NGC 4565

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Galaxy
NGC 4565
{{{Card text}}}
Image of the galaxy NGC 4565 with the help of the 81 cm reflecting telescope of the Mount Lemmon Observatory. A slight "warp" can be seen at the edges. [1] The galaxy IC 3571 appears dark blue in the lower left, significantly smaller and without sharp contours.
Image of the galaxy NGC 4565 with the help of the 81 cm reflecting telescope of the Mount Lemmon Observatory . A slight “warp” can be seen at the edges. The galaxy IC 3571 appears dark blue in the lower left, much smaller and without sharp contours.
AladinLite
Constellation Berenike's hair
Position
equinox :  J2000.0 , epoch : J2000.0
Right ascension 12 h 36 m 20.8 s
declination + 25 ° 59 ′ 16 ″
Appearance
Morphological type SA (s) b? sp Sy3 Sy1.9  
Brightness  (visual) 9.5 likes
Brightness  (B-band) 10.3 mag
Angular expansion 15.8 ′ × 2.1 ′
Position angle 136 °
Surface brightness 13.2 mag / arcmin²
Physical data
Affiliation Coma I Galaxy Cloud  
Redshift 0.004103 ± 0.000017  
Radial velocity (1230 ± 5) km / s  
Stroke distance
v rad  / H 0 		(55 ± 4)  ·  10 6  ly
(16.8 ± 1.2)  Mpc 
diameter 100,000 ly
history
discovery Wilhelm Herschel
Discovery date April 6, 1785
Catalog names
NGC  4565 • UGC  7772 • PGC  42038 • CGCG  129–010 • MCG  + 04-30-006 • IRAS  12338 + 2615 • KUG  1233 + 262 • 2MASX  J12362080 + 2559146 • GC  3106 • H  V 24 • h  1357 • FGC 1471 • Stile 426A • LDCE 0867 NED121

NGC 4565 is a bright spiral galaxy in the constellation Haar der Berenike in the northern sky . Because only the narrow side of the disk-shaped galaxy can be seen from Earth, it is also referred to as the needle galaxy based on this thin, elongated appearance . Their distance is approximately 55 million light years and their size over 100,000 light years. The galaxy is one of the brightest in the Coma I Galaxy Cloud , a collection of galaxies in front of the Coma Galaxy Cluster . NGC 4565 may even form its own group of galaxies in it . In the immediate vicinity of NGC 4565 is the galaxy IC 3571 .

The astronomer Wilhelm Herschel discovered the object in 1785 with what was then the most powerful telescope at the time. Since then, NGC 4565 has been regarded by many observers as one of the most beautiful astronomical objects in the night sky.

Discovery and Exploration

Discovery and Typing

Wilhelm Herschel discovered the nebula-like appearance in 1785 with his 18.7-inch mirror telescope and noted the particularly high brightness, size and beauty in his catalog of astronomical objects. His son John Herschel published a drawing in 1833. Further drawings and detailed descriptions of the appearance were published by William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse with observations through his enormous 6-foot reflector telescope and Rudolf Spitaler with observations through the large lens telescope of the Vienna University Observatory shortly after its completion in 1883.

Isaac Roberts , a pioneer of astrophotography, took his first photographs at the end of the 19th century. Roberts realized that he was

"Almost certainly, a spiral [nebula] viewed edgewise"

"Almost certainly a spiral [nebula], seen from its narrow side,"

had held. George Willis Ritchey took sharper images in 1910 with the help of what was then the world's largest reflector telescope on Mount Wilson. A few years later, Vesto Slipher observed that the spectra of these nebulae are partly strongly shifted into the reddish, as it corresponds to a Doppler frequency shift of the light when they move away at a high speed (1,000 km / s for NGC 4565). As a result, some astronomers suspected that these and similar spiral nebulae had their own galaxies at a great distance from the Milky Way. Knut Lundmark , looking for a law between redshift, escape speed and distance as an indication of a general expansion of the universe , estimated NGC 4565 40 times more distant than the Andromeda Nebula based on its size and brightness . When Edwin Hubble was able to prove that spiral nebulae are actually distant galaxies, he characterized NGC 4565 in 1926 in the order scheme he designed as a spiral galaxy of the type "Sb" , shortly afterwards described a proportionality between redshift and distance and thus calculated the distance from NGC 4565 to 2.35 million parsecs .

