Snowfall in Central Europe in January 2019

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Snowfall in Europe, January 2019
Snow conditions in Gosau, January 14th (seen from the roof of a house to be shoveled)
Snow conditions in Gosau , January 14th (seen from the roof of a house to be shoveled)
Action centers Blocking High Angela; Tiefs André / Alfrida, Sophia, Benjamin, Christof, Donald / Jan, Florence
storm Heavy snowfall
Data
Beginning 1st January 2019
Climax 4th-14th January 2019 (snowfall)
Total new snow 450 cm ( high felts , TIR, 1.-15.1. )
consequences
affected areas Alps ; also Carpathians , Eastern Mediterranean , Scandinavia

The snowfall in January 2019 was a heavy snow event in Central Europe and other areas of Europe in the first half of January 2019.

Meteorological basics

course

The heavy snow was caused by a strong mixed zone of moist Atlantic - and polar cold - air masses flowing into Central Europe along an omega location . A blocking high over the British Isles (Angela) and several low pressure complexes over Scandinavia steered these northern currents against the Alpine region. This resulted in prolonged, intense accumulation of rain on the north side of the Alps , with stormy winds at high altitudes. It was based on a strong oscillation of the jet stream , which leads to a comparatively narrow band of events.

The northern eastern Alps were affected right from the start (lows André - in Scandinavia Alfrida or Aapeli - and Benjamin ). Through drifts high creates avalanche danger . The temporary increase in temperature due to warm fronts ( Benjamin and Donald - in Scandinavia Jan ) was particularly unfavorable , light snow was overlaid by increasing wet snow in the lower elevations, and in some areas it was raining in the high snow cover of the previous days. The snowfall was already extremely productive in the first week, with widespread in northern congestion up to 1 meter snow depth, locally up to 2 meters.

After a short relaxation in the alpine region, the weekend 12./13. January again heavy rainfall (low Florence ), with up to another meter of fresh snow. This lasted until Tuesday, January 15, then a change in the general weather situation with the influence of high pressure in the south and an influx of cooler and drier air masses in the north prevailed. In the foothills of the Alps and Erzgebirgsvorland it came localized to smaller proliferations and floods.

A special feature was the sharp southern border of the precipitation area on the main Alpine ridge , the southern half of the Alps has strong northern foehn and hardly any precipitation. The western Alps were also only marginally affected. On the southern side of the Swiss Alps , the northern foehn grew into a storm . There was also wind on the western edge of the Scheefall area, with a mistral period lasting over two weeks in the French Rhone Valley .

The first of the Scandinavian lows (André / Alfrida / Aapeli) caused storms and coarser storm surges in southern Scandinavia , the second ( Benjamin ) storm on the North Sea coast (light storm surges) and in the northern damming of the Ore Mountains . Similar precarious conditions as in Central Europe also prevail in northern Norway due to the lows withdrawing to the north ( André / Alfrida , storm depression Donald / Jan , Eugen ) , with drifts and also with a high risk of avalanches.

At the same time, there were storms in the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea area due to lows (Sophia , Christof ) that hit the cold continental air from the south. With an advance of cold air from the northeast, there was also increasingly intense precipitation in the Carpathian and Adriatic regions , which reached as far as the Middle East with unusual snowfall and heavy rain , as well as severe frost in the Balkans as far as northern Greece (January 8, Vásárosnamény in northeast Hungary −18.6 ° C ; Florina in Western Macedonia around −21 ° C). In the mixed zone of the Atlantic and Mediterranean lows south of the Alps, in north-west Italy , there were severe winter thunderstorms and isolated forest fires .

