Wuhan

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Wuhàn Shì
武汉 市
Wuhan
Wuhan montage.png
From top left: city silhouette, crane pagoda , old customs house and Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge
coat of arms
coat of arms
Wuhan (China)
Wuhan
Wuhan
Coordinates 30 ° 34 '  N , 114 ° 17'  E Coordinates: 30 ° 34 '  N , 114 ° 17'  E
Location of Wuhan in the People's Republic of China or Hubei Province
Location of Wuhan in the People's Republic of China or Hubei Province
Basic data
Country People's Republic of China
region Central China
province Hubei
ISO 3166-2 CN-HB
status Sub-provincial town
structure 13 boroughs
height 37 m
surface 1557 km²
Metropolitan area 8494 km²
Residents 8,090,000 (2017)
Metropolitan area 10,766,200 (2015)
density 5,195.9  Ew. / km²
Metropolitan area 1,267.5  Ew. / km²
Post Code 430,000-430400
Telephone code (+86) 27
Time zone China Standard Time (CST)
UTC +8
License Plate 鄂 A
Website german.wh.gov.cn
politics
mayor Zhou Xianwang (周先旺)
CCP Party leader: Wang Zhonglin
economy
GDP 1,190,000 million ¥
119,000 per capita (2016)

Wuhan ( Chinese  武漢 市  /  武汉 市 , Pinyin Wǔhàn ? / I Shì , short 漢  /  汉 , Hàn ) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China . In the city center - the geographical urban area - 8,090,000 people (at the end of 2017) have their main residence. The entire administrative area of ​​Wuhan has 10,766,200 inhabitants (as of 2016) . The almost 8,500 km² administrative area is not a contiguous urban settlement area, but - with its rural settlement structure dominating outside the city center - would be more comparable to a small province. Inner Wuhan is the amalgamation of the three former cities of Wuchang ( 武昌 , Wǔchāng ), Hankou ( 漢口  /  汉口 , Hànkǒu , often translated as “Hankow” or “Hankau” according to the now outdated transcription of the Chinese post office ) and Hanyang ( 漢陽  /  汉阳 , Hànyáng ). In China, Wuhan is also poetically referred to as the “City of Rivers” ( 江城 , Jiāngchéng ) or “ Chicago of the East” ( 東方 芝加哥  /  东方 芝加哥 , Dōngfāng Zhījiāgē ). Audio file / audio sample

geography

Geographical location

Wuhan is conveniently located in central China at the confluence of the Yangtze and Han rivers ( 漢江  /  汉江 , Hanjiang, Hanshui). The flat urban area, which is characterized by numerous lakes, merges into the hill country in a southerly direction. Due to rapid urbanization, the number of lakes in the urban area fell from 127 in the 1980s to around 30 in 2019. Due to its geographical location, the city is repeatedly flooded.

Administrative structure

The city is divided by the two rivers into the three former cities of Wǔchāng ( 武昌 ), Hànkǒu ( 漢口  /  汉口 ) and Hànyáng ( 漢陽  /  汉阳 ). Hanyang and Wuchang have been preserved as independent city districts (at the district level). Hankou, however, was divided into several new city districts. Today Wuhan is made up of a total of 13 boroughs . These are:

  • Jiang'an District ( 江岸 區  /  江岸 区 ), 64 km², 640,000 inhabitants, seat of the city government, city center;
  • Jianghan District ( 江漢 區  /  江汉 区 ), 33 km², 460,000 inhabitants;
  • Qiaokou district ( 礄口區  /  硚口区 ), 46 km², 540,000 inhabitants;
  • Hanyang District ( 漢陽 區  /  汉阳 区 ), 108 km², 480,000 inhabitants;
  • Wuchang district ( 武昌 區  /  武昌 区 ), 81 km², 980,000 inhabitants;
  • Qingshan District ( 青山 區  /  青山 区 ), 45 km², 460,000 inhabitants;
  • Hongshan District ( 洪山 區  /  洪山 区 ), 509 km², 780,000 inhabitants;
  • District Dongxihu ( 東西湖區  /  东西湖区 ), 439 square kilometers, 250,000 inhabitants;
  • Hannan district ( 漢南區  /  汉南区 ), 288 km², 110,000 inhabitants;
  • Caidian district ( 蔡甸 區  /  蔡甸 区 ), 1,094 km², 460,000 inhabitants;
  • Jiangxia District ( 江夏區  /  江夏区 ), 2,015 km², 660,000 inhabitants;
  • District Huangpi ( 黃陂區  /  黄陂区 ) km² 2261, 1.1 million inhabitants;
  • Xinzhou District ( 新洲區  /  新洲区 ), 1,500 km², 960,000 inhabitants.

