1981 Formula 1 World Championship
World Champion | |
Driver: | Nelson Piquet |
Constructor: | Williams-Ford |
Season dates | |
---|---|
Number of races: | 15th |
<1980 season |
The 1981 Formula 1 World Championship was the 32nd season of the Formula 1 World Championship . It was held over 15 races in the period from March 15, 1981 to October 17, 1981. Nelson Piquet won the drivers' championship for the first time. Williams became world constructors champion for the second time.
background
The 1981 season, like the previous and the following seasons, was marked by the so-called FISA-FOCA war . In it stood the FISA headed by Jean-Marie Balestre , a sub-organization of the FIA responsible for the rules of Formula 1 , and the FOCA , an association of Formula 1 designers founded in 1971 by Bernie Ecclestone , among others British factory teams belonged to. Since 1980, various points of controversy had arisen between the two organizations, which, in addition to the distribution of income, mainly included questions of the regulations. The FISA had issued a ban on the side skirts for the 1981 season, which cut the ground effect . This development actually favored the mostly continental European turbo teams, while the primarily British FOCA teams felt disadvantaged.
In the course of the FISA-FOCA war, the FIA dissolved the automobile world championship and instead established the Formula 1 world championship . From 1981 onwards, the series was then regularly referred to as the Formula 1 World Championship.
The FOCA took the persistent differences in November 1980 as an opportunity to split off from FISA and organize its own championship, often referred to in the media as the "pirate series", which was to be held from 1981 under the name World Professional Championship . Under the direction of Ecclestone, FOCA concluded separate contracts with various racetracks and set up a schedule that contained 18 races worldwide. Just a month later, the World Professional Championship failed : Both the national automobile clubs and the sponsors and suppliers of Formula 1 stood unanimously behind the FISA. Nevertheless, by January 1981, the parties concerned had not clarified the situation. As a result, the Argentine Grand Prix , which should have opened the new Formula 1 season on January 25, 1981, had to be postponed to April. It wasn't until March 1981 that FISA and FOCA reached an agreement; The result was the first Concorde Agreement , with which FISA was recognized as the highest regulatory body and as the owner of the commercial rights, although the latter was assigned to FOCA.
Following the Concorde Agreement, an agreement was also reached on the 1981 racing calendar. After that, the World Championship began on March 15, 1981 with the Grand Prix of the USA West . The previously held on February 7, 1981 Grand Prix of South Africa , which was contested exclusively by the FOCA teams, was not a race of the Formula 1 World Championship.
Teams and drivers
Remarks
- ↑ Participation in training only
Racing calendar
The binding racing calendar for the 1981 season was not fixed until mid-March 1981. As a result of the FISA-FOCA war, there were various changes compared to the initial planning.
The Argentine Grand Prix, which should have opened the new Formula 1 season on January 25, 1981, was postponed to April, and the South African Grand Prix ultimately did not take place as an official Formula 1 race at all.
In the original FISA calendar, the race in Kyalami was planned as a Formula 1 race and as the second world championship run of the year; The date of the event was February 7, 1981. The operator of the racetrack had also signed a contract with FOCA for this event. Due to the disputes between FISA and FOCA, there were considerable delays at the turn of the year 1980/81, which among other things led to a postponement of the Argentine Grand Prix from January to April 1981. At the end of December 1980, FISA ordered the South African Grand Prix to be postponed to the end of April. However, since the preparation of the race, including the promotion and the commitment of sponsors, was well advanced, the South African organizers stuck to the original date in February. The FISA, for its part, did not change its position regarding the permitted vehicles and the date and gave the 1981 Grand Prix of South Africa the status of a Formula Libre race. As a result, the Formula 1 rules were not applied, so that cars with side aprons, which were banned in Formula 1 after the FISA was introduced in 1981, could certainly compete in Kyalami.
Ultimately, only the FOCA teams took part in the 1981 Grand Prix of South Africa. The continental European racing teams Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , Ligier , Renault and Osella stayed away from the race in South Africa, so that the entry list included eleven teams with a total of 19 drivers.
