Digital audio broadcasting in Germany

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Logo digital audio broadcasting
Logo digital radio for DAB +
Logo digital radio for radio transmission according to DAB standard

This article describes Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) especially in Germany , for general information see: Digital radio .

The first DAB system was developed in the EU between 1987 and 2000 with the lossy data compression MUSICAM . In Germany, the broadcasters began regular operations in 1999. From 2001 the term digital radio was introduced and an orange logo was created. Together with the restart of DAB + in August 2011, the separate spelling was replaced by the new spelling in one word; the logo has also been replaced. This step is somewhat problematic in that digital radio is at the same time a generic term for different digital radio transmission channels , which also includes , for example, Internet radio , radio via DVB and DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale).

Due to a lack of market penetration in Germany, the first DAB stations were gradually switched off from August 2011 and converted to the incompatible DAB + , which allows more radio programs ("DAB ensemble") on a T-DAB frequency because of the different audio codec HE-AAC v2 (AAC + v2) also made new devices necessary. So far, DAB + with 16% technical range (including multiple reception ) has not prevailed over conventional VHF broadcasting with 93% (as of July 2018). The Lower Saxony state parliament therefore unanimously decided in June 2019 to discontinue the financial support of DAB + and called on the state government to work towards ending the broadcast.

In October 2019, the Bundestag decided that all car radios on the market from December 21, 2020, as well as all other radios that have a Radio Data System , must be equipped with DAB +. Devices in which the radio has a purely secondary function, e.g. B. Smartphones are not affected by the new regulation. Trading in used devices without DAB + is also allowed.

Introduction of DAB in Germany

In order to coordinate the different interests of the individual partners involved and interested in DAB and to develop an introductory strategy for DAB, to coordinate and implement it with all parties involved, a "National DAB platform" was established at the end of 1990 by the then Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT) Called to life, which at the end of 1991 was part of the "DAB Platform eV" was transferred and its management Frank Müller-Römer took over. In March 1993, the federal states responsible for broadcasting stipulated that the future digital radio system DAB as the successor system for VHF would have to be able to broadcast all programs broadcast there and that there would have to be free space for new radio programs and those of Germany radio. In June 1995 the 26 members of the DAB-Platform e. V. a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the introduction of DAB, which was also coordinated with the federal states. After the ARD could not decide to introduce DAB - as suggested in the MoU - at the end of 1995, various state broadcasters and Deutsche Telekom decided in cooperation with the DAB platform e. V. to carry out DAB pilot projects. For many years and repeatedly with different implementation scenarios, the nationwide introduction of DAB as the successor system to FM in individual federal states has been delayed further. Bayerischer Rundfunk and the Bavarian State Center for New Media (for private radio broadcasters in Bavaria ) are still pioneers in the introduction and conversion .

development

DAB

DAB has been available in Germany since 1995. The coverage and the supply in the individual areas is different. On October 17, 1995, as part of a pilot project, the state of Bavaria put a network of seven nationwide and seven local radio programs in Munich, Nuremberg and Ingolstadt into operation along with new data services. In April 1999 the first broadcasters started regular operations there and a second nationwide network was set up in 2010. In other parts of Germany, digital radio was and is being introduced only hesitantly.

Especially in its first phase, DAB had to struggle with great resistance and lack of success. The Mitteldeutsche Rundfunk got out of the system completely after the end of the test operation in 1998 because of "bad experiences" and only switched to a largely unmoderated classical program again in 2002 (MDR Klassik). In 2004, the Berlin-Brandenburg media authority saw the DAB standard in its former format as a failure. After the start of DVB-T in Berlin with 14 DVB-T radio stations at the time, only one DAB ensemble with the programs of Deutschlandfunk and Deutschlandradio Kultur was left there at times.

In some cases, private program providers stopped DAB broadcasting after the corresponding state subsidies were no longer available. In Hamburg, the organizer of the nationwide VHF program Alsterradio stopped DAB broadcasting of the additional program AllRock in 2005 for economic reasons. In other federal states, too, numerous providers withdrew from DAB technology in the first half of the new decade. Private broadcasters were more interested in other FM frequencies. Power restrictions to avoid interference in the military frequency range above 230 MHz prevented problem-free indoor reception in many places . It was not until 2007 that the output of some DAB transmitters could be increased to up to 10 kW effective radiation output , after the Bundeswehr had declared that it would not use the neighboring channels.