KNMI analysis 2019010500.gif
General weather situation and action centers , Friday 4th to Saturday 5th January (00 UTC): High Angela over the British Isles , low André over the Baltic and Sophia over the Aegean . Heavy precipitation in the Eastern Alps and Southeast Europe .
2019-01-07.Terra.MODIS.125m.Tirol.jpg
Alpine arc from around the Arlberg to the Salzkammergut on Monday, January 7th. You can see the dense clouds in the north damming from the main Alpine ridge northwards to the Alpine foothills , and the lee waves of the northern foehn south of it, South and East Tyrol , Upper Carinthia are free of snow and partly cloudless up to the high altitudes. ( Terra - MODIS satellite image)
KNMI analysis 2019010812.gif
Weather situation Tuesday, January 8, 12:00 UTC: impact of the broader front of Tief Benjamin (over the Baltic Sea ) on the Alps-Carpathian region; characteristic Omega position (Ω) over the North Atlantic ; between the two action centers a storm channel over the North Sea .
CPC-NWS-NOAA CDAS 200-hPa HT Anoms 09JAN2019.png
World map of the 200 hPa pressure surface anomalies, January 9: right and top left the mighty high (Angela) over the north-east Atlantic, low over south-east Europe (Christof) and the trace of the jet stream wave; Cold air ingress also in Central Asia, off Japan, along the North American west coast and over South-South America (graphic NCEP Climate Data Assimilation System).
KNMI analysis 2019011000.gif
Weather situation Friday, January 11th, 00:00 UTC: high altitude low over the Adriatic Sea and the Baltic States , between the Mediterranean low Christof and the storm Donald high in the north.
CPC-NCEP-NOAA Blocking strength GHGS 16 Dec 2018 - 20 Jan 2019.png
Blocking Index Dec. 20, 2018 - Jan. 20, 2019: Shows the moderate blockade complex in the area 30 ° W to 30 ° E, North Atlantic to Eastern Europe, with a maximum in the east; the stronger blockade to 90 ° –180 ° E before New Year's Eve is based on the effect of sudden warming on Siberia (Hovmöller diagram of the 500 hPa geopotential height gradient).
KNMI analysis 2019011400.gif
Weather conditions January 13th to 14th: high Angela, low Florence; Changeover to a stormy north-westerly current, second maximum precipitation in the Alpine region.

climatology

In the last days of December there was a sudden warming of the stratosphere (Sudden stratospheric warming) , the polar vortex split into several centers (Polar vortex split) .

In the central Alpine region from Eastern Switzerland to Salzburg, January was one of the ten wettest Januarys in the past 150 years, and especially at high altitudes, the coldest for about 30 years, namely 1985 and 1987 respectively.

Snow cover height / new snow total,
in cm; Selection of measuring stations, Jan. 2019
place Altitude in m (above sea level / above sea level), rounded country Snow
depth Jan. 15		 New snow total Jan. 1 - 15 New snow total Jan. 1-10 statistical return time in years since
Lackenhof 810 Lower Austria ~ 190 - - - (1919)
Windischgarsten 600 Upper Austria - 148 - 5-10 (1896)
Bad Mitterndorf 810 Stm - 270 - 100 *  (1971)
Bad Aussee 660 Stm - 300 - 30-50 (1971)
Ramsau a. D. 1140 Stm ~ 130 - ~ 170 - (oA)
Abtenau 715 Sbg - 240 - > 100 *  (1964)
Lofer 630 Sbg - 263 ~ 170 > 100 *  (1971)
Siegsdorf 615 BY 173 - - - *  (oA)
Hochfilzen 960 Tir ~ 200 451 311 > 100 *  (1971)
Kufstein 505 Tir - 168 - > 100 *  (1923)
Seefeld iT 1180 Tir ~ 150 283 208 > 100 *  (1895)
Holzgau 1115 Tir - 170 - 10 (1895)
Schröcken 1270 Vbg - 310 - 5 (1926)
Malbun 1610 LI 169 - - - J½  (1971)
St. Antönien 1510 GR 180 357 - > 30 J½  (1945)
Arosa 1845 GR 205 - - - J½  (1953)
Source: LAWIS / ZAMG, SLF / MeteoSchweiz; DWD
1.… new all-time record value (total new snow), J½… record for the 1st half of January (snow cover height ) - since the start of measurements.

Hochfilzen on the Tyrolean-Salzburg border had a record amount of snow in the Alpine region , with 300 cm New Cheeffall in 10 days and 450 cm in 14 days (January 1–15); St. Antönien in Prättigau reported 360 cm. Daily snow totals of 30–50 cm are not all that rare, but unusual on 2–3 days in a row. This occurred twice in this event. In Bad Aussee , 1.80 meters of snow had fallen in four days (2–6 January; Loser Berg at that time 3.90 m snow depth). The snow cover heights, with intermittent subsidence, spread across the settlement area up to 2 meters, with strong, small-scale fluctuations due to local conditions. Mountain measuring stations also reported snow depths of 5 meters and more.