No. | date | Grand Prix | route | Distance (km) |
Pole position | Fastest race lap | winner | Overall leading driver |
Overall leading designer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | March, 15 | USA West | Long Beach Grand Prix Circuit | 261.625 | Riccardo Patrese | Alan Jones | Alan Jones | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford |
2 | March 29 | Brazil | Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet | 311,922 | Nelson Piquet | Marc Surer | Carlos Reutemann | ||
3 | 12. April | Argentina | Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez | 316,304 | Nelson Piquet | Nelson Piquet | Nelson Piquet | Carlos Reutemann | |
4th | May 3rd | San Marino | Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari | 302,400 | Gilles Villeneuve | Gilles Villeneuve | Nelson Piquet | ||
5 | 17th of May | Belgium | Circuit Zolder | 230.148 | Carlos Reutemann | Carlos Reutemann | Carlos Reutemann | ||
6th | 31. May | Monaco | Circuit de Monaco | 251.712 | Nelson Piquet | Alan Jones | Gilles Villeneuve | ||
7th | June 21st | Spain | Circuito del Jarama | 264,970 | Jacques Laffite | Alan Jones | Gilles Villeneuve | ||
8th | 5th July | France | Circuit de Dijon-Prenois | 304,000 | René Arnoux | Alain Prost | Alain Prost | ||
9 | July 18th | Great Britain | Silverstone Circuit | 320.892 | René Arnoux | René Arnoux | John Watson | ||
10 | August 2nd | Germany | Hockenheimring | 305.505 | Alain Prost | Alan Jones | Nelson Piquet | ||
11 | August 16 | Austria | Österreichring | 314,926 | René Arnoux | Jacques Laffite | Jacques Laffite | ||
12 | August 30th | Netherlands | Circuit Park Zandvoort | 306.144 | Alain Prost | Alan Jones | Alain Prost | Nelson Piquet | |
13 | 13.september | Italy | Autodromo Nazionale Monza | 301,600 | René Arnoux | Carlos Reutemann | Alain Prost | Carlos Reutemann | |
14th | September 27th | Canada | Circuit Gilles-Villeneuve | 277.830 | Nelson Piquet | John Watson | Jacques Laffite | ||
15th | October 17th | Las Vegas | Caesars Palace Grand Prix Circuit | 273.750 | Carlos Reutemann | Didier Pironi | Alan Jones | Nelson Piquet |
Race reports
US Grand Prix West
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | 1: 50: 41.330 |
2 | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | + 9.190 |
3 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | + 34.920 |
PP | Riccardo Patrese | Arrows Ford | 1: 19.399 |
SR | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | 1: 20.901 |
The US Grand Prix in Long Beach, California took place on March 15, 1981 and went over 80.5 laps (261.706 km).
Brazilian Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | 2: 00: 23.660 |
2 | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | + 4.440 |
3 | Riccardo Patrese | Arrows Ford | +1: 03.080 |
PP | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | 1: 35.079 |
SR | Marc Surer | Ensign-Ford | 1: 54.302 |
The Brazilian Grand Prix in Jacarepaguá , a suburb of Rio de Janeiro , took place on March 29, 1981 and went over 62 laps (311.922 km).
The Swiss Marc Surer drove his first and only fastest race lap at this Grand Prix.
Argentina Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | 1: 34: 32.740 |
2 | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | + 26.610 |
3 | Alain Prost | Renault | + 49.980 |
PP | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | 1: 42.665 |
SR | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | 1: 45.287 |
The Argentine Grand Prix in Buenos Aires took place on April 12, 1981 and lasted 53 laps (316.304 km).
San Marino Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | 1: 51: 23.970 |
2 | Riccardo Patrese | Arrows Ford | + 4.580 |
3 | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | + 6.340 |
PP | Gilles Villeneuve | Ferrari | 1: 34.523 |
SR | Gilles Villeneuve | Ferrari | 1: 48.064 |
The San Marino Grand Prix in Imola took place on May 3, 1981 and went over 60 laps (302.4 km).
Belgian Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | 1: 16: 31.610 |
2 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | + 36.060 |
3 | Nigel Mansell | Lotus Ford | + 43.690 |
PP | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | 1: 22.280 |
SR | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | 1: 23,300 |
The Belgian Grand Prix in Zolder took place on May 17, 1981 and ran over 54 laps (230.148 km).
During Saturday training there was a fatal accident in which Carlos Reutemann ran over a mechanic from the Osella team. Another incident occurred at the start of the race. While an Arrows mechanic was still trying to restart Riccardo Patrese's broken-down car , the starting process was initiated for inexplicable reasons. Siegfried Stohr hit his team colleague Patrese who had stopped, the mechanic got between the car and was seriously injured. Patrese and Stohr, who was seriously shocked, did not resume the race that had started again after three laps.
