2017 Atlantic hurricane season

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2017 Atlantic hurricane season
All the storms of the season
All the storms of the season
Formation of the
first storm		 19th April 2017
Dissolution of the
last storm		 9th November 2017
Strongest storm Maria - 908  hPa  ( mbar ), 150  kn  (280  km / h )  (1 minute)
Tropical lows 18th
Storms 17th
Hurricanes 10
Severe hurricanes ( Cat. 3+ ) 6th
Total number of victims at least 3.169
Total damage ≥ $ 186.8 billion   (2017)
Atlantic hurricane season
2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019
The simultaneously active hurricanes Katia, Irma and Jose on September 8, 2017.

The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season was marked by a large number of very strong hurricanes, some of which caused many deaths and enormous material damage.

The season officially started on June 1st, 2017 and ended on November 30th, 2017. It is during this period that most hurricanes usually form in the northern Atlantic Ocean , as only suitable conditions exist at this time, such as warm ocean, humid air and little Wind shear to allow the formation of tropical cyclones. Before the start of the season, due to the weak to nonexistent El Niño effect, an active season with two to four severe hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale ) was expected.

The season actually started on April 19th with the formation of Tropical Storm Arlene. With the official start of the season, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) can issue warnings about disturbances that are not yet tropical, but have high potential for tropical cyclogenesis and expect storm or hurricane conditions for inhabited areas within 48 hours become. Such systems are called “potential tropical cyclones”. The NHC used this option for the first time on June 18, 2017, when it recorded warnings about the Tropical Cyclone Two potential , which was rapidly developing east-southeast of the Windward Islands into tropical Storm Bret.

A few days later, tropical storm Cindy hit Louisiana . It was the first tropical cyclone to hit the state since Hurricane Isaac 2012. In late August, Hurricane Harvey hit southwest Texas , making it the first hurricane since Wilma in 2005 to hit a coast of the United States with this force. In September Irma u. a. in Florida considerable damage and Hurricane Maria developed specifically to Puerto Rico a devastating effect, there lost through direct and indirect consequences of the storm about 3,000 people their lives.

Season forecasts

Forecasts of tropical activity for the 2017 hurricane season
source date tropical
storms 		Hurricanes severe
hurricanes
Average (1981-2010) 12.1 6.4 2.7
highest activity 28 15th 7th
least activity 4th 2 † 0 †
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––
TSR December 13, 2016 14th 6th 3
TSR 5th April 2017 11 4th 2
CSU April 6, 2017 11 4th 2
TWC 17th April 2017 12 6th 2
NCSU April 18, 2017 11-15 4-6 1-3
TWC 20th May 2017 14th 7th 3
NOAA May 25, 2017 11-17 5-9 2-4
TSR May 26, 2017 14th 6th 3
CSU June 1, 2017 14th 6th 2
UKMO June 1, 2017 13 * 8th* N / A
TSR 4th July 2017 17th 7th 3
CSU 5th July 2017 15th 8th 3
CSU 4th August 2017 16 8th 3
TSR 4th August 2017 17th 7th 3
NOAA August 9, 2017 14-19 5-9 2-5
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––
actual activity
 17th 10 6th
* June – November
† last year multiple occurrences

Before and during the season, several national meteorological services and scientific institutes publish forecasts of how many tropical storms, hurricanes and severe hurricanes (SSHS Category 3 and above) will form in the season and / or how many tropical cyclones will hit a particular country become. These institutes include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of the University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Colorado State University (CSU). The forecasts take into account weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that influence the assessment of the course of the hurricane season. Some of these predictions also take into account the history of previous hurricane seasons with similar circumstances and the end of El Niño 2014–2016 . Between 1981 and 2010, there were twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes in one hurricane season, and the Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index was between 66 and 103.

