List of windmills in East Frisia
The list below is sortable. The presetting is based on the name of the place where the mill is located. It can also be sorted by the name of the mill (alphabetically), the name of the city or municipality (alphabetically) and the date the building was built (chronologically). Special features of the building history, historical events and other comments are listed under Comments. |
The list of windmills in East Friesland gives an overview of windmills of different conservation status in East Friesland . A mill was first mentioned in a document in 1424 in Esens. The oldest surviving structure, however, is the post mill in Dornum from 1626. With around 174 mills, the population in East Friesland reached its highest level around 1900, of which around half are still preserved today.
In contrast to the language used by the organizers of the Lower Saxony Mühlenstrasse , the term " East Frisia " refers to the area of the former administrative district of Aurich . In contrast, the districts of Ammerland , Friesland and Wesermarsch also belong to the "Region of East Frisia" on the Lower Saxony Mill Road .
The most famous examples of East Frisian windmills include the Greetsieler twin mills and the Hager mill , which at 30.2 m is Germany's highest windmill. The Aurich Stiftsmühle is the highest still functioning mill with five floors and the second highest mill in East Frisia. Another special feature is the only island windmill in Lower Saxony on Norderney and the double-piston water pump mill in Werdenum , which is the only known functional structure of this type in Germany.
Today only a few buildings serve their original purpose of grinding the grain or for drainage. For example, the flood mills invented in the Netherlands in the 16th century were used in East Frisia to drain wetlands, but in this function they were replaced by modern pumping stations in the 20th century. Among the grain grinding mills, the Steenblock mill in Spetzerfehn is the only one that is still operated commercially with wind power today.
Windmills
place | City / municipality | Mill | Type | Built | Remarks | image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altfunnixsiel | Wittmund |
Altfunnixsieler Mühle map |
Earth Dutchman | 1802 | Today used as a holiday home | |
Aurich | Aurich |
Stiftsmühle card |
Gallery Dutch | 1858 | With a total height of 29.95 m , after the windmill in Hage, it is the second highest mill in East Frisia. Home to a mill museum. | |
Aurich | Aurich |
Outdoor mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1884 | Mill technology is available and functional, but is now driven by a motor. The wings are dismantled. | |
Backemoor | Rhauderfehn |
Backemoorer Mill Map |
Gallery Dutch | 1798 | Several times partially or completely destroyed and rebuilt. | |
Bagband | Großefehn |
Bagbander mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1812 | The mill is still fully functional. You can stay overnight in the building. | |
Bedekaspel | South Brookmerland |
Wasserschöpfmühle Agnes card |
Erdholländer , Fluttermühle |
1920 | Rebuilt in 1986. Today it is used to irrigate a biotope. | |
Berdum | Wittmund |
Krullsche Mill Card |
Earth Dutchman | 1782 (1820?) | The mill was shut down in 1972. From 1989 the mill association worked on restarting the mill, which then took over the mill in 1991. | |
Berumerfehn | Großheide |
Red mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1937 | This mill was originally in Carolinensiel and was moved to its current location in 1937. The plant has been operated by a mill association since 1983. | |
Bundles | Bundles |
Bunder Mühle ( Huisinger Mühle ) map |
Gallery Dutch | 1869 | The mill burned down in May 1911 and was rebuilt as a four-story gallery dutch. In 1960 it was switched from wind to motor operation, restored between 1997 and 1999. | |
Bundles | Bundles |
Königsmühle (Bunde) card |
Preserved as a mill stump. | |||
Bunderhee | Bundles |
Huisingasche mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1859 | Preserved as a mill stump. | |
Burlage | Rhauderfehn |
