Forest Germans

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Areas of origin of the forest Germans: Area around Chemnitz , Rudolstadt and Merseburg (triangle), Middle Silesia and Upper Silesia around Nysa
  • The former forest German language islands around Łańcut , Krosno and Iwonicz
  • Villages with a small, difficult to determine or only presumable proportion of German populations
  • Place name of German origin: gray squares - cities, gray circles - villages; gray empty squares - other cities in the region
    •              Polish-Ruthenian border before about 1344              The area of ​​the Oberland
    Traditional costume of the Oberlanders (1898)
    Oberland costume

    Forest German ( Polish island Niemcy translated -wörtlich but uncommon), also deaf German (Polish Głuchoniemcy ) were a German minority in Poland , which from the mid-14th century in the Carpathian foothills settled. Until the 18th century, the colonists were part of the Polish- speaking ethnic groups of the Upper Lands ( Polish : Pogórzanie ) in the Middle Beskid Uplands and the Rzeszowiacy around Łańcut .

    etymology

    The settlers carried the German name "Walddeutsche" or "Taubdeutsche", the Polish name was originally (1658) Głuszy Niemcy . The plural adjective głuszy is not common in modern language (today's plural adjective głusi ), but the modern term Głuchoniemcy is used . It is a play on words in which the term sounds similar to “deaf-mute” ( niemy Polish for “dumb”, analogous to “unable to communicate”, “unable to speak intelligibly [in Slavic languages]” (see also German in the Slavic languages )).

    In 1896, the historian Wojciech Szujski suggested that the original term should be understood as [Niemcy w] głusz ( głusz , modern głusza , Polish for solitude / seclusion / wilderness , Niemcy Polish for "Germans"), ie Germans in the wilderness , similar to the later German term Walddeutsche .

    history

    Beginning and origin

    In 1344 or 1345, King Casimir III took over. the Great († 1370) the western edge of Red Ruthenia ( Sanoker and Przemyśler Land ). The German colonization to colonization of forested or possibly depopulated areas around Łańcut along the rising important Via Regia probably began in the mid-14th century as the next phase of the German Ostsiedlung that in the 9th century in the border area of Thuringia - Franconia began. At least in 1369, Łańcut was joined by private colonization under the knight Otto von Pilcza († 1384/1385). The settlement lasted under King Ludwig of Poland and Hungary († 1382), who at that time sought the establishment of a separate state in Red Ruthenia that was dependent on the House of Anjou . Wladislaus II of Opole , governor of the principality of Halych-Volodymyr from 1372 to 1378 , was described as benevolent of the German settlement, as was the organizer of the Przemyśl diocese , Erik von Winsen .

    Thanks to well-known Easter songs and German-language aldermen's books, the linguist Franz A. Doubek located the region of origin of the settlers in West Saxony and in the Thuringian-Saxon border area on both sides of the Saale , above Lower Silesia around Wrocław , while Ernst Schwarz suspected it was southern Upper Silesia , especially in the vicinity of the city Neisse . The Polish historian Adam Fastnacht showed that some German residents to Sanok from Upper Hungary ( Zipserdeutsche originated).

    Language islands around Łańcut and Krosno

    According to a tradition from the 17th century, the German colonization around Łańcut began with the establishment of Krzemienica in 1349. A document dates from 1384 that mentioned all the villages on the language island: Krzemienica, Nawedorph ( Kraczkowa , founded in 1369 as Newdorf), Markenhow ( Markowa ), Helwygeshow ( Albigowa ), Wysoka , Schonerwalt ( Sonina ), Kosina (already existing as Kossyna in 1369 ), Henselshow ( Handzlówka ) and Langenhow ( Husów , founded in 1381 as Langyn Aw). According to Franciszek Trojnar, the villages were sorted chronologically according to age. In addition, the name of the city Łańcut (dt. Landshut ) is of German origin. The location of the region of origin described above suggests that the settlers transferred the name of Landeshut ( Kamienna Góra ) to Lower Silesia . In 1424 the neighboring village of Malawa was mentioned as Lichten (h) aw [alias Malowa] . The region around Łańcut was the largest and best researched and documented forest German language island.