The amount of fresh snow from the Hochkar and Dachstein region via Salzburg and Berchtesgadener Land and the Tiroler Unterland already reached the same level as the snowfall in January / February 2006 in the first week , and were classified as a 30 to 100-year event, locally more than 100 annually . In Switzerland, where the second half of winter is usually more snowy, there was around twice to three times as much snow as usual at this time of the year on the eastern northern slopes of the Alps , in northern and central Grisons and in the Lower Engadine, and in some areas as much as never before so early in the year. In the foothills of the Alps up to the Ore Mountains and Vogtland , where the snow depth was up to 70 cm, the event was statistically only in the range of a 5-year return.

Such a large-scale avalanche warning level 4–5 had already existed in the Alps in the previous year (January 2018) or in the avalanche winter of 1998/1999 .

consequences

The heavy snow in Austria had serious consequences, especially in northern Styria , southern Lower and Upper Austria , the whole of Salzburg , Tyrol and Vorarlberg . In the course of the event, the extreme snowfalls spread to the south and north-east of Bavaria , Saxony , and later to eastern and central Switzerland and Upper Carinthia . The snow situation was also critical in northern Norway . Storm also hit Denmark and Sweden in the first few days of January . Snow also hit Greece , Italy , Turkey , Crimea and even Lebanon and Israel , where there was heavy rainfall. It was particularly cold in Serbia and Romania .

Events

As early as Friday, January 4th, Austria with the Bavarian border area saw a number of road and rail line closures and obstructions in air traffic due to snow drifts, snow breakages in trees, accidents or the risk of avalanches, with extensive traffic jams in the Christmas holiday return traffic. On Wednesday, the 9th, the traffic obstructions with blowing snow extended to other parts of Germany. The storm in southern Scandinavia also caused major disabilities, with a railway accident on the Storebælt Bridge on January 3rd , with eight fatalities. At Leogang (Land Salzburg), Siegsdorf (Bavaria) and on the Brocken in the Harz mountains, there were train accidents without personal injury.

Road section critical to tree breakage; January 9 near Bad Leonfelden

In the Styrian Ennstal , Inner Salzkammergut , Ausseerland , Land Salzburg , North Tyrol , Vorarlberg and Upper Bavaria , places were temporarily cut off from the outside world, such as Radmer , the Präbichl , the Sölktäler , the Obertauern , Hallstatt and Obertraun , the Gosau , the Kühtai , Ziller- , Pitz- and Kaunertal , in the Paznaun , on the Arlberg , in the rear Montafon as well as in the Jachenau and near Berchtesgaden (Bavaria). This affected 10,000 locals and holidaymakers at times. In the Pölstal - Hohentauern - Pusterwald ( Upper Styria ) area, the disaster alarm was issued on the 7th , later also at Hochkar in Mostviertel (Lower Austria), as well as in Miesbach and the Traunstein district and for parts of the Berchtesgadener Land district (Bavaria). From January 5th, evacuations became necessary because of the threat of avalanches ( St. Johann am Tauern , Hochkar ski areas , Loser ). Supply and reconnaissance flights are only possible to a very limited extent due to the visibility and the wind. In Upper Styria and Vorarlberg, the armed forces were requested to assist in the emergency supply. On the 9th, a place in the Ore Mountains , Carlsfeld , was also isolated. The well-predicted precipitation gap in the Alps around Friday, January 11th, and also the good weather that set in on the 14th, was used for numerous avalanches , which meant that several road closures could be lifted again. By the following weekend, the traffic situation had largely normalized.

With the snow front of the weekend from 12./13. The situation became precarious again, this time also in Upper Carinthia and East Tyrol , and in the area of Eastern and Central Switzerland . Were isolated Tweng in Lungau , the Großarltal , Raurisertal , Glemmtal and the Salzburger Saalachtal (Unken, Lofer), the Oetztal and again the Paznaun and the Arlberg region and Disentis in the Grisons Surselva . In the province of Salzburg alone, over 40,000 people were trapped. At the same time, there were evacuations on Spitzbergen (Svalbard) because of the winter orcan.