Mill Burlage card |
Wall Dutch | 1824 | The mill was in operation until 1978. The wings are still there, but the grinder has been dismantled. The complex houses a natural history museum. | |
Buttforde | Wittmund |
Buttford Mill Map |
Gallery Dutch | 1815 | Operated with wind power until 1955. | |
Carolinensiel | Wittmund |
Deichmühle |
Gallery Dutch | 1742 | The two-story mill was built on a dike, hence the name, and from an early stage it also served as a landmark. The mill is now used as a holiday home. | |
Charlottenpolder | Bundles |
Wasserschöpfmühle Charlottenpolder map |
Preserved as a mill stump. | |||
Hallway | Weener |
Windmill Neu-Diele Card |
Preserved as a mill stump. | |||
Ditzum | Jemgum |
Ditzumer Mühle map |
Gallery Dutch | 1883 | Burned down in 1943 and rebuilt as a motor mill, burned out during combat operations in 1945, in operation until 1986 | |
Ditzumerverlaat | Bundles |
Mill Nanowa Map |
1804 | Preserved as a mill stump, converted into a holiday apartment. | ||
Ditzumerverlaat | Bundles |
Watermill Wynhamsterkolk map |
Earth Dutchman | 1804 | Built as a drainage mill, privately owned since 1890, wind power drainage was ended in the late 1950s | |
Dornum | Dornum |
Post mill Dornum card |
Post mill | 1626 | The last remaining post mill in East Frisia. The oldest mill in the East Frisia region. | |
Emden | Emden |
De Roede Molen |
Gallery Dutch | 1572 (1823) |
The Rote Mühle was built in 1573 on the "Valdern Wall" (later Rote Mühlen Zwinger ). between 1795 and 1810 it was rebuilt as a gallery Dutch. It burned down on August 16, 1916 and was not rebuilt despite several attempts. The building now houses a kindergarten. | |
Emden | Emden |
De Vrouw Johanna card |
Gallery Dutch | 1804 | Decommissioned in 1956 and restored by the Emden Mill Association from 1996 to 2000. The mill is fully functional and one of the few that can still grind using the impellers. | |
Emden | Emden |
Wheat mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1810 | In 1952 the wings were dismantled and the mill was converted to motor power | |
Emden | Emden |
Mühle Zeldenüst card |
Gallery Dutch | 1807 | built as a sawmill, but was then converted into a grain mill. The wings were removed in 1952. | |
Esens | Esens |
Peldemühle Esen's card |
Peldemühle | 1850 | In August 1945, one pair of blades broke off, the other was then also dismantled and the mill switched to motor power.
Operations ceased in 1952. In 1986 the mill was bought by the town of Esens and converted into a local museum. |
|
Field | Großefehn |
Fields mill card |
Peldemühle | 1866 | Decommissioned in 1969. Thoroughly renovated in 1978 and 1996. | |
Fulcum | Esens |
Johanni-Mühle card |
Gallery Dutch | 1865 (1869?) | The mill was renovated as early as 1909. In 1929 the plant got an electric motor, when operations were stopped in 1954 there were already five motors. On August 21, 2000, the mill burned down to the ground due to a technical defect. | |
Greetsiel | Krummhörn |
Greetsieler Zwillingsmühlen map (mill east) map (mill west) |
Gallery Dutch | 1706 1856 |
Landmark of Greetsiel. | |
Großoldendorf | Uplengen |
Windmühle Großoldendorf map |
Gallery Dutch | 1887 | The mill was operated with wind until 1962 and then switched to motor power. In 1977 the operation was stopped. | |
Hage | Hage |
Hager Mill Card |
Gallery Dutch | 1872/73 | After a fire in 1880, one floor was added. At 30.2 m tallest windmill in Germany | |
Haxtum | Aurich |
Haxtumer Mühle map |
Gallery Dutch | 1885 | The mill technology is available and functional, with only the hammer mill still in operation. | |
Back | Back |
Mill rear card |
Gallery Dutch | 1869 | The complex was originally demolished in 1958 except for the masonry. The mill has been rebuilt since 1993,
In 1995 the facility was given a gallery again. |
|
Holtland | Holtland |
Holtlander Mill |
Gallery Dutch | 1864 | The facility was privately owned until 1992. In 1992 the family donated the functional system to the community. | |
Clumps | Friedeburg |
Mill Erks Card |