    The mentions of the localities of the second language island around Krosno and Iwonicz come from the years 1388 ( Haczów ) to 1437. The cities were assimilated the fastest, but in both areas the German-speaking population in individual villages persisted into the 17th century (Haczów near Krosno and Markowa, Albigowa and Kraczkowa near Łańcut). The Polish term Głuszy Niemcy originally only referred to the German-speaking residents of these two linguistic islands.

    By the 18th century at the latest, the descendants of the German settlers were Polonized and thus strengthened the Polish-Catholic population in the Polish-Ruthenian border area . Probably in 1794, the priest Franciszek Siarczyński visited the village of Markowa near Łańcut and reported that the residents still knew some German-language Easter songs and were able to explain them.

    Traces of the forest Germans can still be found today in many family names in the region.

    Further German settlement in the Oberland and in the south of the Kingdom of Poland

    The third potential linguistic island or an area of ​​the striking German settlement documented with sources are the goods of Kunice on the southern edge of the Sandomir Voivodeship . They were awarded in 1282/1288 by the Krakow Duke Leszek the Black to the diocese of Lebus , which at that time had also received the function of the mission diocese for Ruthenia. In the Lubusz Abbey Register from 1405, around 100 families from Silesia, most of them German, were named in the villages of Nyebyelychschayo dicta Przesyk on the grounds of Kunycze, alias Kamyenyecz, and in Wyelgopole in the area of ​​the Opatów monastery around today's Wielopole Skrzyńskie and Brzostek settled, among which there were still exempt from taxes and compulsory labor. According to some historians, this manuscript contained anachronistic information for the year 1405. The area had been owned by the Bogoria family for decades and Wielopole was a town before the half of the 14th century (possibly with the surname Fürstenberg ). This manuscript could e.g. B. written under the Lubusz Bishop Stephan II. († 1345) and subsequently copied several times routinely. The text was also included in the book Liber beneficiorum ecclesiae Craceviensis by Jan Długosz (1470 to 1480), with the wrong date 1488. This confused u. a. the German folklorist Walter Kuhn , who researched it in 1928. He said that the families named in the village of Wyelgopole settled in what is now the villages of Brzeziny and Nawsie . Brzeziny was first mentioned in a document together with oppido Wielopole in 1337. Nevertheless, the identification of Nebelichshaw / Nyebyelychschayo dicta Przesyk with either Siedliska-Bogusz or Gorzejowa , which lie between Kamienica Dolna and Kamienica Górna with Smarżowa on the Kamienica brook , is quite likely. Three German place names were also mentioned in this manuscript: Schuffnerhau ( Szufnarowa ), Nuendorf ( Nowa Wieś ) and Busserhaw ( Pstrągówka ?). The town of Frysztak was founded by German settlers in the vicinity of the Kunice estates , and the town of Strzyżów could also have the surname Schiltberg for a while. In contrast to two forest German language islands around Łańcut and Krosno, however, there are no records about the persistence of the German language around Wielopole Skrzyńskie until modern times, which apparently was soon superseded by the Polish language.

    Outside the linguistic islands there was only a sporadic German settlement in the Oberland, mostly in the cities along the trade routes , such as the Via Regia ( Ropczyce ) or the trade route to Hungary through Pilzno , Jasło , Krosno , Dukla and over the Duklapass , or in newly founded cities German name such as B. Grybów (Grünberg) , Tymbark (Tannenberg) , Jaśliska (Honstadt) and in suburbs. There were also isolated villages in this area with names of German origin, e.g. B. Harta at Dynów .

    The Strzyżów and Dynów Mountains divided the German settlement areas in the Oberland parallel in an arc shape: west of the language island around Łańcut through Rzeszów to Pilzno and in the south in the Sanok lowlands and in the southwestern Beskids, from Sanok through the language island Krosno with Haczów , Biecz , to Gorlice and Grybów .

    Polish sources from the 16th to 17th centuries locate German settlers in the pre-Carpathian region, e. B. reported in 1582 the chronicler Maciej Stryjkowski of his observation that German farmers in Przeworsk , Przemyśl , Sanok and Jarosław are "capable farmers".