Season overview

Hurrikan Maria Hurrikan Irma Saffir-Simpson-Hurrikan-Windskala

Storms

Tropical storm Arlene

Tropical storm
Arlene 2017-04-20 1512Z.jpg Arlene 2017 track.png
Duration April 19 - April 21
intensity 45 kn (85 km / h ) (1 minute) , 993 hPa

On April 16, a strong extra-tropical cyclone formed a good distance east of Bermuda . The system moved to the southeast and detached itself from the surrounding front, gradually losing its frontal properties. Deep atmospheric convection formed in the rain bands north and east of the center and on April 19 00:00 UTC a subtropical low pressure area had formed. Despite an unfavorable environment with water surface temperatures around 20 ° C and moderate wind shear , the convection consolidated around the center. This allowed the system to transition to a fully tropical system on April 20 at 00:00 UTC . Six hours later, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Arlene. After the storm reached wind speeds of 85 km / h, it began to rotate around a larger extra-tropical low pressure area. Arlene moved into the cold air sector of the low and lost its tropical properties on April 21 at around 12:00 UTC. The post-tropical system moved south and east before disintegrating far west of the Azores on April 22nd .

At the time when the subtropical low pressure area formed on April 19, Arlene was only the sixth known subtropical or tropical system to have formed in the Atlantic basin in April; the other occurrences were Tropical Storm Ana (2003) , Subtropical Storm One (1992) and three tropical low pressure areas in 1912, 1915 and 1973. When Arlene became a tropical storm on April 20, this was only the second tropical storm in April , after 2003. It should be noted, however, that storms like Arlene and Ana could not be observed before the introduction of weather satellites (1966) and the Dvorak technology (early 1970s). Arlene also had the lowest central air pressure of all Atlantic storms in April, with a central air pressure of 990 mbar.

Tropical storm Bret

Tropical storm
Bret 2017-06-19 Suomi NPP.jpg Bret 2017 track.png
Duration June 19 - June 20
intensity 40 kn (75 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1007 hPa

A tropical wave broke off the west coast of Africa on June 13 and was soon observed by the NHC. Because of the narrow geographical latitude and the relatively high train speed, a slow development was to be expected. The system migrated rapidly through the main formation area of ​​the Atlantic Basin and suddenly began to develop. But until June 18, the system organized itself little better, when an outbreak of convection near the center of the fault caused the NHC to classify the system as Potential Tropical Cyclone Two . It was the first time the NHC issued warnings about a disruption that had not yet evolved into a tropical system. The storm continued to organize as its train speed towards Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago increased during the night and rain bands became apparent. Later on June 19, the system developed a closed low-level circulation, and as a result, it was declared Tropical Storm Bret at 21:00 UTC. One day later, on June 20, at 21:00 UTC, the NHC issued its final warning to Bret because the storm had degenerated into an open wave.

Bret was the earliest storm to form in the main area of ​​formation, breaking the previous record set by Tropical Storm Ana in 1979. Bret was also the southernmost tropical storm (9.4 ° N) that has formed in June since 1933 . In Trinidad , a person was indirectly killed by Bret when they slipped on a bridge that had been poorly built due to flooding and fell to their death. Another death occurred in Tobago; here a man died as a result of injuries sustained when his house collapsed.

Tropical storm Cindy

Tropical storm
Cindy 2017-06-21 1645Z.jpg Cindy 2017 track.png
Duration June 20th - June 23rd
intensity 50 kn (95 km / h ) (1 minute) , 992 hPa

The NHC began observing a system over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on June 13th that had the potential for tropical development. Three days later, a large area of ​​disturbed weather developed in the region and slowly organized itself as it moved into the central Gulf of Mexico . On June 19, the NHC began issuing warnings about the system. The structure was initially excessive, and the storm winds were offset by the wide low pressure area with the embedded eddies. A well-defined center was found during a reconnaissance flight a day later around 18:00 UTC, which indicated that tropical storm Cindy had formed. Despite the presence of dry air and strong wind shear , Cindy achieved maximum wind speeds of 95 km / h before the storm weakened as it approached the Louisiana coast . Cindy crossed the coast between Port Arthur , Texas and Cameron , Louisiana, early on June 22nd and weakened inland.

Cindy is credited with two victims.