Gallery Dutch | 1839 | The system has been rebuilt several times over the years and has been fully functional again since 1988. | |
Idafehn | Ostrhauderfehn |
Berta Mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1891 | The mill was damaged by acts of war on April 25, 1945. On November 13, 1972, it burned down during a hurricane. The mill stump was bought and restored by the municipality in 1999. The annex, the so-called packing house , is used for meetings and exhibitions. | |
Ihlowerfehn | Ihlow |
Berta Mill |
Gallery Dutch | 1870 | The previous building was a Roßmühle from the landscape polder in 1794. The current mill was built in 1870. Since the 1980s, the mill has been restored by the municipality. | |
Jemgum | Jemgum |
Peldemühle Jemgum |
Gallery Dutch | 1756 | Built as a flour mill and is still completely preserved | |
Jemgum | Jemgum |
Jemgum rye mill |
Gallery Dutch | 1777 | Destroyed after several renovations in 1945. The mill stump has been used as a residential building since 1972. | |
Larrelt | Emden |
Larrelter Mill ( Kost Winning ) map |
Gallery Dutch | 1732 | Wind milling was used until 1948, but the mill had to be stopped in 1974. In 1992 the mill was fully restored. The mill is still operated regularly on certain days, is fully functional and has been preserved. The mill can be rented for festivities. | |
Leezdorf | Leezdorf |
Bartlingsche Mühle card |
Gallery Dutch | 1896 | The current system was built here as the successor to a coker windmill. The system also has a codend and sail wing. The grinding process can be demonstrated with wind power, a diesel engine or an electric motor. | |
Logabirum | Empty |
Mill Eiklenborg map |
Gallery Dutch | 1895 | built as a sawmill, in 1935 it was replaced by a compass rose, and in 1938 it was switched to motorized operation. The mill is out of order but still fully functional | |
Marienhafe | Marienhafe |
Friesenborg Mill Map |
Gallery Dutch | 1776 | A third floor was added in 1821. | |
Mitling Mark | Westoverledingen |
Mitling marker mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1843 | Originally there was a post mill here from time immemorial. The current facility was built in 1843. A diesel engine was installed in 1928 and an electric motor in 1945. In 1984 the community bought the facility. The mill has been open to the public again since 1990. | |
Münkeboe | South Brookmerland |
Mühle Münkeboe ( Fleetjers Mill ) map |
Gallery Dutch | 1854 | Refurbished between 1980 and 1987. | |
Neermoor | Moormerland |
Mill Neermoor map |
Gallery Dutch | 1884 | The wing and cap were removed in 1964, and the mill was shut down in 1989. Comprehensive renovation since 2000. | |
Nenndorf | Nenndorf |
Nenndorfer Windmühle map |
Gallery Dutch | 1850 | The original mill was badly damaged in a storm in 1872 and added one story during the reconstruction. It was family-owned until 1991 when the community took over the facility. | |
Nesse | Dornum |
Nessmer mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1856/57 | The facility operated until 1960 and was scheduled to be demolished in 1965. For unknown reasons, the demolition never took place. The interior was dismantled. | |
north | north |
Deichmühle map |
Gallery Dutch | 1900 | At 28.5 m, it is the third highest mill in East Frisia. The first mill at this point was a post mill from 1588. The mill is privately owned, fully functional and is used as a museum. | |
north | north |
Gnurre-Mill Frisia Card |
Gallery Dutch | 1864 | A mill was built here as early as 1700. This and subsequent ones fell victim to fires. In 1930 the complex was demolished except for the octagon. In 1986 the mill association began to rebuild. | |
north | north |
Westgaster Mill Map |
Gallery Dutch | 1863 | The mill was operated with wind until 1975, but then switched to motor power. The operation was stopped in 1985 and is leased to the mill association. The system is fully functional and is still used occasionally. | |
Norderney | Norderney |
Inselmühle Norderney map |
Gallery Dutch | 1862 | The only island windmill in Lower Saxony. Station on the Lower Saxony Mühlenstrasse . Burned down in 1951, restaurant business since 1971. | |
