21st century BC Chr.

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The 21st century BC Chr. Began on 1 January 2100 v. Chr. And ended on 31 December 2001 v. This corresponds to the period 4050 to 3951 before today or the interval 3718 to 3632 radiocarbon years .

Coffin texts

Age / Epoch

• Subboreal (3710-450 BC).
• Early Bronze Age in southern Central Europe (BZ A1 from 2300/2200 to 2000 BC).
• The Aegean Early Bronze Age ends around 2000 BC. Chr.

Events

• 21st century BC Chr .:
  • The so-called coffin texts were created in ancient Egypt .
  • During the early III period , an oversized administrative apparatus formed , possibly partly responsible for the later decline of the 3rd dynasty.
  • Babylon is founded by the Amurrites .
  • The Ortoiroid people settle on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico , as evidenced by a skeleton find from this time on the neighboring island of Vieques .
• Around 2100 BC Chr .:
  • In Ur is Code of Ur-Nammu written, the oldest surviving written collection of laws.
  • The city of Caral of the Norte Chico culture in Peru is abandoned.
• 2091 BC Chr .:
  • Beginning of the Patriarchal Age according to Jewish tradition.
• 2071 BC Chr .:
  • According to Geoffrey Keating , the Irish battle myth Magh Itha is written.
• Around 2070/2040 BC Chr .:
  • The Xia dynasty was founded in China . However, the existence of the Xia dynasty is disputed. (According to the Chronological Project Xia-Shang-Zhou, the year 2200 BC is given)
  • Ongoing wars between the 3rd Dynasty of Ur and the nomadic peoples of the Zagros Mountains
• 2046/2038 BC Chr .:
  • Amar-Sin , ruler of the Ur III era, conquers Arbela and razes the city to the ground. In this way he stifled the revolt of the united nomadic tribes from the Zagros.

Seal of Mentuhotep II made of bronze, silver and electrum

• 2037/2031/2022 v. Chr .:
  • The Pharaoh of the Theban 11th dynasty Mentuhotep II succeeds in reuniting Lower and Upper Egypt. This defines the beginning of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt.
• 2034 to 2004:
  • Ur is at war with the Amurites .
• Around 2020 BC Chr .:
  • The Sumerian city ​​of Ešnunna gains independence from Ur . This marked the beginning of the 1st dynasty of Ešnunna as an independent city-state.
• 2004 BC Chr .:
  • Weakened by ongoing fighting with the Amurites, Ur is finally destroyed by a coalition of Elamites , nomads from the Zagros and the city-state of Isin .

Inventions, discoveries

• Mathematics is practiced as a science in Babylonia .
• Around 2050 BC Chr .:
  • Sulgi , king of the 3rd Dynasty of Ur, leads a unit volume, the space dimension gur one that corresponds to 200 liters.
• 2046/2038 BC Chr .:
  • Under Amar-Sin for the first time with the Mina a standard weight used.

Buildings

Stone chest from Ri Cruin

• 21st century BC Chr .:
  • In Stonehenge (Stonehenge 3 IV), the double circle of bluestones is changed again.
• From 2080 B.C. Chr .:
  • The first temple of Amun-Re is built in Karnak by the pharaohs of the 11th dynasty . This is mentioned in writing for the first time in the reign of Antef II.
  • In Ur, the ziggurat of the moon god Nanna was built under Ur-Nammu and his successor Šulgi .
• 2050/2049 BC Chr .:
  • At Holme-next-the-Sea on the Wash in Norfolk , the oaks are felled for the construction of the Seahenge , a Timber Circle (Holme I). Immediately to the east is the somewhat older barrow Holme II (2400 to 2030 BC), surrounded by two wooden circles.

The mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II.

• Around 2040/2010 BC Chr .:
  • The mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II in Deir el-Bahari is laid out. It shows the transition from the pyramid building of the Old Kingdom to the million year houses of the New Kingdom.
• 2037 to 2029 BC Chr .:
  • The ruler of the Uruk III period, Šu-Sin , had a 270-kilometer wall built on the western border of Sumer ( Amurriter dam ) to stop the incursions of the Amurrites from the Arabian desert.
• 2009 to 1994 BC Chr .:
  • For Mentuhotep III. his mortuary temple is erected on a mountain west of Thebes . Pylons are used for the first time in its construction .
• approx. 2000 BC Chr .:
  • In Kilmartin in Scotland is cairn Ri Cruin created.
  • In Wutoeschingen in Baden-Wuerttemberg arising Dolmen of Degernau .

Writings

Annual balance sheet of a state basket maker, Ur-III period, around 2040 BC Chr.

• 21st century BC Chr .:
  • Brilliant written works are created in Sumerian . The poems in devotion to Ištar by En-hedu-anna and the Gilgamesh epic will be finalized.