For a long time, politics and business have not made any noteworthy decisions that could help digital radio make a breakthrough. On July 15, 2009, the commission for determining the financial needs of the broadcasting corporations (KEF) blocked the requested funds for the DAB programs of the ARD and Deutschlandradio, since the present project applications from ARD and Deutschlandradios for digital radio broadcasting essential parts of the Broadcasting corporations did not meet the criteria agreed and thus the profitability of the projects could not be proven. The planned project funds for the digital future of radio have not been cut, but frozen for new initiatives. In this context, the KEF recommended testing DVB-T as an alternative to DAB, which earned it strong criticism, because Ulrich Reimers, the only technician on the committee, was considered biased. His name appears on DVB-T patents.

Since the end of 2009, private organizers have shown more interest in digital distribution channels. New providers have applied for DAB station slots, such as Oldiestar in Berlin and new providers for local station bouquets in Bavaria. In Bavaria, four new state-wide private channels were approved in October 2011: Antenne Bayern digital, Antenne Bayern Info digital, MEGA RADIO, RT1 in the mix.

DAB +

DAB + can only be received with previous DAB devices if they can be updated with new firmware . New DAB Plus-enabled devices are mostly downward compatible. Practically all devices that have been on the market since the end of 2010 support the new standard. Not all DAB + devices can receive all frequencies of VHF band III and the L band.

New start in 2011

After DAB broadcasting had only poor distribution and acceptance during its first phase in Germany (with the exception of Bavaria), a new start was planned for 2011. The further developed DAB + should guarantee success; it uses more efficient channel coding and compression methods and has a higher range and reception reliability than DAB with comparable transmission power. According to the plans, from August 1, 2011, in addition to public-law programs, private providers should also be broadcast on a national multiplex, the so-called " Bundesmux ", which is to be used for the first time. The network operator Media Broadcast reached the agreement with the public Deutschlandradio and six private broadcasters in December 2010 after the chip manufacturer Frontier Silicon had signed a four-year advertising contract with the private program providers and thus committed itself to financial support. In addition to Deutschlandfunk , Deutschlandradio Kultur and DRadio Wissen , LoungeFM , 90elf , Absolut Radio , Energy , ERF Radio , Klassik Radio , Radio Bob and Radio Horeb provided an expanded range of programs. The nationwide DAB-Plus-Multiplex was thus used to more than 85% and the KEF's condition for the release of the frozen project funds in the double-digit millions was met. The remaining capacities were put out to tender again by the Commission for Approval and Supervision (ZAK) of the state media authorities, whereupon the Hamburg-based Frank Otto Medienbeteiligungsgesellschaft mbH was able to expand the offer with the Kiss FM program . In November 2011, Regiocast followed with sunshine live .

The originally 14 programs started on DAB + punctually on August 1, 2011 and were initially broadcast over 27 stations with up to 10 kW power. Together with the new compression method in AAC format, a signal that is significantly more resistant to interference and an increased range can be achieved compared to DAB. The initial aim was to supply the large metropolitan areas and some motorway axes.

In North Rhine-Westphalia , the federal mux was originally distributed on channel 5A. In order to avoid interference with the police radio, the switch to channel 5C took place in September 2011 (made possible by a corresponding agreement with the Netherlands). By March 2, 2012, all DAB-Plus transmitters had been switched to channel 5C without exception. In October 2011, regular DAB Plus operations ran almost without any problems, and the end device industry and dealers saw their expectations “more than met”. A further expansion of the transmitter network is planned, initially the supply of important motorway connections and other urban areas was given priority. By the time it is completed in September 2015, 110 transmission locations are planned for the nationwide DAB-Plus network. The current DAB broadcast coverage in Germany is around 70% of the population (as of November 2011).

Thuringia is supplied with DAB nationwide. DAB was introduced there as early as 1995 as a DAB pilot project. According to the Thuringian State Media Authority (TLM), there is a lack of sufficient indoor reception coverage due to the specified low transmission power . According to the TLM, broadcast coverage in 2013 in Germany was 80%.

For a long time, Deutschlandfunk and Deutschlandradio Kultur, which could be received with conventional DAB radios, as they broadcast in the old MP2 format, were an exception in terms of reception in the Bundesmux. Local radios are a problem with DAB +, as the large data capacity for individual stations is relatively more expensive. Customized transmitter networks do not yet exist. The L-band, which was originally intended for local radio, will no longer be used due to the excessively high frequency-related attenuation. This frequency range was awarded as E-UTRA Band 32 to the LTE mobile network providers Telekom and Vodafone in spring 2015 as part of the Digital Dividend II .

