brotherhood

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A brotherhood , brotherhood or fraternity (from Latin frater "brother") is an organized community or corporation of men who call themselves "brothers" (Latin fratres or confratres ) and pursue common interests. Some brotherhoods have also opened up to women over time. Sisterhood or Sororitas (from soror "sister") denotes a corresponding female community. All communities refer to fraternity as one of their foundations. Depending on the common interest, there are different types of brotherhoods and sororities, especially as cultic-religious associations for common pious or charitable tasks.

Pre-Christian examples of religious, economic and political brotherhoods were the ancient Greek family associations of the Phratrien ( fratér "brother"); they organized themselves only according to their patrilineal origin ( patrilineal ), but included married women. The members of merchants ' guilds , guilds and trade unions also understood and see themselves as brothers, some with political claims, as well as many secret societies (see also various forms of assembly for a " brother's meal "). In Spain, mainly spiritual brotherhoods call themselves Hermandad ( hermano "brother"), in special cases also Cofradías ("confraternity"). The French equivalent Confrérie can be found as part of the name of various communities ( see below ). Similarly, the brotherhoods in Italy are usually called Confraternita or Arciconfraternita , in the Republic of Venice they are called Scuole .

All over the world, old customs know their own forms of blood brotherhood as a connection between two unrelated men ( sworn brotherhood ), which is concluded by a solemn mingling of drops of blood. In general use is a symbolic fraternization through “ brotherhood drink ”, whereby the relationship to one another changes from a formal address to a friendly one, from Siezen to Duzen as an expression of personal closeness.

Spiritual Communities

Already in prehistoric times , cultic and spiritual bodies of clergy and laypeople formed as associations for joint ceremonies, mutual services and charitable purposes, mostly separated into women and men, for example in the early mystery cults .

Judaism

  • Chewra Kadisha (translated "holy brotherhood"): funeral societies in Jewish communities

Christianity

From the Middle Ages onwards, Catholic brotherhoods and sisterhoods emerged in Western and Central Europe based on the model of religious orders . The oldest brotherhoods known today were the communities of the Beguines and Begarden , who offered help to the sick and the needy and led a spiritual life. The flagellants (" flagellants ") practiced intensive penance practices. The Calendar Brotherhoods also had a special meaning for various professional groups. The brotherhoods saw themselves as a community of prayer , some as a pilgrimage or pilgrimage community and had their own ecclesiastical rights such as the celebration of church services . Some brotherhoods also gave help to pilgrims, strangers, the vulnerable or the sick in their own hospices and hospitals.

Many brotherhoods were initiated by a religious community, had a special proximity to the spirituality of the respective order and were usually oriented towards the monastery churches. In many places the Dominicans founded rosary fraternities or the Militia angelica Thomae Aquinatis (“Allegiance of the angelic Thomas Aquinas ”), the Franciscan cross fraternities or the belt fraternities of St. Francis and the Jesuits Sacred Heart Brotherhoods.Belt fraternities wore a leather belt or rope as a sign of vigilance, penance and mortification; they referred to scriptures like “Your hips should be belted and your lamps should be on! Be like people waiting for their Lord to return from a wedding ”( Lk 12.35  EU ) or“ God girded me with strength and made my way perfect ”( Ps 18.33.40  EU ).

In Poland-Lithuania , regional Orthodox brotherhoods emerged from the 16th century , which wanted to strengthen their denomination against Catholic and Reformation influences and also offered support to the sick and those in need of protection.

The Codex Iuris Canonici of 1917 granted the Catholic arch brotherhoods a special rank among the brotherhoods. Its purpose was, among other things, to pass on the privileges granted to them, especially indulgences, to their members.

Numerous rifle brotherhoods see themselves as communities within the Roman Catholic Church and are often named after a saint (St. Sebastianus Schützenbruderschaft, St. Hubertus Brotherhood, etc.)