climate

Wuhan is located at latitude 30 ° 33 'north and longitude 114 ° 17' east. In Wuhan there is a humid subtropical climate with an annual average temperature of 17.3 ° C and an annual rainfall of around 1300 mm. The average temperature in January drops to 4.1 ° C while in July it rises to 29.2 ° C. This makes Wuhan one of the hottest and wettest cities in China in summer. Every twelve months are humid .

Wuhan
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
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3
Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm
Source: 中国 气象 网 - 中国气象局 政府 门户 网站 Meteorological Network of China - Government portal of the Chinese weather agency
Average climate data from Wuhan (1986–2015, extreme data from 1951–2017)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 8.3 11.0 15.7 22.3 27.2 30.3 33.1 32.5 28.7 23.4 16.9 10.9 O 21.7
Record maximum ( ° C ) 25.4 29.1 32.4 35.1 36.1 37.8 39.7 39.6 37.6 34.4 30.4 23.3 ᐃ 0
Min. Temperature (° C) 1.0 3.5 7.5 13.6 18.8 22.9 26.1 25.2 20.7 14.8 8.3 2.9 O 13.8
Record minimum (° C) −18.1 −14.8 -5.0 -0.3 7.2 13.0 17.3 16.4 10.1 1.3 -7.1 −10.1 ᐁ 0
Temperature (° C) 4.1 6.7 11.2 17.6 22.6 26.3 29.2 28.3 24.1 18.4 11.9 6.3 O 17.3
Precipitation ( mm ) 47.9 71.3 89.7 137.9 167.3 206.4 232.0 115.8 76.5 69.9 58.9 27.8 Σ 1,301.4
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 3.2 3.3 4.0 5.0 5.6 5.4 7.1 7.0 5.7 5.0 4.6 3.9 O 5
Rainy days ( d ) 9.2 10.1 12.7 12.1 12.4 11.9 11.1 9.6 7.5 7.9 8.6 6.7 Σ 119.8
Humidity ( % ) 76 76 75 74 74 78 76 77 75 75 76 74 O 75.5
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
8.3
1.0
11.0
3.5
15.7
7.5
22.3
13.6
27.2
18.8
30.3
22.9
33.1
26.1
32.5
25.2
28.7
20.7
23.4
14.8
16.9
8.3
10.9
2.9
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g 		47.9
71.3
89.7
137.9
167.3
206.4
232.0
115.8
76.5
69.9
58.9
27.8
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

population

The 2000 census counted 8,312,700 inhabitants in Wuhan, who can be broken down into the individual ethnic groups as follows:

Name of the people Residents proportion of
Han 8,258,221 99.34%
Hui 20,595 0.25%
Tujia 13,613 0.16%
Manju 4,745 0.06%
Zhuang 4.147 0.05%
Mongols 2,709 0.03%
Miao 2,581 0.03%
Dong 929 0.01%
Yao 744 0.01%
Korean 694 0.01%
Yi 617 0.01%
Others 3,105 0.04%

Population development of the agglomeration

The population of the urban agglomeration of Wuhan has grown rapidly in recent years. In 2035 it is expected to have over 10 million inhabitants.

year population
1950 1,068,000
1960 1,653,000
1970 2,039,000
1980 2,516,000
1990 3,417,000
2000 6,638,000
2010 7,515,000
2017 8,090,000

history

The " First Bridge " built between 1955 and 1957 over the Yangtze River in Wuhan
Wuhan photographed from the ISS at night , 2010
Bridge over the Yangtze River in Wuhan
Building of the former Imperial German Consulate in Hankou, built in 1895 , today the seat of the People's Government of Wuhan

The Wuhan region was first settled around 3000 years ago. During the Han Dynasty , Hanyang's importance as a port increased. In the 3rd century, walls were built to protect Hanyang (206 AD) and Wuchang (223 AD). The latter also marks the establishment of Wuhan.