According to the Bavarian State Center for New Media, at the end of 2013 the coverage level should be 88% on the go and 54% at home (indoor reception) of digital radio in Bavaria.

In June 2019 the Lower Saxony state parliament demanded with the votes of all parties represented in it that the digital radio standard DAB + be abolished. This is only a temporary solution and also a "waste of money". In favor of the Institute for Broadcast Technology and the 5G Media Initiative, the MPs decided without sufficient knowledge. Although there are new protocol variants with LTE that can be used for radio-like streaming, this is at the expense of the scarce LTE transmission volume, and in the event of a disaster, the emergency power supply of the many LTE radio masts is only sufficient for a few hours, so that the population only suffers can be informed by loudspeaker truck.

Draft horses for the success of DAB radio

After the restart in the new DAB-plus standard, some stations were discussed as “draft horses”, especially in the nationwide DAB ensemble. These were stations that were only of interest to some of the listeners, but influenced the decision to buy a digital receiver there and thus played a key role in the success of digital radio. So count z. B. in the field of music programs to this day Radio BOB! and sunshine live as draft horses, as there are only limited local comparable programs via VHF. Also 90elf was the only station that Bundesliga transferred unencrypted, such a workhorse. In some cases, it was even exaggerated that digital radios could become electronic waste from the listeners' point of view with the withdrawal of Bundesliga rights. However, until 2017 the Bundesliga games were broadcast live across Germany by Sport1.FM in the Energy DAB + program . Programs such as Deutschlandradio or ERF Plus , which are used in a targeted manner because of their content, would only be locally limited terrestrial without DAB +.

Under the title Inventory: DAB + so far neither top nor flop , Teltarif summed up in May 2013 that draft horses are important, but not only decisive for the success of digital radio. Other considerations such as B. an interactive return channel via the Internet or DAB car radios as standard equipment could also be required to help DAB penetrate the market. According to a study by the SWR, listeners who are already using DAB are no longer willing to switch back to FM radio.

2. Federal Mux

In February 2017, the operation of a second nationwide multiplex (Bundesmux) was advertised as a so-called platform, whereupon four organizers applied.

On June 6, 2017, the committee chairman conference (GVK) of the media authorities awarded the second nationwide multiplex to Antenne Deutschland, a joint consortium of applicants Absolut Digital and Media Broadcast , who had previously joined forces in agreement talks.

A legal tug-of-war developed around the intended award of the platform operation by the Saxon State Authority for Private Broadcasting and New Media, which was ended with a ruling by the Leipzig Administrative Court on August 22, 2017. Against the completed award of the license to Antenne Deutschland in November 2017, an appeal was filed again on December 7, 2017 by an unsuccessful applicant. The Leipzig Administrative Court announced on June 6, 2018 that the unsuccessful applicant's application for provisional legal protection due to the allocation of transmission capacity for the second nationwide multiplex had been successful. The Sächsische Landesmedienanstalt (SLM) and the event organizer, Antenne Deutschland, who were affected by the judgment, filed a complaint against this decision with the Bautzen Higher Administrative Court .

On December 19, 2018, the Saxon Higher Administrative Court (OVG) in Bautzen lifted the suspensive effect ordered by the Administrative Court (VG) Leipzig against the allocation decision of the committee chairmen's conference (GVK) of the state media authorities. The reason for the decision read: "If the prospects of success of a competitor lawsuit against the allocation of broadcasting capacity are not obvious, the public interest in the provisional implementation of the allocation of the transmission capacity usually outweighs the suspensive interest of a company that was unsuccessful in the tender." The provider Antenne Deutschland planned to go to the IFA A test operation in 2019, the package should officially start in the fourth quarter of 2019.

On May 22, 2019, the Leipzig Administrative Court overturned the assignment decision from the Saxon State Authority for Private Broadcasting and New Media (SLM) to the antenna Germany consortium for the organization of the second national DAB + multiplex in platform operation and ordered the assignment procedure to be completed without procedural errors . The court thus extensively followed the legal opinion of the plaintiff Digital Audio Broadcasting Platform GmbH (DABP), which was not awarded the tender by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Landesmedienanstalten (ALM) against Antenne Deutschland and had sued against it.