Brotherhoods
Sororities
Sisterhoods and brotherhoods

Islam

Other communities

Brotherhoods

Individual examples, in historical order:

"Brotherhood / Brotherhood" as a traditional part of the name of mining facilities:

Sororities

In French: Confrérie

The designation Confrérie ( French "confraternity") have various communities in their names:

In Italian: Confraternita , Arciconfraternita and Fratellanza

→ For brotherhoods in the Republic of Venice, see Scuole

All of the following associations are religious brotherhoods of the Catholic Church. Arciconfraternita ("Arch Brotherhood") is the name for a higher-level association of brotherhoods of the same name, for example from different places. The title can also be awarded because a brotherhood has distinguished itself particularly through pious works or the like. At the same time, the Arciconfraternite enjoy special rights, but also obligations. Most of them are in Rome, where it used to be customary for an Arciconfraternita to ask the Pope for the release of a prisoner or a person sentenced to death on the name day of their patron (the request was usually granted).

  • Arciconfraternita del Gonfalone : founded in Rome in 1264 under the name Raccomandati di Madonna S. Maria , recognized three years later (1267) by Pope Clement IV ; The seat of the association was the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome; In 1351 it was renamed Raccomandati del Gonfalone , and in the second half of the 15th century it was merged with the Compagnia dei Raccomandati di Madonna S. Maria , which also had their seat in the basilica; the new association was recognized by Innocent VIII in 1486 as Confraternita del Gonfalone , in 1579 by Gregory XIII. raised to the Arciconfraternita
  • Arciconfraternita dei Cinturati di Santa Monica e Sant'Agostino : originally originated in 1318 under the name Confraternita di S. Maria madre di Consolazione ("Brotherhood of Saint Mary, Mother of Consolation") in Bologna in the Church of San Giacomo in connection with the Augustinian order ; which was on August 14, 1439 Confraternita della Cintura ( "Brotherhood of the belt") by Pope Eugene IV. by decree Solet pastoralis sedes recognized
  • Arciconfraternita del Santissimo Sacramento , especially venerate the Eucharist , especially widespread in southern Italy ( Apulia , Sicily )
  • Arciconfraternita del Santissimo Crocifisso
  • Arciconfraternita della Morte ed Orazione : specialized in the burial of the dead and was created in the wake of the Sacco di Roma (1527) and various plague epidemics , when many unburied corpses 'lay around' in Rome. Official recognition in 1552 by Pope Julius III.
  • Arciconfraternita del Santissimo Rosario (see also Rosary Brotherhood ): special veneration of the rosary ; founded in 1476 “in the name of the Pope” by Alessandro Nanni Malatesta, papal legate and bishop of Forlì
  • Arciconfraternita della Santissima Trinità dei Pellegrini e Convalescenti : still exist, u. a. in the church of Santissima Trinità dei Pellegrini (Naples)
  • Arciconfraternita della Santissima Immacolata : founded with the support of the Franciscans , dates back to the late 15th and 16th centuries
  • Arciconfraternita Santa Maria Maggiore
  • Arciconfraternita Santa Maria Maggiore di Ispica : founded in Ispica (province of Ragusa), Diocese of Noto ; Adoration of Santa Maria Maggiore, special festivities on Maundy Thursday , with adoration of the scourged Christ
  • Arciconfraternita dei Cordigeri di San Francesco (see also: Belt Brotherhood of St. Francis)
  • Arciconfraternita di San Michele Arcangelo , founded in the 11th century
  • Confraternita di Santa Croce di Orte ( Viterbo ), in existence since 1159, is still active
  • Confraternita di San Galgano , in Chiusdino (Province and Diocese of Siena ), founded in 1185
  • Confraternita di Santa Maria della Neve in the town of Campagna (Campania) , founded on December 13, 1258
  • Confraternita dei Disciplinanti Bianchi di San Giovanni Battista , in Loano (Province of Savona and Diocese of Albenga - Imperia), founded in 1262
  • Confraternita del Gonfalone di Marino , in the Castelli Romani , founded in 1272 by Saint Bonaventura da Bagnoregio
  • Confraternita dei Disciplinanti e dei Battenti : was a brotherhood of penitents who are in processions in public scourged while Pace (Peace) and Misericordia (mercy) called. First traces around 1230, the actual foundation took place around 1260 at the suggestion of Ranieri Fasani; was very common in Perugia , thence to Spoleto and Rome, to Tuscany and Emilia ; was banned in Milan , Cremona , Venice and Sicily
  • Confraternita dell'Immacolata di Casarano , founded in 1619 in the church of the same name on the initiative of the Dominican Father Fra 'Reginaldo from Martina Franca
  • Confraternita dei Bianchi : first mentioned March 5, 1399 in Chieri near Turin
  • Fratellanza Penitenziale della Santa Eucaristia , also known as Fratellanza dei Gesuiti (Brotherhood of the Jesuits ), founded on May 6, 1959