Exploration and characteristics

Subsequently, with advances in observation techniques, a number of other properties could be determined, with which the findings were steadily refined and expanded in the 21st century. Among other things, it was found that it has a structure very similar to the Milky Way .

distance

The removal of NGC 4565 has been determined by various methods. In addition to the cosmological redshift , which makes more distant objects appear reddish due to the general expansion of the universe and thus indicates a distance of 55 million light-years, the structures observed in the galaxy, including the Tully-Fisher relationship , the surface brightness fluctuation and the Method " Tip of the Red Giant Branch ", distance determinations carried out. More recent evaluations showed values ​​between 40 and 60 million light years (12 to 18.1 million parsecs ).

Total mass and components

A total mass of at least 8e11 solar masseswere determined using therotation curve, the speed of rotation of the galaxy as a function of the distance from its center of gravity. The rotation curve could be determined in 1977 with the help of what was then the world's largestradio telescopein theArecibo Observatory. TheDoppler frequency shiftsofradiation from the hydrogen present in the galaxy,caused by the speed of rotation, were evaluated. A comparison made shortly afterwards with a photometry indicated that the total mass was again somewhat higher

  • 7th.8the11 solar masses are in a weakly luminous, spherical halo, the density of which decreases with the distance from the center and which is detectable up to 66 kpc,
  • 1.4the11 solar masses in the disk and
  • 0.6the11 solar masses in the inner spherical bulge thickening the disk,

where the disc has a star fraction of 0.8the11 solar masses and a radius of 47 kpc and a hydrogen content of0.6the11 solar masses extending up to 66 kpc.

Shortly afterwards, it was considered whether the faintly glowing halo, as it was determined from the rotation curve of other spiral galaxies, could consist of postulated dark matter . On the basis of investigations on NGC 4565 it could be excluded that it consists of brown dwarfs , low-mass, faint suns.

Investigations of the dust present in the galaxy on the basis of submillimeter radiation were carried out for the first time in 2005 with the balloon-borne telescope BLAST and, in combination with data from the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, resulted in a dust mass of 3e8 solar masses, which subsequent investigations with theHerschel space telescope, in shorter spectral ranges with theSloan Digital Sky Surveyand in theultravioletwith the aid of theGalaxy Evolution Explorer(GALEX)satelliteapproximately confirmed.

Globular clusters

The number of globular clusters in the galaxy was estimated from images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999. At 204 it is of a similar order of magnitude as that of the Milky Way .

Active galaxy core

An active galaxy core and thus a central supermassive black hole - with a mass of possibly 2.8the7 solar masses - wasdetectedusing theASCA,Chandra,andXMM-NewtonX-ray space telescopesand the Hubble space telescope in the early 2000s. The strong radiation of thematter attractedby the black holein its vicinity wasobserved, whichmakes the galaxycore, which is so active, appear characteristically punctiform and very bright on images. During the investigations, the type of active galaxy nucleus could also be specified: There were differences to the previous classification as aSeyfert galaxy, as features of a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) were found.

Beam structure in the center

Hubble's typing of spiral (above) and bar-spiral galaxies (below)

At the beginning of the 21st century, Hubble's cursory “Sb” classification was further investigated. Whether the stars actually form a pure spiral or whether they also form a bar inside, as observed in many other galaxies with a spiral structure , is difficult to see due to the side perspective. Observations of the easily recognizable rounded thickening in the center of the galaxy, the bulge, formed from stars provided information . An indication of a bar structure was shown by photometric examinations of the bulge based on an exponential decrease in brightness. The combination of infrared images from the Spitzer Space Telescope with those from the Hubble Space Telescope confirmed the presence of a bar in 2009 that extends in the direction of observation, thus forming a pseudo-bulge . In this respect it resembles the Milky Way with the typification that has now taken place as a barred spiral galaxy "SBb-SBbc".

Bending of the disc

The cause of the bending of the disk, which was already determined by radio astronomy in the 1980s, was investigated in 2014 using images of the edge area, again with the help of the Hubble space telescope. With these recordings, the age of the stars present there could be determined, and it was shown that only the distribution of younger stars with an age of less than 600 million years followed the curvature, and that an increased star formation had taken place 300 million years ago. The cause was considered to be the absorption of another galaxy by NGC 4565 or a gravitational interaction with a galaxy passing by at that time. Previous radio-astronomical studies of the halo using neutral atomic hydrogen indicated an interaction with the galaxy IC 3571.