Nüttermoor | Leer (East Frisia) |
Klostermühle (Thedinga) map |
Gallery Dutch | 1881 | The windmill burned down in 1947. The mill stump has been preserved as a residential building. | |
Ostgroßefehn | Großefehn |
Mill Ostgroßefehn map |
Gallery Dutch | 1804 | The plant has three grinders that were mainly built to process buckwheat. Around 1900 a system for generating electricity was installed on a trial basis. The operation of the mill was stopped in 1968, but it is still fully functional. | |
Pewsum | Krummhörn |
Pewsum windmill (formerly Eicklenborgsche Mühle ) map |
Gallery Dutch | 1854 | Refurbished between 1980 and 1987. | |
Remels | Uplengen |
Windmill Remels card |
Gallery Dutch | 1803 | The grain for the plant was brought in on the Nordgeorgsfehnkanal. Until it was shut down in 1962, the plant was operated with wind. It has been owned by the municipality since 1963 and is preserved as a technical monument. | |
Rhaude | Rhauderfehn |
Rhauder Mühle card |
Gallery Dutch | 1852 | Dismantled in 1958. Rebuilt between 1991 and 1998. | |
Rhauderfehn | Rhauderfehn |
Mill Hahnentange card |
Gallery Dutch | 1865 | The original mill burned down in 1885 and was then rebuilt on two floors. Operations ceased in 1968. The community of Rhauderfehn has owned the facility since 1992. It is now restored and fully functional- | |
Rechtsupweg | Brookmerland Municipality |
Rechtsupweger Mühle map |
Gallery Dutch | 1926 | Wind operation stopped in 1960. Then the cap and wing were removed. The mill continued to operate with an electric motor until 1974. The mill stump is in a garden and can hardly be seen behind the adjoining hedges. It is whitewashed and is likely used as a storage room by private individuals. As of June 29, 2013 | |
Riepe | Ihlow |
Fluttermühle Riepe card |
Flutter mill | 1986 | The mill is portable. As a drainage mill, it has the task of using an Archimedean screw to move water from lower ditches to higher ones. | |
Riepe Leegmoor | Ihlow |
Kokermühle Riepe card |
Coke mill | 18th century | In 1984 the water mill was completely restored and has been fully functional again since then. | |
Riepe | Ihlow |
Mill Boerma Card |
Gallery Dutch | 1771 (1899) | The mill was put into operation as a water scoop mill on the Türkmeer, in 1813 it was converted into a grain and peldem mill. In 1899 it was moved to its current location. The facility is used as a land trade. | |
Riepster Hammrich | Ihlow | Wrantepotter threshing mill " De Kaat " card |
Gallery Dutch | around 1670 | With a height of 13.80 m and a wingspan of 9.40 m one of the smallest mills in Germany. Reconstruction in 1992 | |
Rysum | Krummhörn |
Rysumer mill map |
Gallery Dutch | 1895 | In 1964 the mill was shut down. The reconstruction took place between 1989 and 1995. | |
Sandhorst | Aurich |
Sandhorster Mill Map |
Gallery Dutch | 1908 | The mill technology is available and functional. Completely renovated from 1988 to 1991. | |
Schweindorf | Schweindorf |
Klaashensche Mühle map |
Gallery Dutch | 1907 | Previous building burned down in 1906. Grand piano, cap and gallery dismantled in 1961. Reconstruction completed in 1998 with the fitting of the new mill cap and the attachment of the codend. | |
Seriem | Neuharlingersiel |
De Goede Verwagting card |
Gallery Dutch | 1804 | The mill was used commercially until 1975. | |
Simonswolde | Ihlow |
Windmill Simonswolde , sand water mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1813 | Operated with wind power until around 1948. Today used as a residential building. | |
Schoonorth | Krummhörn |
Schoonorther Mill Card |
Gallery Dutch | 1804 | The mill was badly damaged in a heavy storm in 1951. The wings and the upper part were then dismantled. In 1975 the substructure was converted into a residential building. Today used as a holiday home. | |
Spetzerfehn | Großefehn |
Mill Steenblock card |
Gallery Dutch | 1886 | Previous building from 1818 burned down after a lightning strike in 1884. The only mill in East Frisia that is still commercially operated with wind power today. | |
Pile bog | Weener |