On Monday, January 7th, the avalanche warning level  4 was already largely in place in the entire high mountain region of the Eastern Alps . On the following day, the avalanche commissions for the mountain areas of almost all of Upper Styria , the Ybbstal Alps , and the Upper Austrian and Salzburg High Limestone Alps set the highest level 5. After a brief relaxation, level 5 was again determined on January 13 in Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, and this time also in the area of Central Switzerland and the Bernese Alps . Avalanches on Schwägalp (Eastern Switzerland, January 10), Obertauern (Salzburg) and Brixen im Thale (Tyrol, both January 14) and on the outskirts of Ramsau am Dachstein (Styria, January 15) damaged individual houses, some with minor injuries. Avalanches in Warth (Arlberg area), which reached the center of the village, and at Pass Strub (Saalachtal, both January 14th), which buried the national thoroughfare that had only recently been closed, remained undamaged. Otherwise no major avalanches have occurred so far. Despite the warnings published in all media, there were several avalanche deaths in the open area. There were also avalanche victims in Norway (near Tromsø ).

The fire department clears a flat roof; January 11th in Berchtesgaden

Based on the experiences that were made with the numerous hall collapses due to the heavy snow loads in winter 2006 , the emergency services took care of help with shoveling roofs at an early stage. For this purpose, in addition to the local forces, the armed forces are deployed, as well as police units and numerous volunteer fire brigades from the less affected regions of the Alpine foothills as part of the disaster relief service . This mainly affects the more humid low-lying areas in the Traunviertel , in the Salzkammergut , in the Salzburg Flachgau , and in the Vorarlberg Rhine Valley . Major structural damage was up to the weekend of 12/13. hardly to report. But there were fatalities in occupational accidents.

Numerous ski areas in Austria had to temporarily shut down because the piste service was no longer possible.

The storm surges in Denmark (locally on a 20-year scale) also caused major damage. In Beirut (Lebanon) there was a mud flood after the heavy rainfall , in Galilee and on the Golan (Israel) there was more extensive flooding. The cold in south-east Europe claimed human lives in Romania .

The power supply was also affected by tree breakage , also outside the Alps in Hausruck and Kobernaußerwald , Mühlviertel and in the Bavarian Forest , where less the amount of snow than the wet snow was a problem. Long-term power outages could, however, be avoided. In southern Sweden , the storm caused major network collapses at the beginning of the month.

Damage

Initial estimates for the extent of damage for Austria are around 30–40 million euros for insurance claims, similar to 2006.

In Upper Austria, around 200,000 solid cubic meters of damaged wood are expected from the snow pressure.

Debates

In the course of the incident, there were problematic cases in which negligent persons not only endanger themselves, but also others in the event of an accident, and especially the rescue workers. In addition to the well-known problem of reckless winter sports enthusiasts, there were increasing reports that roadblocks were being ignored or even cleared away. In Wildalpen a tourist group was almost spilled on blocked road in the vehicles by an avalanche. The permanently installed barriers on Katschbergstrasse were dismantled several times, and investigations into serious property damage were initiated. Some road maintenance companies have switched to erecting massive snow barriers on blocked roads and thus preventing these barriers from being bypassed.

The effects on vacations were also an issue. In principle, the rule in Austria is that a holiday guest who cannot leave the holiday destination - also because of force majeure - must continue to pay for the accommodation. In the Austrian tourist areas there were also complaints from the hotel industry about excessive media coverage of the situation. Regardless of this, guest cancellations were also limited in the heavily affected regions.

Roped down on the steep roof, January 14th in Gosau

In Austria, voices were raised from the emergency organizations that voluntary, non-profit aid work needed better legal regulation. In particular, the work of the voluntary fire brigades or rescue services (accident assistance such as air and mountain rescue) has so far been based on goodwill solutions: Legally, the relief effort is absent from work . However, auxiliary services represent a legitimate obstacle, so there are no labor law sanctions (e.g. warning, dismissal). Nevertheless, the helpers have to take vacation or agree on a goodwill solution with the employer, such as time compensation . It is true that the social support of the fire brigades and rescue services in Austria is extremely high, and in practice there are seldom cases of conflict between employers and helping employees. Nevertheless, an employment law basis, also with a view to new employment and working time models, appears to be in keeping with the times. This is also part of the general debate about respecting the great economic benefits of voluntary work. Immediately after the January event, for example, the company TGW Logistics in Marchtrenk, with a good 3,000 employees, announced that it would introduce an internal company agreement for exemptions from fire service members as paid working hours.