Illustrations

To explore the galaxy, it was recorded and imaged in different spectral ranges - also with the help of telescopes located in space, which can observe other spectral ranges undisturbed by the earth's atmosphere or achieve a higher resolution . The following figures show examples.

Group membership

Galaxy group
UGCA 298 (= A1244) NGC 4565
Group
NGC 4565 LGG 294 PGC1 42038
NGC 4494
NGC 4562
IC 3384
IC 3571 (= PGC2793674)
PGC 1811760
SDSSJ124048.80 + 255638.0
SDSSJ123521.05 + 273343.6
SDSSJ123056.01 + 263040.2

NGC 4565 is a member of the Coma I Galaxy Cloud , a collection of, according to initial investigations, 29, according to newer 206 galaxies, which has an elongated shape with an extension of 2.3 Mpc and which moves in the direction of the Virgo galaxy cluster . Depending on the investigation method, no or various small groups of galaxies can be formed in the Coma I Galaxy Cloud around NGC 4565. Examples are notably that of Gérard de Vaucouleurs described NGC 4565 Group , which in the Lyons Groups of Galaxies recorded LGG 294 , the 11-member Group NGC4565 and after the registration of NGC 4565 in the Principal Galaxies Catalog designated PGC 42038 Group .

Observability

NGC 4565 can be easily recognized visually even with small telescopes. Observed with larger amateur telescopes, away from the stray light of urban night lighting , it is considered to be one of the most beautiful objects in the night sky.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Klaus-Peter Schröder: Galaxy "edge-on" and a Messier challenge . In: Stars and Space . tape 47 , April 2008, ISSN  0039-1263 , p. 68 ff .
  2. ↑ a b c d NASA / IPAC EXTRAGALACTIC DATABASE
  3. ↑ a b c d e SEDS : NGC 4565
  4. ↑ a b c d Stephen A. Gregory, Laird A. Thompson: The Coma I Galaxy Cloud . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 213 , 1977, pp. 345-350 , bibcode : 1977ApJ ... 213..345G . ;
  5. ↑ NGC 4565: Galaxy on the Edge - Astronomy Picture of the Day of April 9, 2004 (English).
  6. ^ William Herschel : Catalog of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. By William Herschel, LL.DFRS In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . tape 76 , 1786, pp. 457-499 , bibcode : 1786RSPT ... 76..457H (see page 494, “v. 24”).
  7. ^ A b John Frederick William Herschel : Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Made at Slough, with a Twenty-Feet Reflector, between the Years 1825 and 1833 . In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . tape 123 , 1833, pp. 359-505 , bibcode : 1833RSPT..123..359H (see Fig. 37 ).
  8. ↑ a b c Earl Of Rosse : On the Construction of Specula of Six-Feet Aperture; and a Selection from the Observations of Nebulae Made with Them . In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . tape 151 , 1861, pp. 681-745 , bibcode : 1861RSPT..151..681R . see "[h] 1357", p. 726/7
  9. ↑ Rudolf Spitaler : Drawings and photographs on the Grubb refractor of 68 cm. (27 Engl. Inches opening) in the years 1885 to 1890 . In: Edmund Weiss (Ed.): Annals of the KK University Observatory in Vienna (Währing) . tape 7 , 1891, p. 183–205 , bibcode : 1891AnSWi ... 7..183W .
  10. ↑ a b Isaac Roberts : A Selection of Photographs of Stars, Star-Clusters and Nebulae, together with Records of Results obtained in the pursuit of Celestial Photography . tape 2 . London 1899 ( archive.org ).
  11. ↑ Hamburg Observatory Digital Plate Archive
  12. ^ A b University of Chicago Photographic Archive
    G. W. Ritchey : Notes on photographs of nebulæ made with the 60-inch reflector of the Mount Wilson Observatory . In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . tape 70 , June 1910, p. 647 , bibcode : 1910MNRAS..70..647R .     TE Espin : The Dark Structures in the Milky Way . In: Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . tape
     6 , 1912, pp. 225 , bibcode : 1912JRASC ... 6..225E .