The race was stopped after 54 of 70 laps due to rain.
Monaco Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Gilles Villeneuve | Ferrari | 1: 54: 23.380 |
2 | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | + 39.910 |
3 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | +1: 29.240 |
PP | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | 1: 25.710 |
SR | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | 1: 27.470 |
The Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo took place on May 31, 1981 and ran over 76 laps (251.712 km).
Spanish Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Gilles Villeneuve | Ferrari | 1: 46: 35.010 |
2 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | + 0.220 |
3 | John Watson | McLaren-Ford | + 0.580 |
PP | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | 1: 13.754 |
SR | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | 1: 17.818 |
The Spanish Grand Prix at the Circuito del Jarama took place on June 21, 1981 and covered a distance of 80 laps (264.960 km).
French Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Alain Prost | Renault | 1: 35: 48,130 |
2 | John Watson | McLaren-Ford | + 2.290 |
3 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | + 24.220 |
PP | René Arnoux | Renault | 1: 05.950 |
SR | Alain Prost | Renault | 1: 09.140 |
The French Grand Prix at the Circuit de Dijon-Prenois took place on July 5, 1981 and covered a distance of 80 laps (304.0 km).
The race was stopped after 58 laps due to rain and then restarted for the remaining 22 laps.
Great Britain Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | John Watson | McLaren-Ford | 1: 26: 54.800 |
2 | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | + 40.650 |
3 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | + 1 lap |
PP | René Arnoux | Renault | 1: 11.00 |
SR | René Arnoux | Renault | 1: 15.06 |
The Great Britain Grand Prix at Silverstone took place on July 18, 1981 and went over a distance of 68 laps (320.892 km).
Grand Prix of Germany
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | 1: 25: 55,600 |
2 | Alain Prost | Renault | + 11,520 |
3 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | +1: 04,600 |
PP | Alain Prost | Renault | 1: 47.50 |
SR | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | 1: 52.42 |
The German Grand Prix at the Hockenheimring took place on August 2, 1981 and covered a distance of 45 laps (305.505 km).
Grand Prix of Austria
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | 1: 27: 36.470 |
2 | René Arnoux | Renault | + 5.170 |
3 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | + 7.340 |
PP | René Arnoux | Renault | 1: 32.018 |
SR | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | 1: 37,620 |} |
The Austrian Grand Prix at the Österreichring in Spielberg took place on August 16, 1981 and covered a distance of 53 laps (314.926 km).
Grand Prix of the Netherlands
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Alain Prost | Renault | 1: 40: 22.430 |
2 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | + 8.240 |
3 | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | + 35,500 |
PP | Alain Prost | Renault | 1: 18.176 |
SR | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | 1: 21.83 |
The Dutch Grand Prix in Zandvoort took place on August 30, 1981 and covered a distance of 72 laps (306.144 km).
Italian Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Alain Prost | Renault | 1: 26: 36.897 |
2 | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | + 22.175 |
3 | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | + 50.587 |
PP | René Arnoux | Renault | 1: 33.457 |
SR | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | 1: 37,528 |} |
The Italian Grand Prix in Monza took place on September 13, 1981 and ran over a distance of 52 laps (301.60 km).
Canadian Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | 2: 01: 25,200 |
2 | John Watson | McLaren-Ford | + 6.230 |
3 | Gilles Villeneuve | Ferrari | + 1.50.270 |
PP | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-Ford | 1: 29.211 |
SR | John Watson | McLaren-Ford | 1: 49.475 |
The Canadian Grand Prix in Montreal took place on September 27, 1981 and went over 63 laps (277.83 km).
Las Vegas Grand Prix
space | driver | team | time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Alan Jones | Williams-Ford | 1: 44: 09,077 |
2 | Alain Prost | Renault | + 20.048 |
3 | Bruno Giacomelli | Alfa Romeo | + 20,428 |
PP | Carlos Reutemann | Williams-Ford | 1: 17.821 |
SR | Didier Pironi | Ferrari | 1: 20.156 |
The Las Vegas Grand Prix at the Caesars Palace Grand Prix Circuit in Las Vegas took place on October 17, 1981 and covered a distance of 75 laps (273.75 km).