Web links

Commons : Winter 2018-2019 in Europe  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ A Azores High streamers, emerged from the Omega-layer-like southern England Complex Hugo / Ignatius from Christmas; See forecast for December 24th and 28th , 2018 , DWD / FU Berlin.
  2. ↑ a b c d DWD weather map forecast for Fri 04.01.19, 12:00 UTC website of the Free University of Berlin;
    Weather situation as of January 5, 2019, 0 UTC. ZAMG: Current weather map and map archive ;
    Modèles - Archives des réanalyses du NCEP, Samdi January 5th, 2019, 7:00 am locale. Meteofrance: meteociel , meteociel.fr (esp. Précipitations en 6 heures (mm), risque de neige ).
  3. ↑ a b c d forecast for Tue January 6, 2019, 12:00 UTC , FU Berlin; Weather situation as of January 8, 2019, 0 UTC. ZAMG.
  4. ↑ a b c d e forecast for Thursday 10.01.19, 12:00 UTC , FU Berlin; Weather situation as of January 11, 2019, 0 UTC. ZAMG.
  5. ↑ a b c forecast for Sun 13.01.19, 12:00 UTC , FU Berlin; Weather situation on January 13, 2019, 06 UTC. ZAMG ; Réanalyses NCEP, Dimanche January 13, 2019, 7:00 am locale. meteociel.
  6. ↑ Is winter on track? . In: MeteoSwiss blog. 4th January 2019.
  7. ↑ a b Partly heavy snowfall on the return weekend. ZAMG: Weather News , January 4, 2019.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Europe Weather Pattern Generates Feet of Snow, Coastal Flooding, Even Middle East Snow, Dust. Jonathan Erdman on Cat6 (wunderground.com), January 9, 2019 - especially graphic European's Pattern First Week of Jan. 2019.
  9. ↑ a b Snow in the Swiss Alps. In: MeteoSwiss blog. January 14, 2019 - especially graphic geopotential and wind speeds .
  10. ↑ a b The danger of avalanches increases: Large amounts of fresh snow are coming. ORF.at, January 7, 2019 - with avalanche warning level map January 7, 2019.
  11. ↑ Another red snow warning - for the second time within four days, the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) issued the highest warning level (red warning). ZAMG: Weather News , January 8, 2019 - with weather warning level map January 8, 2019.
  12. ↑ a b Scandinavia has a different naming system for severe storms; see naming for weather events : Scandinavia; Finland sometimes gives it its own name.
  13. ↑ a b c Austria fights against snow masses. ORF.at, January 8, 2019 - with avalanche warning level map January 8, 2019, 6 p.m.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g More and more ski areas are closed. ORF.at, January 9, 2019 - with avalanche warning level map January 9, 2019, 12 noon.
  15. ↑ Mixed pack. Strong north stowage. More snow. In: MeteoSwiss blog. 8th, 9th resp. January 10, 2019.
  16. ↑ a b Calming weather does not last long. Precipitation pause section . In: MeteoSwiss blog. January 7, 2019.
  17. ↑ Is winter on track? . In: MeteoSwiss blog. January 9, 2019.
  18. ↑ a b c d No relaxation of the snow situation for the time being. ZAMG: Weather News , January 10, 2019 - with map difference in total snow depth (with settlement and melt) December 29, 2018, 00 UTC to Jan 10, 2019, 10 UTC: gray / black> 200 cm, pink / purple> 75 cm (SNOWGRID analysis, ZAMG).
  19. ↑ a b Pronounced northern stagnation. In: MeteoSwiss blog. January 13, 2019.
  20. ↑ a b c d e f T. Junghänel, et al .: Hydro-climatological classification of heavy and permanent snowfalls in Germany in January 2019. DWD, as of January 16, 2019 (pdf, dwd.de).
  21. ↑ Le mistral n'en finit plus de souffler! Meteo France: Actualité , January 9, 2019;
    It blows and blows and blows: the mistral. In: DWD: Topic of the day. January 15, 2019
    - the longest mistral period (with gusts of 80 km / h) in Orange since 1965.
  22. ↑ a b Alfrida och Jan - januari 2019. Swedish Weather Service (SMHI.se), 4th January 2019 (last update 14th January 2019).
  23. ↑ Deep Benjamin is on the way. In: DWD: Topic of the day. January 7, 2019.
  24. ↑ Nå Blaser det opp i nord - kan bli på Svalbard hurricane . Norwegian Weather Service (YR.no/NRK.no), January 8, 2019 ('Now it's blowing in the north, it could turn into a hurricane on Svalbard').