  13. ^ VM Slipher : Spectrographic observations of nebulae . In: Publications of the American Astronomical Society . 1918, bibcode : 1918PAAS .... 3 ... 98S .
  14. ^ William JS Lockyer: Recent Researches on Nebulæ . In: Nature . tape 105 , no. 2642 , 1920, pp. 489–492 , bibcode : 1920Natur.105..489L .
  15. ^ Edwin Hubble : A general study of diffuse galactic nebulae . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 56 , 1922, pp. 162-199 , bibcode : 1922ApJ .... 56..162H .
  16. ↑ Knut Lundmark : The determination of the curvature of space-time in de Sitter's world . In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . tape 84 , June 1924, p. 747-770 , bibcode : 1924MNRAS..84..747L .
  17. ^ A b Edwin Hubble : Extragalactic nebulae . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 64 , 1926, pp. 321-369 , bibcode : 1926ApJ .... 64..321H . see p. 335
  18. ^ Edwin Hubble : A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 15 , no. 3 , 1929, pp. 168-173 , bibcode : 1929PNAS ... 15..168H .
  19. ^ A b John Kormendy, Ralf Bender: Structural Analogs of the Milky Way Galaxy: Stellar Populations in the Boxy Bulges of NGC 4565 and NGC 5746 . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 872 , no. 1 , 2019, bibcode : 2019ApJ ... 872..106K .
  20. ↑ Aidan C. Crook, John P. Huchra , Nathalie Martimbeau, Karen L. Masters, Tom Jarrett, Lucas M. Macri: Groups of galaxies in the Two Micron All Sky redshift Survey . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 655 , 2007, p. 790-813 , bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 655..790C .
  21. ^ R. Brent Tully , Edward J. Shaya, Igor D. Karachentsev, Hélène M. Courtois, Dale D. Kocevski, Luca Rizzi, Alan Peel: Our peculiar motion away from the Local Void . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 676 , 2008, p. 184-205 , bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 676..184T .
  22. ↑ Miguel Pereira-Santaella, Aleksandar M. Diamond-Stanic, Almudena Alonso-Herrero, George H. Rieke: The mid-infrared high-ionization lines from active galactic nuclei and star-forming galaxies . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 725 , 2010, p. 2270-2280 , bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 725.2270P .
  23. ↑ N. Krumm, EE Salpeter : Rotation curves, mass distributions and total masses of some spiral galaxies . In: Astronomy and Astrophysics . tape 56 , 1977, pp. 465-468 , bibcode : 1977A & A .... 56..465K .
  24. ^ A. Dekel, J. Shaham: On the dark halo of NGC 4565 . In: Astronomy and Astrophysics . tape 74 , no. 2 , 1979, p. 186-194 ., Bibcode : 1979A & A .... 74..186D .
  25. ↑ Stephen P. Boughn, Peter R. Saulson, Michael Seldner: A New Limit on the Mass-To Ratio of the Halo of NGC4565 . In: Astrophysical Journal . 250, P. L15, 1981, bibcode : 1981ApJ ... 250L..15B .
  26. ↑ a b Ilse De Looze, Maarten Baes, George J. Bendo, Laure Ciesla, Luca Cortese, Gert De Geyter, Brent Groves, Médéric Boquien, Alessandro Boselli, Lena Brondeel, Asantha Cooray, Steve Eales, Jacopo Fritz, Frédéric Galliano, Gianfranco Gentile, Karl D. Gordon, Sacha Hony, Ka-Hei Law, Suzanne C. Madden, Marc Sauvage, Matthew WL Smith, Luigi Spinoglio, Joris Verstappen: The dust energy balance in the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4565 . In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . tape 427 , no. 4 , 2012, p. 2797–2811 , bibcode : 2012MNRAS.427.2797D .
  27. ↑ Markus Kissler-Patig, Keith M. Ashman, Stephen E. Zepf, Kenneth C. Freeman : HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE Imaging of Globular Clusters in the Edge-on Spiral Galaxies NGC 4565 and NGC 5907 . In: Astronomical Journal . tape 118 , no. 1 , 1999, p. 197–207 , bibcode : 1999AJ .... 118..197K .
  28. ↑ M. Cappi, F. Panessa, L. Bassani, M. Dadina, G. DiCocco, A. Comastri, R. Della Ceca, AV Filippenko, F. Gianotti, LC Ho, G. Malaguti, JS Mulchaey, GGC Palumbo, E. Piconcelli, WLW Sargent, J. Stephen, M. Trifoglio, KA Weaver: X-ray spectral survey with XMM-Newton of a complete sample of nearby Seyfert galaxies . In: Astronomy & Astrophysics . tape 446 , no. 2 , 2006, p. 459-470 , bibcode : 2006A & A ... 446..459C .