Windmühle Stapelmoor ( Mill Wichers ) Map |
Gallery Dutch | 1909 | The previous building from 1818 was canceled in 1909. | |
Südcoldinne | Großheide |
Mill Südcoldinne ( Tjadens Mühle ) map |
Earth Dutchman | 1922 | Built in 1901 as a water mill in Nordgeorgsfehn at lock 3 of the Nordgeorgsfehn Canal, transported to its present location in 1922. | |
South Georgsfehn | Uplengen |
Mill Südgeorgsfehn map |
Gallery Dutch | 1907 | Operated with wind power until about 1966, then only with motor operation. 1989/90 shutdown. Extensively restored in 1998. | |
Tannenhausen | Aurich |
Meints Mill card |
Earth Dutchman | 1867 | Built in Endzetel ( Buttforde ) in 1867 . Bought from master miller Meints in 1923 and brought to Tannenhausen. | |
Tjüche | Marienhafe |
Tjücher mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1886 | Operated with wind power until 1958, then switched to motor drive. Restoration completed in 1986. | |
Upgant bulkhead | Upgant bulkhead |
Sterrenbergsche Mühle map |
Gallery Dutch | 1880 | A previous building from 1569 was demolished in 1880. | |
Utarp | Holtriem |
Utarper Mill Card |
Earth Dutchman | 1909 | Completed in 1909 and operated as a windmill until 1960. Structure preserved as a ruin. | |
Uttum | Krummhörn |
Old mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1856 | Operated exclusively with wind power until around 1957, with the electric motor as the secondary drive until 1975. | |
Full | Westoverledingen |
Windmill Völlen card |
Gallery Dutch | The mill stump that remained until then was demolished in 2018. Only a few millstones are still preserved. | ||
Völlenerfehn | Westoverledingen | Water mill card |
Wall Dutch | 1813 | The upper part of the mill was dismantled in December 2009, completely dismantled and rebuilt in Ahausen , a district of Bersenbrück near Osnabrück. The lower part of the mill was demolished in 2010/11. | |
Warsingsfehn | Moormerland |
Windmühle Warsingsfehn , Mühle Bohlen card |
Gallery Dutch | 1811/12 | Wing mechanism dismantled in 1967. Then continue to operate with an electric motor. The mill cap was replaced in 1994, and a gallery was added in 1996. | |
Weener | Weener |
Haseborgsche Mühle map |
Gallery Dutch | 1899 | ||
Become | Esens |
Werdumer Mühle card |
Earth Dutchman | 1748 | The wind operation was stopped in 1960 and the entire mill operation in 1971. | |
Westeraccum | Dornum |
Windmill Westeraccum map |
Gallery Dutch | 1723 | Around 1900 the building burned down completely and was renovated. The pearl barley was still produced here until 1983. The gallery and octagon were reassembled in 2000, the wings in 2002. | |
Westerbur | Dornumersiel |
Sielmühle card |
Gallery Dutch | 1872 | The facility is the only one with a hexagonal floor plan and was used as a navigation mark early on. | |
Westgroßefehn | Großefehn |
Mill Onken card |
Gallery Dutch | 1773 | Operated with wind until 1967. From 1990 to 1993 fundamental renovation. | |
Wiegboldsbur | South Brookmerland |
Mühle Wiegboldsbur Map |
Gallery Dutch | 1812 | Raised one floor in 1851. | |
Willum | Willum |
Water Pump Mill Willum Card |
Double piston water pump mill | 1872 | The only known functioning mill of this type in Germany. | |
Wittmund | Wittmund |
Peldemühle (Wittmund) map |
Peldemühle | 1741 | The plant was built in 1741 as a gallery Dutchman and is therefore probably the oldest mill of its kind in northern Germany. The actual mill operation was stopped in 1974. Comprehensive restoration began in 1986 and has been operational again since 1991. The mill is owned by the Johann and Helene You Foundation. | |
Wittmund | Wittmund |
Siuts mill card |
Gallery Dutch | 1884 | The first mention of a mill at this point was in 1648 and concerned a post mill. This became a victim of flames in 1884. The current facility was originally in the north and was built here after the fire. | |
Wymeer | Bundles |
Wymeerer Mühle card |
Gallery Dutch |
See also
literature
- Karl Reuer: Windmills in the Ostfriesland / Oldenburg area . Ed .: East Frisian Landscape, Cultural Agency, Institute for Monument Preservation. 1981.