Natural events and disasters

• Around 2100 BC Chr .:
  • Around 35 kilometers northeast of Heraklion, a strong seaquake of 7.1 on the Richter scale occurs in the Aegean Sea . The number of deaths is unknown.
• Around 2050 BC Chr .:
  • The eruption of Mount Mariveles in the Philippines causes enormous rainfalls of ash.
• Around 2000 BC Chr .:
  • Severe earthquake 15 kilometers west of Ashgabat , the capital of Turkmenistan . The strength is also 7.1 and there are fewer than 1,000 deaths to mourn.

Personalities

Statue of Mentuhotep II

Note: The years of government cannot be precisely determined in this century. Therefore, these are approximate estimates.

Pharaohs of Egypt

• Mentuhotep I (2081-2077 BC / founder of the 11th dynasty )
• Antef I. (2077-2065 BC)
• Antef II. (2065-2016 BC)
• Antef III. (2016–2008 BC)
• Mentuhotep II. (2008–1957 BC, after Helck 2061 to 2010 BC)
• Mentuhotep III. (2013/2010 to 2001 BC)

Kings of Assyria

• Aminu (???? - 2078 BC)
• Sulili (2077-2059 BC)
• Kikkia (2058-2042 BC)
• Akia (2041-2021 BC)
• Puzur-Aššur I. (2020–2001 BC)

King of Elam

• Tazitta (around 2040 BC)
• Gir-Namme (around 2035 BC)
• Ebarti I. (around 2030 BC)

King of Isin

• Išbi-Erra (2017–1984 BC)

Kings of Ur

Weight of 5 mina of the Su-Sin

• Ur-Nammu (2112-2095 BC)
• Šulgi (2094-2047 BC)
• Amar-Sin (2046-2038 BC)
• Šu-Sin (2037-2029 BC)
• Ibbi-Sin (2028-2004 BC)

Painting of Rama armed with a bow and arrow

Others

• According to Hindu tradition , Rama , the seventh avatara of Vishnu , lived in the 21st century BC. Chr.
• According to the Abrahamic religion , its founder Abraham lived in the 21st century BC. Chr.

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

• Egypt :
  • First Intermediate Period (2216 to 2137/2025 BC)
    • 9th Dynasty (2160 to 2040 BC)
    • 10th dynasty (2130 to 2077 BC) in Herakleopolis
  • Middle Kingdom (2137/2077 to 1781 BC)
    • 11th dynasty (2160 to 1994 BC, also 2077 to 1938 BC) in Thebes
• Nubia :
  • C group (2150 to 1540 BC) in Lower Nubia

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

• Mesopotamia :
  • Ur-III period (2112 to 2004 BC)
  • Isin period (2017 to 1924 BC)
• Iran :
  • Jiroft culture (4000 to 1000 BC)
  • Elam : Old Elamite Period (2700 to 1600 BC)
• Syria :
  • Tell Brak (6000 to 1360 BC)
  • Tall Leilan (5000 to 1726 BC)
  • Tell Chuera (5000 to 1200 BC)
  • Tell Hamoukar (4500 to 2000 BC)
  • Mari (2900 to 1759 BC)
• Turkey :
  • Mahmatlar (2300 to 2000 BC)
  • Troy :
    • Troy IV (2100 to 1950 BC)
• Bahrain :
  • Dilmun culture (3000 to 600 BC)
• Oman and United Arab Emirates :
  • The Umm-an-Nar culture (2700/2600 to 2000 BC) comes to an end

Cultures in East Asia

Pottery of the early Ban Chiang culture, Thailand, 2100 to 900 BC Chr.

• China :
  • Around 2000 BC The following cultures disappear:
    • Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), central and northern China
    • Yingpu culture (3500 to 2000 BC) in Taiwan
    • Karuo culture (3200 to 2000 BC) in China and Tibet
    • Majiayao culture (3000 to 2000 BC) on the upper Yellow River
    • Xiaoheyan culture (3000 to 2000 BC) in Inner Mongolia
    • Tanshishan culture (3000 to 2000 BC) in Fujian
    • Shijiahe culture (2600 to 2000 BC) on the middle Yangtze
    • Banshan Machang culture (2500 to 2000 BC) on the upper Yellow River
    • Keshengzhuang II culture (2300 to 2000 BC)
  • Longshan culture (3200 to 1850 BC) on the middle and lower Yellow Rivers
  • Baodun culture (2500 to 1700 BC) in Sichuan
  • Xia Dynasty (2200 to 1800 BC)
• Korea :
  • The Middle Jeulmon Period (3500 to 2000 BC) comes to an end
  • Go-Joseon (2333-108 BC)
• Japan :
  • End of the Middle Jōmon Period - Jōmon IV (3000 to 2000 BC)
• Vietnam :
  • Đa-Bút culture (4000 to 1700 BC)
  • Hồng Bàng dynasty (2879 to 258 BC)
• Thailand :
  • Ban Chiang culture (2100 BC to 200 AD, but re-dating from 1500 BC)