    The memory of the German settlement in the Jasło-Krosno basin in the south and in the Rzeszów foothills in the north was preserved in the Polish colloquial name “Na Głuchoniemcach” (= roughly “in the [territory of the] deaf Germans”) from an indefinite, expanded one Area from Pilzno and Gorlice to the former language islands around Łańcut and Krosno. This term was not mentioned in literature until the early 20th century. The descendants of the settlers merged much earlier in the Polish- speaking group of the Rzeszowiacy (residents of the region around Rzeszów ) in the north and in the group of the Oberlanders in the south. Both Polish names were created in the interwar period based on regional costumes. The first was first used by Jan Stanisław Bystroń in the 1920s. The second name was first defined in 1935 by Adam Wójcik with boundaries, which included the southern part of the Na Głuchoniemcach area . Both groups lived in an area that was delimited in the north in the Sandomir basin by the Mazovian Lasowiaks and in the south by the Lemkenland , the area of ​​the Carpathian-German Spiš and the Slovak settlement areas. With the nationalist political mood in Germany in the 1930s, the spread and role of German settlers in "areas under German law colonization" was often exaggerated.

    There was also a larger group of villages with German names around the town of Nowy Targ on the trade route from Kraków to Upper Spiš . In the early 14th century (from 1307) a competition between the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Hungary began to develop the Neumarkt Basin . At that time z. B. Waksmund and Grywałd on the Polish side and Frydman and Krempachy on the Hungarian side and the border castles of Szaflary and Czorsztyn . The settlement on the Hungarian side in particular had strong ties to the Upper Zip-German language island. These settlers were only occasionally placed in the context of the Forest Germans. Their descendants were part of the Polish-speaking ethnic group of the Gorals with Wallachian cultural and legal peculiarities ( Wallachian law ). Other medieval castles often had German names, especially on the trade route to Hungary along the Dunajec . There, under King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, the new town of Nowy Sącz was founded with a larger German minority. The town of Czchów was also given a German name in the 14th century ( Weyskirche , 1389).

    research

    In the 17th century, the Polish term Głuchoniemcy exclusively referred to the inhabitants of two German-speaking enclaves around Łańcut and Krosno. It was not until the early 20th century that the term was used in Polish-language literature for all late medieval German settlers between the Wisłoka and San rivers north of the West Beskids , following the tradition of the regional population who na [“on” in the sense of “ the area called “] głuchoniemcach [deaf German].

    The Polish bishop and writer Ignacy Krasicki (1735-1801) used the term Głuchoniemcy for the already assimilated Forest Germans in a commentary on Kasper Niesiec's book of arms and thus established the term in Polish-language literature. Wincenty Pol described in 1869 that the clothing of the Forest Germans was similar to that of the Hungarian and Transylvanian Germans. They were mainly active in agriculture and weaving. Forest Germans were popularized in German-language literature in 1907 by Raimund Friedrich Kaindl . In 1921, parts of German-language jury books from the linguistic islands around Łańcut and Krosno were published. In 1928, Walter Kuhn published an article about German settlers around Wielopole Skrzyńskie . Research by Franz A. Doubek (1928, 1931, 1932, 1933), Heinrich F. Schmid (1931), Kurt Lück (1934), Ernst Schwarz (1937, 1957, 1960) and Giselle Hildebrandt (1943) followed later . Some initiatives for Germanization during the German occupation of Poland 1939–1945 were based on this research, such as the "Hatschower Aktion" around Krosno and the "Goralenvolk" campaign in Poland's Podhale highlands , according to which the residents of Haczów and the Gorals are of German origin consider and Germanize, which failed because of resistance from those affected. Research on this in the literature of the People's Republic of Poland slackened after the Second World War; Adam Fastnacht's publications (1962, 1990, 1991, 1998, 2002) and a detailed work by Franciszek Trojnar (1988), in which he described the in the During the Nazi era (1943), the “Hildebrandt article” was sharply attacked.

    In Germany, Walter Kuhn dealt with the Forest Germans in 1975 in his article The settlement under German law in Lesser Poland (In: The German East Settlement of the Middle Ages as a Problem of European History , 1975).