- Walter Norzel, Hartmut Weßling: East Frisian mill book . Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Hanover 1996, ISBN 3-87706-330-6 .
- German society for mill knowledge and mill maintenance [DGM] eV (Hrsg.): Mill locations in Lower Saxony-Bremen . East Frisia district. ( muehlen-dgm-ev.de [PDF; 324 kB ]).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b mills . Ostfriesland Tourismus GmbH. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ^ Working group Mühlenstraße id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV: zur Straße
- ^ Aurich - Mühlenfachmuseum Stiftsmühle . Ostfriesland Tourismus GmbH. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ↑ Gottfried Kiesow: Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . German Foundation for Monument Protection - Monuments Publications, Bonn 2009, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 210 .
- ↑ Buttford Mill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Municipality of Dornum (ed.): BOCKWINDMÜHLE DORNUM VON 1626 . Inauguration ceremony after renovation in accordance with listed buildings. November 20, 2010 ( dornum.de [PDF; 797 kB ]).
- ↑ Gottfried Kiesow: Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . German Foundation for Monument Protection - Monuments Publications, Bonn 2009, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 50 .
- ↑ Windmill Felde . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Pictures of the fire in the Fulkum "Johanni" mill on August 21, 2000 . Joachim Albers. March 29, 2004. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ↑ Gottfried Kiesow: Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . German Foundation for Monument Protection - Monuments Publications, Bonn 2009, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 90 f .
- ↑ The Hager Mill . Berumer administration and real estate company. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ↑ Idafehn Mill . The Möhlenkring Idafehn eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Neermoor Mill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ^ German Society for Milling Knowledge and Mill Maintenance [DGM] (Ed.): Mill locations in Lower Saxony-Bremen . East Frisia district. S. 5 ( muehlen-dgm-ev.de [PDF; 324 kB ]).
- ↑ Michael Heinze: The Rhauder Mühle today . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Rechtsupweger mill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed January 12, 2012.
- ↑ Flutter mill in Riepe . German Society for Milling Science and Mill Maintenance [DGM] eV. Accessed on January 8, 2012.
- ^ The Wrantepotter drainage and threshing mill "De Kaat" . Emder Mühlenverein eV Archived from the original on July 14, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
- ↑ Rysumer Mill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Schweindorf windmill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ The history of the Seriemer mill . Mill association "DE GOEDE VERWAGTING e. V". Retrieved January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Sand water mill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Welcome to the historic holiday home of the Happel family near Greetsiel on the North Sea . Simone Roth-Happel and Armin Happel. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Mill Steenblock Spetzerfehn . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Stackmoor Windmill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Tjaden's mill Großheide-Südcoldinne . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ South Georgsfehn windmill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Tjücher mill Marienhafe . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Windmill "Sterrenberg" Upgant-Schott . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Old mill Uttum . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ^ Windmills in East Frisia, Völlenerfehn . Rainer Leverenz. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
- ^ Windmill Warsingsfehn . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Werdum windmill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Onken's Mill . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Water pump mill in Werdenum . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Peldemühle Wittmund . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed on January 21, 2012.
Web links
- Welcome to the "Lower Saxony Mühlenstraße" . Mühlenstrasse working group id Mühlenvereinigung Niedersachsen - Bremen eV Accessed December 27, 2011.
- German Society for Milling Science and Mill Maintenance [DGM eV] . Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- Windmills Cruises East Friesland - Germany North Germany . Rainer Leverenz. Retrieved January 16, 2012.