Chronology of technology
This chronology of technology contains important milestones in the development and history of technology .
time | Discovery, invention, development |
Stone age |
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Bronze age |
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Iron age | Simple shipbuilding , fishing net , rope |
approx. 4000 BC Chr. |
|
approx. 3500 BC Chr. |
|
approx. 3000 BC Chr. |
Development of the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing |
approx. 1500 BC Chr. | Glass production in Egypt |
approx. 1100 BC Chr. | First mechanical calculation aid , the abacus ( Babylonians ) |
approx. 970 BC Chr. | First water pipe system in Jerusalem |
approx. 500 BC Chr. | Invention of the spirit level , application of the law of levers |
approx. 450 BC Chr. | Invention of the pulley |
approx. 300 BC Chr. | First automata are developed ( Philon of Byzantium ) |
approx. 250 BC Chr. | Invention of the Archimedean screw |
around 100 BC Chr. | Paper is invented in China |
at 100 | Using steam to open gates and developing a simple reaction turbine ( Heron of Alexandria ) |
at 300 | First verifiable alchemical research ( Zosimos of Panapolis ) |
around 400 |
|
around 620 | Invention of porcelain in China |
around 700 | Wood panel printing , also called block printing , in East Asia |
around 700 | First use of blast furnaces in Catalonia |
968 | Invention of the thread telephone ( Kung-FooWhing ) |
around 980 | The principle of the pinhole camera is described ( Ibn al-Haitham ) |
around 1000 | First use of black powder and missiles in China |
10/11 century | First expansion of the water wheel in Europe, later the wind turbine |
12th Century | Discovery of sulfuric acid |
around 1200 | The silver pen came into use as the forerunner of the pencil |
around 1280 | Invention of glasses |
around 1450 |
|
around 1500 | First graphite pencils ( pencil ) ( UK ) |
1452-1519? |
|
1510 | First pocket watch |
1519 | First occupied railways in mines |
1556 | Mining and Metallurgy Handbook ( Georgius Agricola ) |
1569 | The first mechanical engineering book of modern times ( Jacques Besson ) |
1588 | First reading machine (reading wheel ) ( Agostino Ramelli ) |
1590-1600 | The microscope is developed (probably Zacharias Janssen and father) |
around 1600 | Chopsticks as the forerunner of the slide rule ( John Napier ) |
1608 | Development of the optical tube , forerunner of Galileo's telescope ( Hans Lipperhey ) |
1609 | The astronomical telescope is built and used ( Galileo Galilei ) |
around 1620 | The slide rule is invented ( Edmund Gunter and William Oughtred ) |
1623 | Invention of the first calculating machine ( Wilhelm Schickard ) |
1638 and 1650 | Air pressure and vacuum are discovered and applied ( Evangelista Torricelli , Otto von Guericke ) |
1640 | Invention of the pendulum clock ( Galileo Galilei ) |
1642 | Improvement of the adding machine ( Blaise Pascal ) |
1655 | Improvement of the grinding technique of telescopic lenses ( Christiaan Huygens ) |
March 18, 1662 | First scheduled service of horse-drawn (eight-seat) buses ( Paris ) → Carrosses à cinq sols |
1673 | Improvement of the microscope ( Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ) |
1679 | The dual number system is mentioned for the first time ( Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ) |
1687 | Presentation of the basic laws of mechanics ( Sir Isaac Newton ) |
1688 | First reflecting telescope ( Sir Isaac Newton ) |
1690 | Discovery of the principle of the atmospheric steam engine in Marburg ad Lahn ( Denis Papin ) |
1698 | Steam and vacuum as drive energy for a water pump ( Thomas Savery ) |
1704 | Discovery of the first steamship propulsion system in Kassel (Denis Papin) |
1712 | First usable steam engine ( Thomas Newcomen ) |
1714 | First patent on a machine for writing ( Henry Mill ) |
1727 | Discovery of light-sensitive silver compounds that later become important for photography ( Johann Heinrich Schulze ) |
1745 | With the "Kleist'schen bottle" and the " Leyden bottle ", the cathedral dean Ewald Jürgen Georg von Kleist in Cammin (Pomerania) and a year later by the physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek in Leyden discovered the capacitor principle for the first time . |
1752 | Invention of the lightning rod ( Benjamin Franklin ) |
1768 | Nicholas Cugnot builds a self-driving “steam car” and demonstrates it in Paris in 1769 . |
1769 | Decisive improvement of Newcomen's steam engine by James Watt |
1770 | Natural rubber as an eraser ( Joseph Priestley ) |
1774 |
|
1780 | Invention of the copying press ( Wattsche Presse ) ( James Watt ) |
1783 | Hot air balloon ( Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier ) |
1785 | The fully mechanized Power Loom is invented ( Edmond Cartwright ) |
1799 |
|
1801 | First high-pressure steam engine by ( Richard Trevithick ) |
1804 | First steam locomotive in a mine ( Richard Trevithick ) |
1805 | The fully mechanized loom is being further developed with control technology ( Joseph-Marie Jacquard ) |
1821 | First monorail ( Henry Robinson Palmer ) |
1825 | First public railroad : the Stockton and Darlington Railway |
1838 | Discovery of the principle of the fuel cell ( Christian Friedrich Schönbein ) |
1840 | Electric vehicle drive ( Johann Philipp Wagner ) |
1843 | Invention of wood pulp for paper production ( Friedrich Gottlob Keller ) |
1849 | Francis water turbine |
1852 | Semi-rigid airship |
1860 | By pasteurization milk foods durable (to Louis Pasteur ) |
1861 | First working telephone ( Philipp Reis ) |
1866 |
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1869 | Air brake ( George Westinghouse ) |
1876 |
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1877 | Invention of the phonograph ( Thomas Alva Edison ) |
1879 |