Nelson Piquet finished fifth and won the driver's world title in 1981. The previous leader in the world championship, Carlos Reutemann , crossed the finish line in eighth.
World championship ratings
The six first-placed drivers in each race received points according to the following scheme:
Distribution of points | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
space | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | ||||
Points | 9 | 6th | 4th | 3 | 2 | 1 |
The best eleven results were counted in the drivers 'classification and all results in the constructors' classification.
Driver ranking
Item | driver | constructor | Points | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | N. Piquet | Brabham-Ford | 3 | 12 | 1 | 1 | DNF | DNF | DNF | 3 | DNF | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6th | 5 | 5 | 50 |
2 | C. Reutemann | Williams-Ford | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | DNF | 4th | 10 | 2 | DNF | 5 | DNF | 3 | 10 | 8th | 49 |
3 | A. Jones | Williams-Ford | 1 | 2 | 4th | 12 | DNF | 2 | 7th | 17th | DNF | 11 | 4th | 3 | 2 | DNF | 1 | 46 |
4th | J. Laffite | Ligier-Matra | DNF | 6th | DNF | DNF | 2 | 3 | 2 | DNF | 3 | 3 | 1 | DNF | DNF | 1 | 6th | 44 |
5 | A. Cheers | Renault | DNF | DNF | 3 | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | 1 | DNF | 2 | DNF | 1 | 1 | DNF | 2 | 43 |
6th | J. Watson | McLaren-Ford | DNF | 8th | DNF | 10 | 7th | DNF | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6th | 6th | DNF | DNF | 2 | 7th | 27 |
7th | G. Villeneuve | Ferrari | DNF | DNF | DNF | 7th | 4th | 1 | 1 | DNF | DNF | 10 | DNF | DNF | DNF | 3 | DSQ | 25th |
8th | E. de Angelis | Lotus Ford | DNF | 5 | 6th | 5 | DNF | 5 | 6th | DSQ | 7th | 7th | 5 | 4th | 6th | DNF | 14th | |
9 | R. Arnoux | Renault | 8th | DNF | 5 | 8th | DNQ | DNF | 9 | 4th | 9 | 13 | 2 | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | 11 |
10 | H. Rebaque | Brabham-Ford | DNF | DNF | DNF | 4th | DNF | DNQ | DNF | 9 | 5 | 4th | DNF | 4th | DNF | DNF | DNF | 11 |
11 | R. Patrese | Arrows Ford | DNF | 3 | 7th | 2 | DNF | DNF | DNF | 14th | 10 | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | 11 | 10 |
12 | E. Cheever | Tyrrell-Ford | 5 | NC | DNF | DNF | 6th | 5 | NC | 13 | 4th | 5 | DNQ | DNF | DNF | 12 | DNF | 10 |
13 | D. Pironi | Ferrari | DNF | DNF | DNF | 5 | 8th | 4th | 15th | 5 | DNF | DNF | 9 | DNF | 5 | DNF | 9 | 9 |
14th | N. Mansell | Lotus Ford | DNF | 11 | DNF | 3 | DNF | 6th | 7th | DNQ | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | 4th | 8th | |
15th | B. Giacomelli | Alfa Romeo | DNF | NC | 10 | DNF | 9 | DNF | 10 | 15th | DNF | 15th | DNF | DNF | 8th | 4th | 3 | 7th |
16 | M. Surer | Ensign-Ford | DNF | 4th | DNF | 9 | 11 | 6th | 4th | |||||||||
Theodore Ford | 12 | 11 | 14th | DNF | 8th | DNQ | 9 | DNF | 0 | |||||||||
17th | M. Andretti | Alfa Romeo | 4th | DNF | 8th | DNF | 10 | DNF | 8th | 8th | DNF | 9 | DNF | DNF | DNF | 7th | DNF | 3 |
18th | A. de Cesaris | McLaren-Ford | DNF | DNF | 11 | 6th | DNF | DNF | DNF | 11 | DNF | DNF | 8th | DNS | 7th | DNF | 12 | 1 |
19th | P. Tambay | Theodore Ford | 6th | 10 | DNF | 11 | DNQ | 7th | 13 | 1 | ||||||||
Ligier-Matra | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNF | 0 | |||||||||
20th | S. Borgudd | ATS Ford | 13 | DNQ | DNPQ | DNQ | DNQ | 6th | DNF | DNF | 10 | DNF | DNF | DNQ | 1 | |||
21st | E. Salazar | March-Ford | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNF | DNQ | DNPQ | 0 | |||||||||
Ensign-Ford | 14th | DNF | DNQ | NC | DNF | 6th | DNF | DNF | NC | 1 | ||||||||