Cultures in South Asia

• Indus Valley :
  • Indus culture : Harappa phase
    • Harappa 3C (2200 to 1900 BC)
• Balochistan :
  • Kulli culture (2500 to 1900 BC)

Cultures in Central Asia

Distribution area of ​​the Sintashta culture in red

• Turkmenistan and Afghanistan :
  • Oasis culture (2200 to 1700 BC)
• Kazakhstan and Western Siberia :
  • Onset of the Sintashta culture (2100 to 1800 BC)

Cultures in Europe

• Northern Europe :
  • End of the boat ax culture (4200 to 2000 BC) in Scandinavia and the Baltic States
• Northeast Europe :
  • The pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC - radiocarbon method : 5600 to 2300 BC) in Norway , Sweden , the Baltic States, Russia and Ukraine is coming to an end
  • Rzucewo culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in the Baltic States and Poland
  • Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in Estonia , Latvia, and Lithuania
• Eastern Europe :
  • Kura Araxes culture (3500/3000 to 2000/1900 BC) in the Caucasus
  • End of the Potapovka culture (2500 to 2000 BC) on the central Volga and the
  • Catacomb tomb culture (2500 to 2000 BC) in Russia and Ukraine
  • Abashevo culture (2500 to 1800 BC) in northern Russia
• Southeast Europe :
  • Greece :
    • Mainland Greece, Early Helladic phase FH III (2200 to 2000 BC)
    • Cycladic Culture (3200 to 1100 BC), Early Cycladic Phase III (2200 to 2000 BC)
      • The end of the Phylakopi culture - Phylakopi I (2300 to 2000 BC) on Milos
  • Crete :
    • Early Minoan pre-palace period FM III (2200 to 2000 BC)
  • Cyprus :
    • The Philia culture (2500 to 2000 BC) disappears
• Central Europe :
  • Vlaardingen culture (3350 to 1950 BC) in the Netherlands
  • End of the bell beaker culture (2600 to 2200 BC in central, western and southern Europe); however, it survived in Great Britain until 1800 BC. Chr.
  • Aunjetitz culture (2300 to 1550 BC) in Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Austria

The reconstructed dolmen of Degernau

• Western Europe :
  • The culture of the Grooved Ware in Great Britain and Ireland (3400 to 2000 BC) is abandoned
  • End of the Seine-Oise-Marne culture (3100 to 2000 BC) in northern France and Belgium
  • Ene of the Artenac culture (2500 to 2000 BC) in western and southwestern France
  • Megalithic cultures :
    • They go to France (4700 to 2000 BC) and on the
    • Iberian Peninsula (4000 to 2000 BC - Spain and Portugal ) to an end
      • Los Millares (3200 to 1800 BC)
      • Vila Nova de São Pedro (2700 to 1300 BC)
    • British Isles (from 3800 BC)
      • Stonehenge :
        • Stonehenge IV (2280 to 1930 BC)
    • Malta : Tarxien necropolis (2500 to 1500 BC)

Cultures in america

• Greenland :
  • Independence I culture (2400/2300 to 1000 BC)
  • Saqqaq culture (2400-900 BC)
• North and Central America :
  • Archaic period . Establishment of mounds in the eastern forest areas from 4000 BC. Chr.
• South America :
  • Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru
  • Ortoiroid culture (4950 BC to 300 AD) in the Caribbean ( Saba , Vieques , Puerto Rico )
  • Valdivia culture (3950 to 1750 BC) in Ecuador
  • Norte Chico culture (3500 to 1800 BC) in Peru with
    • Caral (from 3000 BC to 2100 BC), Pre-Ceramic IV - VI
  • San Agustín culture (3300 BC to 1550 AD) in Colombia

Individual evidence

1. ^ Jörg Wolff: Cultural and legal historical roots of Europe: work book. BoD - Books on Demand, 2005, ISBN 3-936999-16-3 , p. 158
2. ↑ Brigitte Borchhardt-Birbaumer: Imago noctis: the night in the art of the West: from the ancient Orient to the Baroque era. Böhlau Verlag Vienna, 2003, ISBN 3-205-77052-8 , p. 32
3. ↑ Bernd Marquardt: Universal history of the state: from the pre-state society to the state of the industrial society. LIT Verlag Münster, 2009, ISBN 3-643-90004-X , p. 61
4. ↑ Chinese Dynasties ( Memento of May 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: china-erleben.com . Retrieved February 17, 2012.
5. ↑ Klaas Veenhof : History of the Ancient Orient up to the time of Alexander the Great. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001, ISBN 3-525-51685-1 , p. 118

Web links

Commons : 21st century BC Chr.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files