  25. ↑ a b Donald takes care of the evacuation on Svalbard. In: DWD: Topic of the day. January 12, 2019.
  26. ↑ This name was given in Greece; the Free University of Berlin only names those action centers that are weather-effective in Germany. The highs and lows of the Mediterranean and Southeastern Europe are typically not taken into account; see naming for weather events : Central Europe and the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe.
  27. ↑ Napo idő a közelgő melegfront előtt. Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ): met.hu > Aktuális időjárás> Időjárási helyzet , January 7, 2019 ('Current weather: Sunny phase before impending warm front') - with altitude temperature map of the cold air drop .
  28. ↑ a b Allerta Meteo, nuova ondata di freddo tra Balcani e Italia fino al 9 Gennaio: ancora neve sugli Appennini e temperature fino a -10 ° C sotto le medie. meteoweb.eu, January 7, 2019 - Weather maps.
  29. ↑ a b c Heavy rains in the north. In: Israel Today. online, Monday, January 14, 2019.
  30. ↑ Megdőlt az idei hőmérsékleti szezonrekord. met.hu > Aktuális időjárás> Időjárási helyzet , January 7, 2019 ('News: New lowest cold record of the season').
  31. ↑ a b Record Low Temperatures Recorded in Florina, Northern Greece. Tasos Kokkinidis in greekreporter.com, January 8, 2019.
  32. ^ Meteo Italia: la tempesta del 7-9 gennaio 2018 sul Nord Ovest. Davide Santini in: Tempo Italia , January 13, 2019.
  33. ↑ The Polar Vortex Has Fallen Apart, Which Could Unleash a Much Colder End to January. Jonathan Belles, Jon Erdman on Cat6 (wunderground.com), January 13, 2019.
  34. ↑ a b Coldest January in the mountains for over 30 years. ZAMG Klima News , January 30, 2018 - Precipitation section : 160 years for the area from Vorarlberg to Salzburg.
  35. ↑ a b January 2019: cold in the mountains, mild in the south. In: MeteoSwiss blog. January 30, 2019 - Section Extreme precipitation differences: Since 1866 for St. Gallen; and
    cold January. ibid., January 25, 2019, especially section On the mountains January clearly too cold , graphic deviation from temperature mean.
  36. ↑ a b New snow total and snow cover height not directly comparable; the snow depths in Austria, Germany and Switzerland were below average at high altitudes at the beginning of the year; in the low-lying areas there was hardly any snow, there during the two weeks significant subsidence of the ceiling due to rain; partly on January 1st already 50 cm of snow after the snowfall after December 25th 2018.
  37. ↑ In Lackenhof am Ötscher (Lower Austria) the second highest snow depth value since measurements began in 1919/20 (January 1923 : 210 cm); Indication cit. ZAMG, January 12th.
  38. ↑ a b c European Avalanche Warning Services (LAWIS.at) , current data, accessed January 16, 2018.
  39. ↑ a b New snow records in places. ZAMG: Climate News , January 15, 2019 - with table.
  40. ↑ a b Snow and Rain Warning - Update. ZAMG: Weather News , January 12, 2019.
  41. ↑ a b c End of the extraordinary snow and avalanche situation. SLF News , January 15, 2019.
  42. ↑ a b yesterday's news. In: MeteoSwiss blog. January 15, 2019 - with maps of fresh snow 3 days (as of January 15) and snow depth compared to the long-term average (January 14), and tables.
  43. ↑ The 2006 event was also classified as being local at least 100 times a year.
  44. ↑ Endless snow - New snow record in Arosa. Nicole Glaus, Gaudenz Flury in SRF.ch, January 13, 2019 - with table.
  45. ↑ a b c d e f g Europe Snow, Storms Kill 14, 2 Missing; Avalanche Risk High . And Europe Snow: Avalanche Hits Swiss Hotel; Death Toll Rises to 26. In: Cat6. (wunderground.com), 9. resp. January 13, 2019.
  46. ↑ Greece Braces for Heavy Snowfall From Storm “Sophia”. Nick Kampouris, greekreporter.com, January 2, 2019.
  47. ↑ a b c Traffic jams, road closures and flight cancellations. ORF.at, January 5, 2019.