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1880 | Development of the transformer by Lucien Gaulard (France) and John Dixon Gibbs (England), presented in London in 1881, patent application unsuccessful in 1882. In 1885, Károly Zipernowsky , Miksa Déri and Ottó Titusz Bláthy filed a successful patent application in Budapest ( Hungary ). |
1881 | First electric tram in the world by Werner von Siemens in Lichterfelde near Berlin . |
1882 | First electric power plant in New York by Edison |
1885 | George Westinghouse supplies the power supply hochgespanntem AC a |
1883 | Invention of the electric telescope with Nipkow disk ( Paul Nipkow ) |
1886 | Invention of the automobile ( Carl Benz ) |
1887 | Invention of the record ( Emil Berliner ) |
1890 | First electric tube in London ( City and South London Railway ) |
1891 | First safe, repeatable gliding flight ( Otto Lilienthal ) |
1891 | First long-distance transmission of electrical energy as three-phase current with high voltage between Lauffen am Neckar and Frankfurt am Main . This method is still the most common method of electrical energy transmission today. |
1893 | The US Railroad Safety Appliance Act mandates the use of air brakes on all railways in the United States |
1895 | Discovery of X-rays ( Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen ) |
1896 | Discovery of radioactivity ( Antoine Henri Becquerel ) |
1897 | Invention of the cathode ray tube ( Ferdinand Braun ) |
1903 | First successful controlled powered flight with a heavier-than-air aircraft ( Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright ) |
1913 | The assembly line for automobile assembly ( Henry Ford ) |
1931 | First electron microscope ( Ernst Ruska ) |
1935 | The first regular television program is broadcast from the Berlin radio tower |
1938 | First induced nuclear fission of uranium ( Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann ) |
1941 | Completion of the Zuse Z3 , the first universally programmable digital computer ( Konrad Zuse ) |
1942 | Launch of an A4 rocket , which advances at an altitude of 85 km into areas that cannot be reached by balloons and airplanes |
1945 | First detonation of an atomic bomb ( Trinity test ) ( USA ) |
1948 | Invention of the transistor ( William B. Shockley , John Bardeen and Walter Brattain ) |
1950 | First Affordable Programmable Home Computer ( Simon ) |
1952 | First detonation of a hydrogen bomb ( USA ) |
1954 | First nuclear power plant to generate electricity in Obninsk near Moscow (output 5 MW) |
1957 | Launch of the first artificial earth satellite Sputnik 1 ( USSR ) |
1958 | Development of the first integrated circuit ( Jack Kilby ) |
1959 | |
1960 | Completion of the first laser by Theodore Maiman |
1961 | Launch and flight of the first man into space and first orbit by Yuri Gagarin (USSR) |
1963 | Invention of the digital camera by David Paul Gregg at Stanford University |
1968 | By producing the first network connection between two computers on the ARPANET of the foundation stone for the later Internet set |
1969 | First manned moon landing with Apollo 11 ( USA ) |
1970 |
|
1971 | Ray Tomlinson sent the first email in Cambridge, USA |
1972 | Launch of the first spacecraft to leave the solar system ( Pioneer 10 ) |
1974 | In RFC 675 the basic protocol TCP for the Internet is specified and this term is mentioned for the first time in writing |
1977 |
|
1979 | The compact disc (CD) as digital audio storage is presented ( Sony & Philips ) |
1980 | Construction of the first computer named as personal computer ( IBM ) |
1984 | With the organizer I provides Psion the first forerunner of the PDA ago |
1988 | The self-duplicating program worm spreads faster than expected due to a programming error and is the first computer worm to paralyze the Internet for several days |
1991 |
|
1993 | With the introduction of the Newton MessagePad 100, with pen operation and handwriting recognition, Apple defines the term PDA |
1993/1995 | Official commissioning of the global navigation satellite systems GLONASS (practically not usable for approx. 15 years) and GPS |
1995 | The DVD as digital audio storage is presented |
1999 | The age of mobile devices begins with the Palm VII, the first PDA with a built-in cellular modem |
2010 | The first commercially successful tablet computer is used by Apple unveiled |
See also
literature
- Friedrich Klemm : History of Technology. Man and his inventions in the western world. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1983, ISBN 3-499-17714-5 ( Cultural History of Natural Sciences and Technology 14), ( Rororo - Rororo-Sachbuch 7714).
- Wolfgang König (Hrsg.): Propylaea history of technology. 5 volumes. Propylaen-Verlag, Berlin 1991–1992, ISBN 3-549-05231-6 (several reprints).
- Marie-Louise ten Horn-van Nispen: Four hundred thousand years of technological history. From the Stone Age to the Information Age. Primus Verlag, Darmstadt 1999, ISBN 3-89678-208-8 .
- Adam Hart-Davis: The Flying Ship and Other Inventions That Almost Worked. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-423-20479-6 ( dtv 20479).
- Peter James, Nick Thorpe: cuneiform writing, compass, chewing gum. An encyclopedia of early inventions. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-423-62084-6 ( dtv 62084 - series Hanser ).
- Christian Mähr : Forgotten Inventions. Why doesn't the soda locomotive work anymore? Dumont Literature and Art Verlag, Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-8321-7816-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Kehoe, Brendan P .: Zen and the Art of the Internet . 2nd Edition. Prentice Hall, Munich, 1994, ISBN 3-930436-06-X , pp. 83 f . (English: Zen and the Art of Internet: a Beginner's Guide .).
Web links
- http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~wumsta/infopub/textbook/umfeld/rehm.html - Digital teaching and manual of library science: Information and communication in the past and present (Margarete Rehm, HU Berlin)
- http://www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml - Personal Computer Milestones