The court found glaring procedural errors and criticized, among other things, the fact that the application of the winning consortium, Antenne Deutschland, was taken into account in the award, even though it only emerged in the mutual agreement procedure from a merger of two competitors and should therefore have been viewed as a new applicant. However, the consideration of a new applicant after the expiry of the preclusive period and after entering the mutual agreement procedure cannot be reconciled with the principle of equal opportunities, according to the court.

On January 29, 2020 it was announced that with an out-of-court settlement between Digital Audio Broadcasting Platform GmbH (DABP) and the Saxon State Authority for Private Broadcasting and New Media (SLM) the dispute over the legality of the allocation of DAB + frequencies on the The basis of corresponding resolutions of the committees of the state media authorities was attached. This means that nothing will stand in the way of the start of the 2nd Federal Mux in 2020. The out-of-court solution that has now been reached ended one of the most important legal disputes in the German media landscape.

On March 2, 2020, the platform provider Antenne Deutschland commissioned the Leipzig company National German Radio GmbH to market the still free transmission capacities on the so-called 2nd DAB + Bundesmux. Interested companies were able to register on the website of National German Radio GmbH and make a binding declaration of their participation in the expression of interest process. This process is now nearing completion. In July 2020, 14 of the 16 programs that will be broadcast on the private, nationwide DAB + platform will be determined. The platform provider Antenne Deutschland would like to contribute six programs, eight programs come from third-party providers, which the radio stations Antenne Bayern , Drivers Classics , Joke FM , Profi Radio , RTL - Germany's hit radio , Rock Antenne , Toggo Radio and a second radio format of Energy Group want to spread, two programs have not yet been decided.

Private and public service programs

In addition to the radio programs of the Germany-wide multiplex, some national and regional broadcasters as well as all public state broadcasters broadcast their radio stations via DAB +.

Baden-Württemberg / Rhineland-Palatinate

The Südwestrundfunk (SWR) has been broadcasting officially via DAB + since January 9, 2012. DAB had already been used to broadcast radio programs beforehand. To restart the digital radio, the programs SWR2 , SWR3 , SWR4 and DASDING were switched to DAB +, only SWR1 and SWRinfo are still broadcasting in the old DAB mode in Baden-Württemberg. In Rhineland-Palatinate, the two programs were switched to DAB + on April 25, 2014 when the regional versions were activated.

Bavaria

The Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR) sends since 1998 on DAB and started from August 1, 2011 successively the DAB broadcasting on DAB + switch.

Bayern Digitalradio was founded to operate the network for private radio broadcasters and Channel 12D was set up nationwide for Bavarian radio and private broadcasters. Later the private companies switched to the more powerful channel 10D.

On January 28, 2015, DAB was replaced by DAB +. From the beginning of 2015, Bayerischer Rundfunk concentrated its programs, including all regionalizations, on nationwide channel 11D.

The so-called double BR-Klassik , which had broadcast on channel 11D and channel 12D under different names, on 11D under BR-Klass and on 12D under * BRKlass, became the "11D-BR-Klassik". In addition, Bayern 2 plus was replaced by Bayern 2 N (north) and Bayern 2 by Bayern 2S (south). Due to the far greater acceptance of digital radio in Bavaria, several state-wide private broadcasters also participated in the restart of DAB +, u. a. Rock Antenne , Absolut relax , Megaradio Bayern , rt1 in the mix , Antenne Top40 , Antenne Bayern Info digital and Smart Radio . Radio Galaxy was the last station to switch from DAB to DAB + on August 1, 2012. In the regions of Munich, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Ingolstadt and Augsburg, there are additional local multiplexes on which all local radio stations broadcast on VHF in the respective region are transmitted. At times, the renewal of FM broadcasting licenses for local broadcasters was tied to DAB + distribution.

Since autumn 2016, Bayerischer Rundfunk has set up a total of six regional transmitter networks in addition to its nationwide transmitter network in order to be able to broadcast its regional versions of the Bayern 1 and Bayern 2 programs. These regional networks were also offered for use by private program providers. There is also an agreement between Bayerischer Rundfunk and Bayerischer Landeszentrale für neue Medien (BLM).

In addition, four local and two regional multiplexes were set up by Bayerische Digitalradio with private program providers. The previous state-wide multiplex of Bayerische Digitalradio on channel 10D was given up at the end of August 2017.