In 223 the “Yellow Crane Tower” ( 黃鶴樓  /  黄鹤楼 , Huánghèlóu ) was built on the Yangtze River on the Wuchang side.

The Black Death may have been the first to break out in Wuhan in the 14th century.

Under the Mongol rule ( Yuan Dynasty ) Wuchang was raised to the rank of provincial capital. After all, about 300 years ago, Hankou was one of the four most important trading cities in the country.

Similar to Shanghai , there were European trade bases (concession areas) in the Hankou district until the mid-1930s, which is why a lot of colonial architecture has been preserved, such as B. the imperial German consulate.

Wuchang and Hankou played a central role several times in the country's recent history, the time of the Republic of China. The Chinese revolution began in Wuchang in 1911 with the republican uprising against the imperial central government in Beijing . The Kuomintang founder Sun Yat-sen was proclaimed the first (provisional) president, but left the leadership to Beijing's army chief Yuan Shikai , after whose death Wuchang and Hankou fell to the chili faction of the Northern Militarists . Their general Wu Peifu ruled the railway line to Beijing from Hankou and in 1923 let a communist rail workers revolt shoot down.

But as early as 1926 a united front made up of the Kuomintang, Communists and Guangxi Warlords conquered the city and relocated their southern counter-government to Wuhan. After the conquest of Nanjing, the united front broke apart in 1927, Chiang Kai-shek formed a national government in Nanjing from the right-wing Kuomintang , while the left-wing Kuomintang under Wang Jingwei formed a revolutionary government in Wuhan together with the communists. Chiang subjugated both Beijing and Wuhan, but was driven from Nanjing by the Japanese army in 1937. Instead, Hankou became Chiang's seat of government and de facto capital of China, but was also conquered by the Japanese in 1938 after the battle of Wuhan, which lasted several months . From 1938 to 1945 Chongqing (neighboring Sichuan Province ) was Chiang's capital.

Today's Wuhan was created in 1953 through the merger of Wuchang, Hankou and Hanyang. Today Wuhan is the second largest city in the inland of the PRC after Chongqing .

In 2017, a bio laboratory for research on the most dangerous pathogens ( BSL-4 ) was completed in Wuhan for 44 million US dollars (300 million yuan) .

The world's first people to be infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and to contract it came from Wuhan. The first cases of an unknown lung disease occurred there at the end of November 2019. From Wuhan, the virus spread across the world within months. On 23 January 2020, the city due to which was COVID-19 pandemic under quarantine provided. The airport and train stations were closed, local traffic stopped and curfews were imposed, and residents were no longer allowed to leave the city. The curfew was lifted on April 7, 2020.

Economy, transport

Wuhan modern skyline

According to a study from 2014, Wuhan has a gross domestic product of 231.55 billion US dollars in purchasing power parity . In the ranking of the economically strongest metropolitan regions worldwide, it took 45th place. Counted as an independent country, it would be among the 50 largest economies in the world. The GDP per capita is $ 22,724. In terms of prosperity, Wuhan is in the middle among Chinese cities.

The city is the industrial focal point of Central China and has the mix of manufacturing companies in many industries, which is typical for Chinese cities with over a million inhabitants. a. Engine, ship, vehicle and mechanical engineering, cement factories, textile factories, chemical factories, paper manufacturing, an aluminum factory and a brewery based on the German model. A clear focus is the production of iron (from domestic ores and coal) and the steel industry with several rolling mills. So was u. a. With the help of German experts from the twin city Duisburg, a cold rolling mill was built.