    Research on the overall extent of German settlement is difficult with the limited number of medieval sources available. The toponomics includes around 30 place names of East Central German origin (mostly from the 14th century), which were used in the Middle Ages in the Oberland region and in the catchment areas of the Wisłoka, Wisłok and San rivers. These place names were gradually Polonized from the 14th to the 16th century. Fewer than 20 places in the western Lesser Poland , which emerged up to the 16th century, had names of German origin (one to three percent). Names that go back to German personal names but have a Polish morphological structure or were formed from German names with the help of Slavic (Polish) suffixes (such as -owice, -ów, -owa) are more common. B. the place name Hermanowa in Tyczyn is derived from the German first name Hermann and has the Polish suffix -owa. Such names indicate a German locator (Polish zasadźca ), but do not mean that the majority of the settlers came from the German-speaking area. In addition, there were three forest German villages with names of Slavic origin around Łańcut; Krzemienica, Wysoka and Kosina.

    The predominant form of settlement in the forest hoof village suggests that the area was settled in the course of the German colonization in the east. Typical forest hoof villages include Haczów , Krzemienica , Markowa , Urzejowice and Kombornia . This type of settlement was common among the Polish-speaking population as early as the 14th century.

    Forest German dialect

    The Good Friday song and Christ is risen from Markowa serve as examples of the dialect of the Forest Germans :

    The Good Friday song

    On Thursday,
    early on Good Friday,
    Wo Gött fell on his cross board.

    His Seittley stabbed.
    His Seittley broke.
    Ingfer Maria grienst;
    God to you;

    Ne grein, ne grein
    Fran fi mother my
    on a third day knows vyn Toda aufadystehu

    I warm zieha and heaven
    (
    we will be ) Dyta when to me be forever and the same
    (there we will)
    In the heavenly kingdom the angels have a lot of joy.
    They singars si spielas Götty very beautiful.

    Easter song - Chrysta is aderstanda

    Chrysta is adesztanda
    Fi dar Moter a tys (From the torture all)
    What should be mira (we) ny be glad
    Christa should endar (our) comfort be
    Kirye eleyson.

    As at Necht is adesztanda
    Aso is the calf ziehgana
    The are aso adesztanda is
    Ływa mir dan Father Jesus Christ
    (praise wier)
    Kirye eleyson.

    Gimasz Ces went three holy Fraua
    Smogesz a dan Thaua
    (of the morning)
    Wanted the dan Father Jesus Christ
    Since the vedam death afesztanda is
    Kirye eleyson

    Ender our dearest Maria trauma ma in a dream
    She sachs on her Harzelein grows on a boum
    Since the schanta triets a God Christa Naynd,
    Maria di dier watches, di you carried to that land,
    Kirye eleyson