Berlin / Brandenburg

The Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB) began on 1 January 2012, broadcasts in DAB + two Berlin station. In addition to the RBB programs Radio Berlin 88.8 , Antenne Brandenburg , Kulturradio , Inforadio , Radio Eins and Fritz , programs from other public broadcasters, such as Bayern 2, MDR JUMP, SWR3, BR-Klassik and Funkhaus Europa (WDR ) distributed via DAB +. WDR 2 remained in the old DAB mode. In a second multiplex, Bayern plus and the private radio B2 and Radio Paloma also broadcast , but here only in the old DAB mode. In the Berlin / Potsdam metropolitan area, the RBB has been available digitally (DAB +) via antenna since August 18, 2011.

Bremen

With Radio Bremen (RB) via DAB +, all ARD broadcasters have been receivable in this standard since February 1, 2013.

Hesse

The Hessian Broadcasting (hr) sends since December 1, 2011 its six radio waves HR1 , hr2-culture , HR3 , hr4 , You FM and hr-info in broadcasting standard DAB +; previously the programs hr-classic , hr-skyline and hr XXL were broadcast temporarily via DAB from the beginning of January 1998. In the beginning there was only the regional version of hr4 from Darmstadt. Since June 7, 2018, all three hr4 regional windows have been broadcast nationwide.

In a second bouquet, the private programs Absolut HOT , Hit Radio FFH , harmony.fm , Radio Teddy , planet radio , ERF Pop , MEGA Radio SNA , Antenne Mainz , lulu.fm and interviewRadio are broadcast. The non-commercial local radio stations Radio X , Radio Darmstadt , Radio Rüsselsheim and Radio RheinWelle 92.5 are also broadcast in a pilot project . Radio Rüsselsheim and Radio RheinWelle 92,5 Wiesbaden / Mainz share the broadcasting space every quarter, Radio X Frankfurt / Main and Radio Darmstadt every six months. The DAB + ensemble is broadcast on channel 11C from the Hessian transmitter locations Mainz-Kastel with 5 kW, Großer Feldberg im Taunus with 4.5 kW and the Frankfurt telecommunications tower with 5 kW, which currently only supplies the Rhine-Main area.

Hamburg / Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania / Lower Saxony / Schleswig-Holstein

The North German Radio (NDR) spread since November 22, 2011 his radio programs NDR 1 , NDR 2 , NDR Kultur , NDR Info and N-Joy via DAB +. Previously, the NDR had ended the long-term distribution of programs in the old DAB standard in summer 2011. Since January 5, 2012, the offer has been supplemented with NDR Info Spezial , NDR Blue and the NDR traffic channel NDR Traffic . On July 5, 2016, the Schlagerradio NDR Plus was added. Due to the insufficient station density, the programs cannot be broadcast nationwide. In the case of the state programs broadcast by NDR 1, this means that they can only be received in a very limited area in their intended distribution areas. For example, the NDR state program for Schleswig-Holstein can only be received in the greater Kiel area, whereas the Hamburg state program extends far into the neighboring federal states. Private radio stations have so far shown no interest in using these North German DAB-Plus state multiplexes. In Hamburg there is a mixed private multiplex from the Heinrich Hertz Tower .

North Rhine-Westphalia

The West German Broadcasting (WDR) presented its dissemination of radio programs on August 1, 2011 from DAB to DAB + to. With the programs 1 Live , WDR 2 , 1LIVE diggi, KIRAKA , Funkhaus Europa , WDR Event and the traffic service WDR VERA as well as from November 6, 2012 WDR 5 , a different offer than FM, because the programs WDR 3 and WDR 4 was initially missing. Since December 2, 2013, however, WDR 4 can also be received via DAB +, and WDR 3 followed suit in September 2014. This means that all conventional WDR radio programs and the broadcaster's additional digital offers can be received via the local DAB + network in NRW. The only thing missing is most of the regional breakdowns of the individual state studios for the regional news for half an hour on WDR 2 (currently only Dortmund, Cologne and Rhine-Ruhr are available). According to WDR, "in the first stage of expansion [...] 85% of the population in NRW." The only private broadcaster in the NRW state multiplex is currently (as of March 2015) Domradio . In November 2018, Radio NRW announced that it wanted to start three nationwide radio programs via DAB +. The 45 local radio stations currently in North Rhine-Westphalia, on the other hand, are continuing to broadcast via FM.