Wuhan is almost exactly in the middle between the large areas of Beijing in the north and Guangzhou (Canton), Shenzhen and Hong Kong in the south, as well as Shanghai in the east and Chongqing in the west of the gigantic empire. There are continuous highways in all of these directions that meet here.

The Yangtze, which is around 1250 meters wide here, is traditionally the lifeline for heavy and mass transports. The port of Wuhan is the largest inland water port in China, as the river is also navigable for seagoing vessels up to this point. There is also a shipyard that builds Yuan-class military submarines.

Wuhan has seven bridges and a tunnel that cross the Yangtze. The First Yangtze River Bridge in Wuhan was built in 1957 with the support of the Soviet Union and for the first time allowed a railway connection between the northern and southern halves of the People's Republic . It is still an impressive construction with a lower railway line and an overhead road. In 1995 the second road bridge (a cable-stayed bridge ) was opened. In 2009, another combined rail and road bridge was opened for the Beijing – Guangzhou high-speed line.

In December 2009, Wuhan became the terminus of the Beijing – Hong Kong high-speed line, which was the world's fastest rail link at the time, to Guangzhou. The route was extended to Shijiazhuang in autumn 2012 and reached Beijing in late 2012.

There is now a rail link for regular container traffic between Duisburg and Wuhan.

The airport "Wuhan Tianhe International Airport" is one of the medium-sized airports in China and is located around 28 kilometers northwest of the city. Its flight schedule shows predominantly domestic flights, plus some direct connections to East Asian and Indian destinations. Long-distance flights to Europe are mostly handled via feeders to / from the aviation hubs in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. A second terminal was opened in 2008; however, since z. At the moment there is only one runway, the capacity of the facility is almost exhausted.

Inner-city traffic is suffering enormously from the burden of motorisation that is too fast: Always new road projects, both as broad breakthroughs in the old settlement centers and as new ring roads and feeder roads to the new city districts on the edge, should provide a remedy.

A rail-bound local transport network has been set up since 2012. Seven railway lines with a length of 540 kilometers are planned, in the center as a subway and otherwise as an S-Bahn . Currently (as of May 2013) the subway consists of two lines with a total length of around 57 km. Four more lines are to be added by 2017 and the subway network is to grow to around 173 km.

  • Wuhan Metro route map

Education and Science

In addition to Wuhan University , which was initially founded as a teachers' academy in 1903 , the city is also home to twenty other universities and colleges. Some of them have been set up on a newly created campus in a scenic location. Subjects such as B. Surveying and geography, medicine, water management, metallurgy, geology and building materials are covered and are usually supplemented by an associated research landscape and new technology parks.

Wuhan University, with its park-like campus located on large expanses of water, is one of the most renowned universities in China.

In addition, other research institutions are located in Wuhan, such as the Institute for Virology Wuhan .

Attractions

" Chu Town" on Dong Hu ("East Lake")
Chu Tiantai
  • One of the most important sights in Wuhan is the crane pagoda .
  • The Wuhan Changchun Guan is a Taoist temple in the district of Wuchang .
  • Furthermore, there are  many tourist attractions on the western bank of the Dong Hu ( 東湖  /  东湖 , Dōng Hú - "Baltic Sea"). One of them is the Hubei Provincial Museum, in which you can admire many excavated pieces from old graves and also a unique carillon for concerts. There are also parks, a bird zoo and an Ozeaneum on the west bank .
  • There are many restaurants and street performers on Jiqing Street ( 吉慶 街  /  吉庆 街 , Jíqìngjiē ).
  • On the Schildkrötenberg there is the 311 meter high Guishan television tower with a viewing platform.
  • The tallest building in the city at 438 meters is the Wuhan Center , which was completed in 2019 .
  • The Wuhan World Trade Tower has a height of 273 meters.
  • The Wuhan Qiakou Project 1 is a project.

Trivia

  • The asteroid (3206) Wuhan , discovered on November 13, 1980, has been named after the city since 1990.
  • As part of a Chinese art exhibition on the Rhine and Ruhr, the class 422 multiple unit of the S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr was christened with the city's name.