Tropical Depression Four

Tropical depression
04L 2017-07-06 1605Z.jpg 04L 2017 track.png
Duration July 6th - July 7th
intensity 25 kn (45 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1008 hPa

Early on June 29th, the NHC began tracking a tropical wave embedded in a large mass of humid air that was just crossing the coast of West Africa to the west. Because the environment seemed favorable for slow development, the NHC assumed two days later that the system could develop into a tropical low pressure system. Early on July 3, the system began to show signs of organizing over the central Atlantic, but two days later the chances of development diminished as the system moved into a more stable environment. However, the system had already established a well-defined circulation, so the formation of persistent deep convection on July 6 at around 03:00 UTC caused the NHC to declare the wave about 2,485 km east of the Leeward Islands as Tropical Depression Four. Although the wind shear was low, the depression failed to develop because the Saharan Air Layer brought very dry air to the east side of the system, causing the circulation to weaken and the tropical depression to an open trough late that day degenerated.

Tropical storm Don

Tropical storm
Thu 2017-07-18 1718Z.jpg Don 2017 track.png
Duration July 17th - July 19th
intensity 45 kn (85 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1007 hPa

Late on July 15, the NHC indicated a low pressure area over the central Atlantic that showed potential for development into a tropical low pressure area. The disturbance showed signs of organization early on July 17, and data collected during a reconnaissance flight confirmed the development of Tropical Storm Don around 21:00 UTC that day. The general appearance of the storm on the satellite imagery improved in the hours that followed, and a central dense overcast with significant clusters of lightning strikes became apparent. Don reached his peak intensity around this time with wind speeds of 85 km / h. During the subsequent reconnaissance flight, it turned out that the storm center appeared less defined than before and that the continuous wind speeds had dropped to 65 km / h. In the interplay of these data and surface observations on the Windward Islands , it turned out that Don opened up to a tropical wave around 03:00 UTC on July 19, which at the time had reached the eastern Caribbean Sea.

Tropical storm Emily

Tropical storm
Emily 2017-07-31 1555Z.jpg Emily 2017 track.png
Duration July 31st - August 2nd
intensity 40 kn (75 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1005 hPa

At the end of July, a dissolving cold front extended into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, where the NHC expected a low pressure area to develop on July 31. Because of the proximity to land and only marginal winds at altitude, the meteorologists assumed a slow development. Instead, the system intensified rapidly over the next 24 hours, and on July 31 at 09:00 UTC the system was declared the sixth tropical depression of the season. Just two hours later, the system had intensified enough to become Tropical Storm Emily. After the storm had reached constant wind speeds of 75 km / h and a minimum air pressure of 1005  mbar , Emily reached Anna Maria Island at 14:45 UTC . The slowdown was rapid and as the day went on the circulation rolled out so that Emily was downgraded to tropical depression. The increasingly disturbed system crossed the east coast of Florida into the western North Atlantic early the following day and accelerated northeast before being absorbed by a front early on August 2.

After the system was upgraded to a tropical storm, Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency for 31 counties in the state. The storm triggered an EF0 tornado at Bradenton . This wandered about 1.5 km on the ground and destroyed two barns and some greenhouses. A wall collapsed. The damage as a result added up to $ 96,000. On August 1, heavy rain hit parts of Miami Beach , falling 177mm in three and a half hours, 55mm of which fell in 30 minutes. The encounter with the tidal tide meant that drainage pumps could no longer manage the flow of water, especially since three of them failed due to a power outage caused by lightning . There was significant flooding. Numerous buildings have been damaged by water ingress and in some the water was up to 75 cm high. One person was rescued from the flood waters and hospitalized. Parts of downtown Miami , including Brickell , were also badly affected. Numerous vehicles got stuck on flooded roads.