  29. ↑ a b c M. Chiaberge, R. Gilli, FD Macchetto, William B. Sparks: Low Radiative Efficiency Accretion at Work in Active Galactic Nuclei: The Nuclear Spectral Energy Distribution of NGC 4565 . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 651 , no. 2 , 2006, p. 728-734 , bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 651..728C .
  30. ↑ Hong Wu et. al: Intermediate-Band Surface Photometry of the Edge-on Galaxy NGC 4565 . In: Astronomical Journal . tape 123 , no. 3 , 2002, p. 1364-1380 ., Bibcode : 2002AJ .... 123.1364W .
  31. ↑ JC Barentine, J. Kormendy: Detection of a Distinct Pseudobulge Hidden Inside the “Box-Shaped Bulge” of NGC 4565 . In: S. Jogee, I. Marinova, L. Hao, GA Blanc (eds.): Galaxy Evolution: Emerging Insights and Future Challenges, proceedings of a conference held November 11-14, 2008 at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA (=  ASP Conference Series ). tape 419 . San Francisco 2009, p. 149 , bibcode : 2009ASPC..419..149B .
  32. ↑ a b Eija Laurikainen, Heikki Salo: Observed Properties of Boxy / Peanut / Barlens Bulges . In: Galactic Bulges (=  Astrophysics and Space Science Library . Volume 418 ). 2016, p. 77 , bibcode : 2016ASSL..418 ... 77L .
  33. ↑ David J. Radburn-Smith, Roelof S. de Jong, David Streich, Eric F. Bell, Julianne J. Dalcanton, Andrew E. Dolphin, Adrienne M. Stilp, Antonela Monachesi, Benne W. Holwerda, Jeremy Bailin: Constraining the Age of the NGC 4565 HI Disk Warp: Determining the Origin of Gas Warps . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 780 , no. 1 , 2014, bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 780..105R .
  34. ↑ Laura K. Zschaechner, Richard J. Rand, George H. Heald, Gianfranco Gentile, Gyula Józsa: HALOGAS: HI Observations and Modeling of the Nearby Edge-on Spiral Galaxy NGC 4565 . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 760 , no. 1 , 2012, bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 760 ... 37Z .
  35. ↑ Seppo Laine, Philip N. Appleton, Stephen T. Gottesman, Matthew LN Ashby, Catherine A. Garland: Warm Molecular Hydrogen Emission in Normal Edge-on Galaxies NGC 4565 and NGC 5907 . In: Astronomical Journal . tape 140 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 753–769 , bibcode : 2010AJ .... 140..753L .
  36. ↑ a b G. de Vaucouleurs : Nearby Groups of Galaxies . In: A. Sandage, M. Sandage , J. Kristian (Eds.): Galaxies and the Universe . tape IX , 1975, p. 557-600 ( caltech.edu ).
  37. ^ A b A. M. Garcia: General study of group membership. II. Determination of nearby groups . In: Astronomy and Astrophysics , Suppl. Ser. tape 100 , 1993, pp. 47–90 , bibcode : 1993A & AS..100 ... 47G ( data set ).
  38. ↑ a b Ehsan Kourkchi, R. Brent Tully : Galaxy Groups Within 3500 km s -1 . In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 843 , no. 1 , 2017, p. 21 , bibcode : 2017ApJ ... 843 ... 16K ( data set ).
  39. ↑ a b Igor D. Karachentsev, Olga G. Nasonova, Helene M. Courtois: Fast Motions of Galaxies in the Coma I Cloud: A Case of Dark Attractor? In: Astrophysical Journal . tape 743 , no. 2 , 2011, p. 9 , bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 743..123K .
  40. ↑ Space picture of the day - German translation of the NASA site Astronomy Picture of the Day ( APOD ): NGC 4565: hochkante galaxie , 2019
  41. ^ Roger N. Clark: Visual Astronomy of the Deep Sky . Cambridge / New York / Port Chester / Melbourne / Sydney / Cambridge (Massachusetts) 1991 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  42. ↑ Rod Mollise: The Urban Astronomer's Guide: A Walking Tour of the Cosmos for City Sky Watchers Cover . London 2006 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
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