Town twinning

City friendship:

Diplomatic institutions

Countries that have opened a consulate in Wuhan:

  • United StatesUnited States USA , agreement since 1981, opening since 2008
  • FranceFrance France , agreement since 1998, opening since 1998
  • Korea SouthSouth Korea South Korea , agreement since 2009, opening since 2010
  • United KingdomUnited Kingdom Great Britain , agreement since 2014, opening since 2015

Countries that want to open a consulate in Wuhan:

  • JapanJapan Japan , intention to open
  • RussiaRussia Russia , agreement since 2015, opening unknown

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

Honorary citizen

Panoramas

View over Hankou
View over Hankou and Wuchang

Web links

Commons : Wuhan  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ [Hubei Statistical Yearbook 2015 ( ISBN 978-7-5037-6633-6 )]
  2. ↑ Hubei (China): Prefecture Level, Cities & Counties - Population Statistics, Maps, Graphics, Weather and Web Information. Retrieved May 10, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Li Jing: Inside China's leading 'sponge city': Wuhan's war with water. In: theguardian.com . January 23, 2019, accessed August 25, 2019.
  4. ↑ World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. Retrieved July 23, 2018 .
  5. ↑ With cards open - The history of the epidemics. Arte , accessed June 28, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Lonely Planet: History in Wuhan, China. Retrieved April 19, 2020 (English).
  7. ↑ Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens , nature.com of February 22, 2017
  8. ↑ mdr.de: Chronicle of the Corona Crisis | MDR.DE. Retrieved April 19, 2020 .
  9. ^ Süddeutsche de GmbH, Munich Germany: Coronavirus in Wuhan: Chronicle of the cover-up. Retrieved April 19, 2020 .
  10. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung: Coronavirus: China cuts connections in Wuhan. Retrieved January 23, 2020 .
  11. ↑ Annika Lamm: Exodus from Wuhan: Tens of thousands are leaving the former corona epicenter. Retrieved April 19, 2020 .
  12. ↑ Jens Wiegmann: End of the lockdown in Wuhan: China wants to rewrite the history of the virus . In: THE WORLD . April 7, 2020 ( welt.de [accessed April 19, 2020]).
  13. ^ Alan Berube, Jesus Leal Trujillo, Tao Ran, and Joseph Parilla: Global Metro Monitor . In: Brookings . January 22, 2015 ( brookings.edu [accessed July 19, 2018]).
  14. ↑ BPost: Thai navy team left Wuhan before it was sealed off . Notification of the Bangkok Post of 28 January 2020 (English) on www.bangkokpost.com
  15. ↑ rtr: SPEED RECORD - China is sending the world's fastest train on its way. In: handelsblatt.com . December 27, 2009, accessed April 27, 2019 .
  16. ↑ The German-China rail link is a success story. In: Welt Online . December 29, 2016, accessed January 23, 2020 .
  17. ↑ Minor Planet Circ. 16245
  18. ↑ DB Regio NRW forwards the CHINA 8 message. (No longer available online.) China 8 - Contemporary art from China on the Rhine and Ruhr, September 13, 2015, archived from the original on October 7, 2015 ; accessed on April 27, 2019 .
  19. ^ Christchurch - Wuhan Strategic Partnership. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 20, 2008 ; accessed on April 27, 2019 (English).
  20. ↑ “Home in Wuhan” - Accelerated again - Great Britain and Japan want to set up a consular post in Wuhan - “家 在 武汉” 再 提速 英国 日本 将 在 汉 设 领事 机构; May 27, 2013: (Chinese) [1] In: news.cjn.cn, accessed on April 27, 2019 - online
  21. ↑ "Putin assures that Russia and China are getting closer" - The two sides will sign an agreement to open Russian general consulates in the Chinese cities Harbin and Wuhan ..., Ushakov said; September 2, 2015: (English) [2] In: www.businessinsider.com, accessed on April 27, 2019 - online