- | J.-P. Jarier | Ligier-Matra | DNF | 7th | 0 | |||||||||||||
Osella-Ford | 8th | 8th | 10 | DNF | 9 | DNF | DNF | 0 | ||||||||||
- | D. Daly | March-Ford | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNPQ | 16 | DNF | 7th | DNF | 11 | DNF | DNF | 8th | DNQ | 0 |
- | S. Stohr | Arrows Ford | DNQ | DNF | 9 | DNQ | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNQ | DNF | 12 | DNF | 7th | DNQ | 0 | ||
- | C. Serra | Fittipaldi-Ford | 7th | DNF | DNF | DNQ | DNF | DNQ | 11 | DNS | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | 0 | |
- | K. Rosberg | Fittipaldi-Ford | DNF | 9 | DNF | DNF | DNF | DNQ | 12 | DNF | DNF | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | 10 | 0 | |
- | M. Alboreto | Tyrrell-Ford | DNF | 12 | DNF | DNQ | 16 | DNF | DNQ | DNF | 9 | DNF | 11 | 13 | 0 | |||
- | B. Henton | Toleman-Hart | DNQ | DNQ | DNPQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | 10 | DNQ | DNQ | 0 | |||
- | J. Lammers | ATS Ford | DNF | DNQ | 12 | DNQ | 0 | |||||||||||
- | R. Zunino | Tyrrell-Ford | 13 | 13 | 0 | |||||||||||||
- | P. Ghinzani | Osella-Ford | 13 | DNQ | 0 | |||||||||||||
- | J.-P. Jabouille | Ligier-Matra | DNQ | NC | DNF | DNQ | DNF | 0 | ||||||||||
- | B. Gabbiani | Osella-Ford | DNF | DNQ | DNQ | DNF | DNF | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | 0 |
- | D. Warwick | Toleman-Hart | DNQ | DNQ | DNPQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNF | 0 | |||
- | M. Guerra | Osella-Ford | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNF | 0 | |||||||||||
- | J. Villeneuve sr. | Arrows Ford | DNQ | DNQ | 0 | |||||||||||||
- | K. Cogan | Tyrrell-Ford | DNQ | 0 | ||||||||||||||
- | G. Francia | Osella-Ford | DNQ | 0 | ||||||||||||||
- | R. Londoño | Ensign-Ford | DNP | 0 |
Legend | ||
---|---|---|
colour | abbreviation | meaning |
gold | - | victory |
silver | - | 2nd place |
bronze | - | 3rd place |
green | - | Placement in the points |
blue | - | Classified outside the point ranks |
violet | DNF | Race not finished (did not finish) |
NC | not classified | |
red | DNQ | did not qualify |
DNPQ | failed in pre-qualification (did not pre-qualify) | |
black | DSQ | disqualified |
White | DNS | not at the start (did not start) |
WD | withdrawn | |
Light Blue | PO | only participated in the training (practiced only) |
TD | Friday test driver | |
without | DNP | did not participate in the training (did not practice) |
INJ | injured or sick | |
EX | excluded | |
DNA | did not arrive | |
C. | Race canceled | |
no participation in the World Cup | ||
other | P / bold | Pole position |
SR / italic | Fastest race lap | |
* | not at the finish, but counted due to the distance covered |
|
() | Streak results | |
underlined | Leader in the overall standings |
Constructors' championship
|
|
T = turbo engine
News in brief Formula 1
- The two-time world champion Emerson Fittipaldi resigned.
- At the Spanish GP , the top five were within 1.24 seconds.
- John Watson won the British GP - it was the first win for a carbon fiber chassis and the first for McLaren in the Ron Dennis era.
- Niki Lauda announced his comeback; Alan Jones stopped.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Adriano Cimarosti: The century of racing , motor book publisher Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-613-01848-9 , S. 309th
- ↑ Mattijs Diepraam, Felix Muelas: "The one did did not count". forix.autosport.com, December 24, 2000, accessed April 30, 2015 .
- ^ Statistics of the 1981 Grand Prix of South Africa on the website www.silhouet.com (accessed December 11, 2014).