In addition, there were 1 Metallurgical, 3 ironworks, 4 Blank Hammer , 4 glassworks , 1 Spiegelhütte , 1 porcelain factory , 1 stone grinding mill 4 tamping mills, 4 Glaze and polishing mills, 4 iron grinding mills, 4 sawmills , 6 paper mills , 54 grinding, Grütze- and oil mills , 13 Ross water and oil mills, 2 Bark mill , 1 brickyard , 5 gypsum cabins , and 12 lime kilns .

The following offices belonged to the Weser district :

Office / court	main place	coat of arms	Type of authority	Number of localities	Fireplaces (households)	Inhabitants 1793	Remarks	image
Office Eschershausen	Eschershausen		Municipal Office	1	120	725	Urban market town, jurisdiction at the Wickensen office
Office Holzminden	Holzminden		Municipal Office	1	350	2,452	fourth largest city in the principality
Stadtoldendorf office	Stadtoldendorf		Municipal Office	1	214	1,390
Allersheim Office	Allersheim		Main Dominialamt	10	240	2,180	in a semicircle around Holzminden
Forest Office	Forest		Main Dominialamt	6th	262	2,091
Fürstenberg Office	Fürstenberg Castle		Main Dominialamt	3	177	1,581
Office Greene	Greene		Main Dominialamt	19th	586	5,291
Office Ottenstein	Ottenstein		Main Dominialamt	5	284	1,816
Wickensen Office	Wickensen		Main Dominialamt	31	949	6,761	largest office in the district, divided into Oberbörde and Niederbörde
Amelunxborn Monastery Office	Amelungsborn Monastery		Monastery office	3	146	1,091	third largest monastery office in the principality
Office Bevern	Bevern Castle		Princely court	1	146	1,046	only one place, but an important market town
Office of the Green Plan	Green plan		Princely court	1	90	714	only one place, but an important glassmaker's smelting place
Office Brunkensen	Brunkensen		Noble court	3	103	673	Lime kiln, brickworks, paper mill
Office Deensen	Deensen		Noble court	1	73	652
Office Hehlen	Hehlen moated castle		Noble court	3	136	1.004
Office Bisperode	Bisperode Castle		Noble court o.O.	2	155	1,213	The office of Wickensen has jurisdiction
Office Düsterthal	Düsterntal Castle		Noble court o.O.	0	1	15th	Enclave in Amt Greene (higher jurisdiction). Gutsschloss only
Harderode Office	Harderode		Noble court o.O.	1	47	285	The office of Wickensen has jurisdiction
Office Meinbrexen	Meinbrexen		Noble court o.O.	1	59	334	southernmost village in the principality, upper court in the Fürstenberg office
Weser District 1799				91	4.175	32.097

Office Thedinghausen

The small and relatively poor office of Thedinghausen was still located outside of Bremen . The office was 1.33 square miles (about 74 square kilometers). A total of 3,431 people lived in the 12 villages and 1 market town in 1793, i.e. about 46.4 people per square kilometer. Among them were 578 house fathers, 635 house mothers, 46 single, self-supporting persons, 19 house servants, 127 servants and 35 grandparents (junior servants), 251 maids, 0 high school students, 5 shop clerks, 2 shop boys, 16 journeymen, 16 apprentices, 206 old fathers and Old mothers, 291 sons and daughters over 14 years, 1,159 children under 14 years. A total of 1,663 were male and 1,768 female. There was no city and therefore no urban population either.

In 1799 the following data was available on the social structure of the rural population and the economic infrastructure: there were 49 large farms ( arable farms ), 39 medium-sized farms ( half-span farms ), 198 small farms ( koth farms ), and 128 small and sideline farms ( brinkers and cultivators ). In addition, there were only 2 windmills and 2 tinder mills in terms of economic infrastructure .

Office / court	main place	coat of arms	Type of authority	Number of localities	Fireplaces (households)	Inhabitants 1793	Remarks	image
Office Thedinghausen	Thedinghausen		Main Dominialamt	13	442	3,431	only office, isolated as an exclave until 1972

Individual evidence

1. ^ Johann Georg Heinrich Hassel and Karl Friedrich Bege: Geographical-statistical description of the principalities of Wolfenbüttel and Blankenburg. In: Volume 1, p.57. Retrieved July 18, 2020 .  
2. ^ ^{A b c d e f g h i} Johann Georg Heinrich Hassel and Karl Friedrich Bege: Geographical-statistical description of the principalities of Wolfenbüttel and Blankenburg. In: Volume 2. Retrieved July 18, 2020 .  
3. ^ ^{A b} Johann Georg Heinrich Hassel and Karl Friedrich Bege: Geographical-statistical description of the principalities of Wolfenbüttel and Blankenburg. In: Volume 1. Retrieved July 18, 2020 .  

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