Saarland

The Saarländischer Rundfunk (SR) has been broadcasting its radio programs Unser Ding und Antenne Saar since January 17th, 2012 on DAB +. The waves SR 1 Europawelle , SR 2 Kulturradio and SR 3 Saarlandwelle broadcast the longest in Germany in the outdated DAB mode (MP2). On November 22, 2016, the programs were converted to the new DAB + standard. Radio Salue is the only private program that can be received digitally via DAB + in Saarland.

Saxony / Saxony-Anhalt / Thuringia

The Mitteldeutsche Rundfunk (MDR) has been using DAB + to broadcast its programs MDR 1 Radio Sachsen , MDR Sachsen-Anhalt , MDR Thuringia , MDR Jump , MDR Kultur , MDR Aktuell , MDR Sputnik and MDR Klassik since August 1st, 2011 . In September 2016, MDR Schlagerwelt started as a digital program via DAB +. The messages are regionalized for the respective federal state. In Saxony-Anhalt with Radio SAW , 89.0 RTL , Rockland Sachsen-Anhalt and Radio Brocken to receive private national organizer DAB +, in Saxony only R.SA .

Following a tender by SLM in March 2016, the first German local DAB + networks for Leipzig and Freiberg went on air at the end of January 2018 .

DAB + in-house supply in consumer electronics markets with repeaters

In order to compensate for possible local reception problems when selling DAB devices in Germany, www.dabplus.de points out the possibility of installing a repeater in a sales room by skilled personnel using suitable measurement technology.

DAB + on smartphones

The first and so far only available smartphone that supports the DAB + radio standard is the LG Stylus 2 . The reception comes through the loudspeakers or headphones, the latter also serving as an antenna. The reception of the transmitters, mostly in the 64 KBit AAC compression, is completely free of charge and a data volume is not burdened. The device is backwards compatible with the analog radio FM. Depending on the broadcaster, images are transmitted via the slideshow, e.g. B. Cover of the title, weather, traffic jam information, studio webcam, headlines, etc.

The DAB + digital radio also offers the option of transmitting a program overview (EPG); however, this is not yet supported by the LG Stylus 2.

Programs

An overview of the programs currently being broadcast via DAB + can be found here .