  48. ↑ Snow causes closures, traffic jams and flight cancellations in Austria. In: The press. online, January 5, 2019.
  49. ↑ Strong winds roar across central Sweden. In: Sveriges Radio. online, January 2, 2019.
  50. ↑ a b Storm floods wreak havoc in southern Denmark. In: Copenhagen Post. online (cphpost.dk), January 3, 2019.
  51. ↑ Winter weather: Snow brought the danger of avalanches and traffic chaos. In: Tyrolean daily newspaper. online (tt.com), January 6, 2019.
  52. ↑ Siegsdorf: Snow load too great - tree falls on train. In: Munich evening newspaper. online, January 7, 2019.
  53. ↑ Brockenbahn stuck in the snow - expected onset of winter. MDR.de, January 9, 2019.
  54. ↑ Brockenbahn free again after another snow breakdown. NDR.de, January 13, 2019.
  55. ↑ a b Snow chaos: Numerous places already cut off. In: Upper Austrian news. online (nachrichten.at), January 5, 2019.
  56. ↑ Snowfall still does not decrease. ORF.at, January 9, 2019.
  57. ↑ a b c Trapped in the snow. Tagesschau online (tagesschau.de), January 10, 2019.
  58. ↑ a b c d State of disaster in Styrian places. ORF.at, January 7, 2019.
  59. ↑ a b Snow masses: further intensification expected. ORF.at, January 7, 2019.
  60. ↑ Snow chaos: including localities, no school in Flachgau. In: Upper Austrian news. online (nachrichten.at), January 7, 2019.
  61. ↑ It's getting critical again. ORF.at, January 12, 2019.
  62. ↑ After snow, the neighboring Alpine regions are threatened with flooding. SRF.ch, January 13, 2019.
  63. ↑ a b Danger of avalanches is increasing again. And cut off numerous places. ORF.at, both January 13, 2019.
  64. ↑ a b c d e f g The situation remains precarious. Avalanche went off in the center of the village. ORF.at, January 14, 2019.
  65. ^ Snow chaos on road and rail in the Bündner Oberland. SRF.ch, January 14, 2019.
  66. ↑ After the Schwägalp avalanche - the snow can now be cleared. SRF.ch, last updated January 11, 2019.
  67. ↑ Hotel buried by avalanche. ORF.at, January 15, 2019.
  68. ↑ Avalanche alarm in the mountains - the snow causes problems here. SRF.ch, January 15, 2019.
  69. ^ Thousands still without electricty after Storm Alfrida. In: Sveriges Radio. online, January 3, 2019.
  70. ↑ Major forest damage caused by snow pressure orf.at, January 19, 2019, accessed January 19, 2019.
  71. ↑ Danger of avalanches: Carelessness demands emergency services. steiermark.ORF.at, undated (January 6, 2019).
  72. ↑ Unknown installed avalanche barriers. salzburg.ORF.at, undated (January 14, 2019).
  73. ↑ "Looks terrible". In: Upper Austria news. (nachrichten.at), January 16, 2019.
  74. ↑ a b cf. § 14.2 General Terms and Conditions for the Hotel Industry 2006 (AGBH 2006). Austrian Chamber of Commerce - this is a standard contract for general terms and conditions ( download , on wko.at);
    also trips to disaster areas. Federal Chancellery: help.gv.at, undated: (as of January 15, 2019).
  75. ↑ No cancellation fee for inaccessible hotels. In: The Standard. online, January 9, 2019.
  76. ↑ This indirect economic damage has already been examined for the winter of 1999 and the Galtür avalanche: Bianca Hannemann: Avalanche winter in the ski area - risk or chance? A marketing and PR problem. Master's thesis, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Diplomica-Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-8386-4663-0 , Chapter C.III The effects of the avalanche winter on the Austrian tourism industry. P. 47 ff, and press quotes, appendix p. 140 f ( on the work, diplom.de ; limited preview in the Google book search).
  77. ↑ Avoidance of freeride advertising photos: "Don't want to entice anyone". In: Salzburger Nachrichten. online, January 11, 2019.
  78. ↑ a b Consequences under labor law for voluntary helpers. Federal Chancellery: help.gv.at, undated: (as of January 21, 2019).
  79. ↑ Working in the fire brigade counts as working time - logistics specialist TGW sets a great example for the economy. Portal of the Upper Austrian Fire Brigade Association, January 15, 2019 (accessed on January 19, 2019).