    photos

    See also

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Painting by Zygmunt Ajdukiewicz in: The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Words and Images , Volume Galizien, Vienna 1898 , p. 281 ( online, digitization of the University of Michigan library ).
    2. ↑ Wojciech Blajer: Comments on the state of research on the enclaves of medieval German settlement between Wisłoka and San. In: Późne średniowiecze w Karpatach polskich. red. Jan Gancarski. Krosno 2007, ISBN 978-83-60545-57-7 , p. 66.
    3. ↑ a b Ut testat Metryka Koronna, 1658, "quod Saxones alias Głuszy Niemcy około Krosna i Łańcuta osadzeni są iure feudali alias libertate saxonica". In: Henryk Borcz : Parafia Markowa w okresie staropolskim. Markowa sześć wieków. 2005, pp. 72-189.
    4. ^ "Tatra Mountains, between Moravia and the main range of the Carpathians. This population approaches the Slovaks in physical type, as they do geographically. They are said to be in part of German blood, like their neighbors, the Gluchoniemcy, or 'Deaf Germans', who also speak Polish. " In: William Paul Dillingham: Reports of the Immigration Commission. United States. Immigration Commission (1907-1910). Washington 1911, p. 260.
    5. ^ Józef Szujski: The Poles and Ruthenians in Galicia. Krakow 1896, p. 17.
    6. ^ A b c Franz A. Doubek: A German language monument from the area of ​​Łańcut . In: Historischen Gesellschaft (Ed.): German Scientific Journal for Poland . No. 13, 1928, pp. 66-87. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
    7. ^ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., pp. 63–65.
    8. ^ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., p. 67.
    9. ^ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., p. 93.
    10. ^ Wojciech Blajer: Uwagi o stanie badań nad enklawami średniowiecznego osadnictwa niemieckiego między Wisłoką i Sanem [comments on the state of research on the enclaves of medieval German settlement between Wisłoka and San]. In: Późne średniowiecze w Karpatach polskich. Rzeszów 2007, p. 87.
    11. ^ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., p. 78.
    12. ↑ Franciszek Trojnar: Mity i fakty. Przyczynek do historii średniowiecznego osadnictwa w okręgu Łańcuta. In: Rocznik Przemyski century XXVI. 1988, pp. 125-126.
    13. ^ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., p. 89.
    14. ^ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., p. 60.
    15. ↑ "Names whose clearly German form is due to correct Polish pronunciation (sz = sch, z = s, c = z etc.), by moving from today's ending -ar to the German ending -er, or by deleting a Polish final syllable , e.g. B. -ski, immediately recognizable: Bytnar, Flayszar, Frynd, Gebaur, Kielar, Kluz (Klaus), Krauz, Lenar, Michnar, Olbrycht, Pelc, Preys, Raywer, Rewer, Szaier, Szpilma, Szpylman, Szponar, Szubert, Szylar, Taychman, Uchman, Ulman, etc .; 2. Names that turn out to be verbalhomised, formerly German forms after thorough research with the help of the old jury book: Inglot = Engelhardt, Homa = Hofinann, Bar = Bauer, Cwynar = Zwimer, Zyma = Simon (in Polish Simon means "Szymon") etc.; 3. Names that are undoubtedly not Polish but German: Bala-wejder, Balawendern, Lonc, Haynosz, Heynosz and the like. a .; 4. Names of doubtful origin: Bachta, Hawro, Jarosz u. a .; 5. Polish names: Gorzkowicz, Światoniowski, Wasiewicz, Ziobrowski u. a. A more detailed examination of today's names as well as the church registers and the lay judge's book could safely prove a large part of the names belonging to groups 3 and 4 as German without too much difficulty. B. by the name Engelhardt; this would increase the already high percentage of German names today ”.
      Przyrostek –ar w przyswojonych do języka polskiego nazwach niemieckich zakończonych na –er jest już bardzo dobrze poświadczony w staropolskiej antroponimii. In: Barbara Czopek-Kopciuch: Słownik Etymologiczno-Motywacyjny Staropolskich Nazw Osobowych. Nazwy osobowe pochodzenia niemieckiego. Volume 5. Krakow 1997.
    16. ↑ Eckhard Eggers: The Phonology of German Loan Words in Old Polish to 1500. 1988
    17. ↑ D. Wrona: WSIE na łańcuckim wilkierzu [villages to Landshut arbitrary]. In: Przegląd prawa i administracii . Volume XL.VII, Lwów 1922, p. 155.
    18. ↑ Fr. Persowski: Księga sądowa wsi Markowej w powiecie przeworskim [(The book of lay judges of the village of Markowa in the Przeworsk district]). In: Roczniki dziejów społ. i gosp. Lwów 1931, pp. 43–52.
    19. ↑ The year 1488 given in the book Liber beneficiorum ecclesiae Craceviensis by Jan Długosz (1470 to 1480) is a year error by the copyist, see Herbert Ludat : Bistum Lebus. Studies on the founding question and the development and economic history of his Silesian-Polish possessions . Weimar 1942, p. 60 ( online ).
    20. ↑ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., pp. 85-87.
    21. ↑ Feliks Kiryk: Miasta małopolskie w średniowieczu i czasach nowożytnych . Avalon, Kraków 2013, ISBN 978-83-7730-303-0 , p. 33 (Polish, online [PDF]).
    22. ^ A b Walther Kuhn: German settlements near Brzostek . In: Historical Society (Ed.): German Scientific Journal for Poland . No. 13, 1928, pp. 58-65. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
    23. ↑ The territory of the Forest Germans was divided into 15 districts: Brzesko, Dąbrowa, Tarnów, Gorlice, Jasło, Pilzno, Ropczyce, Rzeszów, Strzyżów, Krosno, Sanok, Brzozów, Przemyśl, Przeworsk and Jaroslau. See: Ortfried Kotzian: The resettlers: the Germans from West Volhynia, Galicia, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Dobruja and in Carpathian Ukraine. 2005, p. 75.