See also

Novels:

Films:

Additional:

literature

  • Lexicon entry: brotherhood, brotherhood. In: Jacob Grimm, Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . Volume 2, Hirzel, Leipzig 1854–1961, column 422.
  • Lexicon entry: Brotherhoods. In: General German real encyclopedia for the educated classes. 10th improved and increased edition. Volume 3, Brockhaus, Leipzig 1951, pp. 347-348.
  • Edwin A. Biedermann: Lodges, clubs and brotherhoods. Droste, Düsseldorf 2004, ISBN 3-7700-1184-8 .
  • Thomas Brück: Studies on the development of brotherhoods in northern Germany with special consideration of the Stralsund boat company in the period 1488 to 1648. Doctoral thesis University of Greifswald 1986.
  • Hanns Klein: The emergence and spread of the calendar brotherhoods in Germany. Doctoral thesis University of Saarbrücken 1958.
  • Rupert Klieber : Brotherhoods and covenants of love after Trento: their service to the dead, encouragement and importance in church and social life using the example of Salzburg 1600–1950. Lang, Frankfurt / M. 1999, ISBN 3-631-34044-3 .
  • Véronique Mariani-Pasche, Franz Xaver Bishop: Brotherhoods. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . Article dated February 3, 2011.
  • Heinrich Meyer zu Ermgassen: Hospital and Brotherhood. Guest services and poor relief of the Cistercian monastery Eberbach in the Middle Ages and modern times. With edition of the Eberbach brotherhood book from 1403. Historical Commission for Nassau , Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-930221-32-5 .
  • Ludwig Remling: Brotherhoods in Franconia . Church and social history studies of late medieval and early modern brotherhoods. Dissertation, University of Würzburg 1981.
  • Knut Schulz: Confraternitas Campi Sancti Urbe. The oldest membership registers (1500 / 01–1536) and statutes of the brotherhood (= Roman quarterly for Christian antiquity and church history. Supplementary volume 54). Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2002.
  • Knut Schulz, Christiane Schuchard: Craftsmen of German origin and their brotherhoods in Renaissance Rome (= Roman quarterly for Christian antiquity and church history. Supplementary volume 57). Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2005.

Web links

Wiktionary: Brotherhood  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Remarks

  1. ^ Karl Suso Frank: Belt Brotherhoods . In: Walter Kasper (Ed.): Lexicon for Theology and Church . 3. Edition. tape 4 . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1995, Sp. 1110 .
  2. ↑ Helmut Schnizer : The church official associations. In: Joseph Listl (ed.): Outline of post-conciliar church law. Pustet, Regensburg 1980, ISBN 3-7917-0609-8 , pp. 370–373, here p. 373.
  3. ↑ in the 19th century in the cathedral church in Würzburg
  4. ↑ a b around the 19th century with the Carmelites in Würzburg . Cf. Wolfgang Weiß : The Catholic Church in the 19th Century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 430-449 and 1303, here: p. 434.
  5. ↑ a b Storia del Gonfalone. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
  6. ↑ Maurizio Ulino: Una confraternita viva dal XIII secolo. S. Maria della Neve della città di Campagna (December 13, 1258). In: Studi & Ricerche. Campagna (Sa), 2010.
  7. ↑ Gaetano Moroni: Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica. Volume XLII Marino .