See also

Web links

 Wikinews: Category: Digital Radio  - In The News

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Digital radios in the test / FM remains , test.de ( Stiftung Warentest ), July 11, 2018, accessed September 9, 2018
  2. ↑ https://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/DAB-Rolle-rueckwaerts-4460679.html
  3. ↑ https://www.teltarif.de/dab-plus-digitalradio-pflicht-tkg-novelle/news/78385.html
  4. ↑ See literature, Müller-Römer, p. 42 ff.
  5. ^ Result minutes of the Prime Minister's Conference of March 25, 1993, Bonn, Item 9
  6. ↑ The history of BLM - timeline 1995. blm.de
  7. ↑ 20 years of BLM - a chronicle. (PDF; 340 kB) BLM, December 2003  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.blm.de
  8. ↑ Sent into the void . In: Der Spiegel . No. 15 , 2001, p. 94 ff . ( online ).
  9. ↑ mabb.de ( Memento from December 9, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Press release from November 2004.
  10. ↑ Overview of the Berlin-Brandenburg region
  11. ↑ tlm.de ( Memento from October 25, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Page of the Thuringian State Media Authority , accessed on September 28, 2015.
  12. ↑ rein-hoeren.de ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ Tendering of DAB frequencies for a private radio program in Lower Saxony Press release of the NLM: “So far, these DAB transmission capacities have been used by the private broadcasters of the joint program 'Klassik digital Nord', which after the end of the support by the NLM at the end of 2004 Waive your approval. "
  14. ↑ Mail from the network operator Digitalradio Südwest  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / forum.mysnip.de  
  15. ↑ allrock.de website of the station
  16. ↑ Tenders or direct allocation of new VHF frequencies in: Institute for Broadcasting Technology : Terrestrial Radio: Future Development with a View to Competing Transmission Channels , Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, August 2006 , Saxony, November 2006 ( Memento of October 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), Bremen, January 2006 (PDF), Brandenburg, May 2004 ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  17. ↑ Another applicant for the digital radio message from November 23, 2007 on heise-online
  18. ↑ Federal Network Agency improves “in-home supply” for digital radio in Bavaria . ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Press release of the Federal Network Agency of November 23, 2007. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bundesnetzagentur.de
  19. ↑ Helmut Merschmann: VHF radio in crisis - redemption through mass scrapping . In: Spiegel Online , accessed November 14, 2009.
  20. ↑ Press release of the Commission to determine the financial needs of broadcasters (KEF) from July 15, 2009 ( Memento of the original from August 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( MS Word ; 118 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kef-online.de
  21. ↑ prodigitalradio.de
  22. ↑ Digitalradio.de: Oldiestar in Berlin - DAB instead of DVB-T  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated January 14, 2010.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.digitalradio.de  
  23. ↑ Bayerndigitalradio
  24. ↑ Wolfgang Krafft: DIGITAL RADIO - DIGITAL AUDIO BROADCAST - TERRESTRIAL: DAB - transmitter in the Federal Republic of Germany. (PDF; 96 kB) In: Wittsmoor list. IRT Institute for Broadcast Technology Munich, November 2012, accessed on November 4, 2013 .
  25. ↑ Frontier Silicon Moves to Ensure DAB + Success in Germany , December 8, 2010, Business Wire , accessed September 9, 2018 (English)
  26. ↑ Alexander Zollondz: Agreement between private broadcasters and network operators - digital radio standard DAB +: Germany gets a second chance. netzwelt.de, accessed February 2, 2012.
  27. ↑ Tom Sprenger: Kiss FM nationwide via DAB + ( memento of the original from October 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated July 8, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.radiowoche.de
  28. ↑ DAB +: sunshine live enriches nationwide digital radio multiplex from October 24, 2011.
  29. ↑ Tom Sprengler: DAB +: Channel change in NRW. ( Memento of the original from November 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. radiowoche.de on September 27, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.radiowoche.de
  30. ↑ Press release from Media Broadcast, February 22, 2012 (PDF; 182 kB)
  31. ↑ digitalfernsehen.de: DAB Plus: Millions of devices in sight - ZVEI satisfied. October 11, 2011.
  32. ↑ digitalfernsehen.de: Indoor coverage in numbers September 15, 2011.
  33. ↑ bayerndigitalradio.de ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bayerndigitalradio.de
  34. ↑ Thüringer Landesmedienanstalt (TLM), viewed on January 19, 2013 ( memento of the original from March 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tlm.de
  35. ↑ Inge Seibel-Müller: Local radio in NRW - "The operating temperature has risen" - local radio before digitization in NRW. (without a date)
  36. ↑ [1]
  37. ↑ https://meedia.de/2019/06/20/geldverschaltung-niedersachsen- sucht-verschaltung-von-digitalradio-dab /
  38. ^ A b Dušan Živadinović: False radio. Why 5G is not suitable for radio broadcasting . In: c't . No. 17 , 2019, pp. 29 ( heise.de [accessed on August 10, 2019]).