    24. ↑ “When the foothills were devastated and empty as a result of the frequent incursions by the Lithuanians, he settled people of the German people in those areas who still live in the villages around Przeworsk , Przemyśl , Sanok and Jarosław and, as I have seen myself, excellent Farmers are. Even today, the residents of the old 'regio pedemontana' are referred to by their neighbors as 'Głuchoniemcy' (Forest Germans). ”In: Katharine Bechtloff, Julius Krämer: Aid Committee of Galicia Germans. Homeland Galicia. 1965.
      “Thus the region adjoining the Carpathians and extending to a line Tarnów - Rzeszów - Jarosław , the hithero almost uninhabited regio pedemontana was settled by German-speaking Silesians and soon abounded in large Waldhufendorfer with Frankish hides and in towns whose German names were in many case identical with place-names in Silesia ( Landskron , Grünberg  […]). ” In: Göttingen working group. German Democratic Republic. Holzner-Verlag, 1961, p. 79.
    25. ^ Szymon Starowolski: Polska albo opisanie położenia Królestwa Polskiego. Krakow 1632, translated by A. Piskadło.
    26. ^ Maciej Stryjkowski: Kronika polska, liteweska, etc. 1582; Zbiór dziejopisów polskich. Warsaw 1766, p. 399; quoted from Kurt Lück: German construction forces in the development of Poland. Plauen 1934, p. 93.
      Marcin Bielski: Kronika wszystkyego swyata , edit. 1551; Wersja cyfrowa w PBI.
    27. ↑ Adam Wojcik: Strój Pogórzan . Wydawnictwo Komisji Swojszczyzny Związku Ziem Górskich, 1939.
    28. ↑ a b “Poland applied to all western, non-Slavic peoples for a long time, then remained the name for the German neighbor. The submerged medieval German people's islands in the Vorkapathenland between Tarnów , Pilsen ( Pilzno ), Rzeszów , Landshut ( Łańcut ), Przeworsk , Jarosław (Jaroslau), Przemyśl (Premissel), Sanok , Dukla , Neu-Sandez have been called na głuchoniemcach for centuries . " In: Kurt Lück : The German Myth in Polish Folk Tradition and Literature: Research on German-Polish Neighborhood in East Central Europe. S. Hirzel, 1943, p. 117.
    29. ^ Józef Nyka: Pieniny. Przewodnik. 11th edition. Trawers, Latchorzew 2010, ISBN 83-915859-4-8 , p. 9.
    30. ↑ a b "W południowej części grupy Sandomierskiej zaznaczają się różnice kulturowe między mieszkańcami dolnych a środkowych dorzeczy Dunajca , Wisłoki i Wisłoka . Na południu zaznaczają się np. wpływy kolonistów Sasów na terenie zwanym przez sąsiadów “Na Głuchoniemcach” or Pilzna i Gorlic aż poza Wisłok ”. In: Wiedza o Polsce. Geografia Polski. Etnografia Polski . Wydawnictwo "Wiedza o Polsce". [1931], p. 202.
    31. ^ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., p. 60.
    32. ↑ Aleksander Świętochowski : Outline of the history of the Polish farmers . Volume 1, Lwów / Poznań 1925, p. 498.
      The documents and files of the provincial and high bailiffs . The volumes and files for the period from the 14th century to 1772. Akta Grodzkie i Ziemskie , Lwów 1868.
    33. ↑ Ignacy Krasicki : Commentary on "Polish coat of arms": Kasper Niesiec Herbarz Polski, edit. 1839–1846 B. IX, p. 11.
    34. ↑ Wincenty Pol: Historyczny obszar Polski rzecz o dijalektach mowy polskiej. Kraków 1869.
    35. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): The German losses of expulsion. Population balances for the German expulsion areas 1939/50. Wiesbaden 1958, pp. 275–276, 281. "Silesian-German group or the Głuchoniemców (Forest Germans), between Dunajez and San, denationalization in the 16th and 18th centuries"
    36. ↑ a b W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., p. 62.
    37. ^ A b Franz A. Doubek, Heinrich Felix Schmid: Schöffenbuch der Dorfgemeinde Krzemienica a. d. Years 1451 to 1482 . S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1931 ( online [PDF]).
    38. ^ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., p. 69.
    39. ^ W. Blajer: Uwagi ..., p. 67.
    40. ↑ Barpara Czopek-Kopciuch: Adaptacje niemieckich nazw miejscowych w języku polskim [The adaptation of German ON in Polish]. Prace Instytutu Języka Polskiego . Polska Akademia Nauk . Instytut Języka Polskiego, 1995, ISBN 83-8557933-8 , ISSN  0208-4074 , p. 72 (Polish, online ).
    41. ↑ B. Czopek-Kopciuch: Adaptacje ..., p. 73.
    42. ↑ a b Kazimierz Rymut: Szkice onomastyczne i historycznojęzykowe . Chapter "The place names of German origin in Lesser Poland (Małopolska)". Krakau 2003, ISBN 83-87623-71-7 , pp. 181-182.
    43. ^ Idzi Panic : Bielsko-Biała. Monografia miasta . Ed .: Wydział Kultury i Sztuki Urzędu Miejskiego w Bielsku-Białej. 2nd Edition. I, Bielsko od zarania do wybuchu wojen śląskich. Bielsko-Biała 2011, ISBN 978-83-60136-31-7 , Zaplecze osadnicze Bielska, p. 221 (Polish).
    44. ↑ Kötzschke-Kretschmar, p. 98 ff .; Gause, p. 22; Rost, p. 1.
    45. ↑ Wojciech Blajer: Comments on the state of research […]. Krosno 2007, ISBN 978-83-60545-57-7 , pp. 57-106.
    46. ↑ Zygmunt Jaślar: Haczów, niezwykła osada szwedzko - niemiecka. Jasło 1938 [Hanshau, a peculiar Swedish-German settlement] Jessel 1938
    47. ↑ Gisele Hildebrandt: Markowa, a village in the medieval German eastern settlement. In: Journal of Geography, Issue 6, 1943.
    48. ↑ Jakub Szputuar: Łańcut . November 1827.
      Michała Wiszniewskiego: Historya literatury polskiej . Volume 6, p. 370.
    49. ↑ Franciszek Kotula: Pochodzenie domów przysłupowych w Rzeszowskiem. In: Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej year. V., No. 3/4, 1957, p. 557.

    Remarks

    1. ↑ Krościenko Wyżne was mentioned in 1386, Korczyna in 1392 as Kotkenhaw , Iwonicz in 1413 as Ywanczepole , Kombornia in 1426 as Kaltborna , Klimkówka in 1436. Odrzykoń Castle was also called Errenberg (1410).
    2. ↑ Honstad seu in polonico lasliska 1477
    3. ↑ Like Posada Jaćmierska near Jaćmierz , Przedmieście (Posada) near Rymanów . Also Tyczyn had two suburbs ( Hermanowa and Kielnarowa point), whose name in German founders.
    4. ↑ At the earliest Tropsztyn (the 13th century), Melsztyn , Rytro .

    literature

    • Józef Szujski: The Poles and Ruthenians in Galicia. Krakow 1896, p. 17.
    • Raimund Friedrich Kaindl: History of the Germans in the Carpathian countries. 1907.
    • Przemysław Dąbkowski: Stosunki narodościowe ziemi sanockiej w XV stuleciu . Lwów 1921; also in: Ziemia sanocka w XV stuleciu , volume I., pages 4–17, Lwów, 1931.
    • Ernst Schwarz : From the "Forest Germans" in Galicia. In: Silesia Jh. VZ III. 1960. pp. 147-156.
    • Adam Carnival : Osadnictwo ziemi sanockiej w latach 1340–1650. Wroclaw 1962.
    • Franciszek Trojnar: Mity i fakty. Przyczynek do historii średniowiecznego osadnictwa w okręgu Łańcuta. In: Rocznik Przemyski century XXVI. 1988, pp. 109-146.

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