  39. ↑ Brief message from October 24, 2011. ( Memento of the original from February 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. RadioRadio - The radio magazine on the web @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / radioradio.npage.de
  40. ↑ Michael Fuhr: At the end of the 1990s, DAB + listeners go into shock. Telariff, May 22, 2013
  41. ↑ Michael Fuhr: Inventory: DAB + so far neither top nor flop - pioneering work by smaller broadcasters, interactive return channel and marketing (part 2 of 3). Telariff, May 19, 2013
  42. ↑ Second national DAB + multiplex on teltarif.de; DAB + Second Federal Mux on teltarif.de.
  43. ↑ DAB + digital radio on teltarif.de.
  44. ↑ https://www.antenne-deutschland.de/impressum
  45. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 20, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.justiz.sachsen.de
  46. ^ DAB + Bundesmux lawsuit on teltarif.de
  47. ^ Bundesmux DAB + Klage DAPD GmbH on teltarif.de.
  48. ^ VG Leipzig, press release from June 6, 2018.
  49. ^ DAB + Second Federal Mux litigation on teltarif.de
  50. ↑ https://www.teltarif.de/dab-plus-digitalradio-radio-bundesmux/news/75261.html
  51. ↑ https://www.teltarif.de/dab-plus-digitalradio-zweiter-bundesmux/news/76190.html
  52. ↑ https://www.justiz.sachsen.de//ovgentschweb/documents/18B229.B01.doc
  53. ↑ https://www.teltarif.de/digitalradio-dab-plus- Judgment-goepel-dabp/news/ 76744.html
  54. ↑ https://www.justiz.sachsen.de/vgl/content/1338.htm#article1344
  55. ↑ https://mobil.teltarif.de/dab-plus-zweiter-bundesmux-antenne/news/76735.html
  56. ↑ https://www.teltarif.de/digitalradio-dab-plus-antenne-deutschland-goepel/news/79433.html
  57. ↑ https://www.radioszene.de/141300/national-german-radio.html
  58. ↑ https://www.radioszene.de/145427/digitalradio-deutschlandweit-bundesweit-dab.html
  59. ↑ Source for Baden-Württemberg, Hamburg, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony, Rhineland-Palatinate and Thuringia: [2] at UKWTV.de, accessed July 30, 2020
  60. ↑ Even greater variety of programs in Rhineland-Palatinate. Retrieved April 25, 2014 .
  61. ↑ SWR switches to DAB + and switches off the transmitter - "Future expansion depends crucially on the device market". Retrieved May 20, 2012 .
  62. ↑ http: //www.dehnmedia.de%2F%3Fpage%3Dradio%26subpage%3Dsender2&usg=AFQjCNFKCANe9ZSSlhelF1rBklTs75LyOw
  63. ↑ teltarif.de radioempfang.digital br.de
  64. ↑ https://www.br.de/unternehmen/inhalt/technik/digitalradio-dab-sendernetz100.html
  65. ↑ http: //www.dehnmedia.de%2F%3Fpage%3Dradio%26subpage%3Dsender2&usg=AFQjCNFKCANe9ZSSlhelF1rBklTs75LyOw
  66. ↑ rbb: DAB + from the television tower on Alexanderplatz. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 16, 2013 ; Retrieved May 20, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.radiowoche.de
  67. ↑ Website of the transmitter: Digital radio in Bremen - radio programs in noise-free quality  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from February 1, 2013@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.radiobremen.de  
  68. ↑ ukwtv.de UKWTV.de: Program allocation Hessen, as of December 12, 2011.
  69. ↑ Antenna Mainz started via DAB + in channel 11C in Hesse ⋆ Digital radio test 2016 . In: Digital radio test 2016 . October 12, 2016 ( radioempfang.digital [accessed November 20, 2016]).
  70. ↑ Digital antenna (DAB +). Archived from the original on November 25, 2011 ; Retrieved May 20, 2012 .
  71. ↑ For the time being, no regional DAB + offers from private radio in Northern Germany. (No longer available online.) December 6, 2011, archived from the original on May 25, 2012 ; Retrieved May 20, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nlm.de
  72. ↑ Digital radio: WDR will broadcast digital programs in the DAB + standard from August 1st. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014 ; Retrieved May 20, 2012 .
  73. ↑ WDR 5 - now also on digital radio. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013 ; accessed on September 2, 2014 .
  74. ↑ Digital radio uniformly in DAB + - from December 2, 2013. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; accessed on March 12, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www1.wdr.de
  75. ↑ DAB + with added value. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 20, 2015 ; accessed on March 12, 2015 .
  76. ↑ North Rhine-Westphalia - www.ukwtv.de - FM / TV-Arbeitskreis eV
  77. ↑ Three national radio programs via DAB +. November 18, 2018, accessed May 30, 2019 .
  78. ↑ SR via DAB +: Listening to digital radio will be more attractive from January. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 7, 2013 ; Retrieved May 20, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.radiowoche.de
  79. ↑ Saarland: Goodbye DAB - Welcome digital radio DAB + ⋆ Digital radio test 2016 . In: Digital radio test 2016 . November 18, 2016 ( radioempfang.digital [accessed November 20, 2016]).
  80. ↑ MDR included with the digital radio restart. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011 ; Retrieved May 20, 2012 .
  81. ↑ mdr.de: MDR SCHLAGERWELT: The new digital radio offer of the MDR | MDR.DE . ( mdr.de [accessed on November 20, 2016]).
  82. ↑ SächsAbl. No. 14 p. 497
  83. ↑ Private radio programs increase the variety of DAB + programs in Saxony. Retrieved February 4, 2018 .
  84. ↑ Application for the use of a repeater for DAB + and / or DVB-T / T2 programs in sales rooms. (ZIP file) Retrieved on August 7, 2019 .
  85. ↑ lg.com