Hurricane Franklin

Category 1 hurricane
Franklin 2017-08-09 1854Z.jpg Franklin 2017 track.png
Duration August 7th - August 10th
intensity 75 kn (140 km / h ) (1 minute) , 981 hPa

The NHC began observing a tropical wave in the southeastern Caribbean Sea on August 3 . After three days, on August 6, the NHC began issuing warnings about the Tropical Cyclone Seven potential . The fault was declared Tropical Storm Franklin on August 7th at 03:00 UTC. After intensifying into a moderately strong tropical storm, Franklin made his first landfall near Pulticub, Mexico on August 8 at 03:00 UTC. The storm weakened significantly over the Yucatán Peninsula, but its appearance in the satellite display remained well defined. During the course of the day, Franklin reached Campeche Bay and immediately began re-intensification. Franklin reached hurricane strength late on August 9th. Five hours after the peak with sustained wind speeds of 140 km / h and a minimum central air pressure of 981 mbar, Franklin came over land for the second time in Lechuguillas , Mexico and immediately afterwards began to weaken rapidly. At 15:00 UTC on August 10th, Franklin had disintegrated as a tropical system. However, medium-altitude circulation was maintained and contributed to the formation of Tropical Storm Jova on August 12 in the eastern Pacific Ocean .

Hurricane Gert

Category 2 hurricane
Gert 2017-08-16 Suomi NPP.jpg Device 2017 track.png
Duration August 13th - August 17th
intensity 90 kn (165 km / h ) (1 minute) , 967 hPa

On August 2nd, the NHC began observing a tropical wave and associated convection over the west coast of Africa . During their migration in a west-northwest direction, the state of the system hardly changed, but conditions favorable for tropical cyclogenesis were expected. Instead, the system remained ill-defined and ended up in an inconvenient environment east of the Leeward Islands. A few days later the system had moved into the southwestern North Atlantic, and thanks to favorable high-altitude winds it was beginning to show signs of tropical development. After developing a well-developed circulation, the fault was classified as the eighth tropical depression of the season at 03:00 UTC on August 13. Eighteen hours later, the system intensified into a tropical storm and was named Gert by the NHC . On August 15 at 03:00 UTC, Gert intensified into a Category 1 hurricane with maximum sustained wind speeds of 120 km / h, the second hurricane of the season. After the train speed increased in an east-northeast direction, Gert reached its greatest strength as a category 2 hurricane early on August 17th at an unusually high latitude of 40 ° north. As the hurricane then moved away from the warm surface water of the Gulf Stream , a rapid weakening set in. Just twelve hours after its greatest intensity, Gert lost its hurricane status and passed into an extra-tropical low pressure area well off the coast of Nova Scotia , which later hit the United Kingdom .

One person drowned in each of the Outer Banks of North Carolina and off Nantucket , Massachusetts, because of the strong surf back currents produced by the hurricane .

Hurricane Harvey

Category 4 hurricane
Harvey 2017-08-25 2231Z.png Harvey 2017 track.png
Duration August 17th - September 1st (post-tropical)
intensity 115 kn (215 km / h ) (1 minute) , 938 hPa

The tropical wave that later became Harvey was first observed by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) early on August 13, 2017. A complex weather disturbance formed southwest of the Cape Verde Islands , during the day the wave began to interact with an extensive low pressure trough . The disturbance split early on August 15th and the western system organized into a potential tropical cyclone by August 17th at 3:00 p.m. UTC . A reconnaissance plane was used to examine the system and establish a well-defined circulation, so the system was classified as a Tropical Storm and named Harvey . The effect of moderate easterly wind shear hampered the development of the storm and shifted the center of circulation to the eastern edge of the convection . Contrary to the original forecast of a slow development, the system began to disintegrate and on August 19 the cloud pattern again resembled a tropical wave rather than a tropical storm. Later that day, on another reconnaissance flight, the storm was confirmed to break up into an open wave.

A few days later, after the system crossed the Yucatán Peninsula , it re-established a shallow circulation over the Gulf of Mexico , and meteorologists expected the storm to regenerate, with the potential to cause heavy flooding in Texas with rain . Harvey intensified in the Bahía de Campeche on August 23 again in a tropical low pressure area and on August 24 again in a tropical storm. On the afternoon of the same day, Harvey intensified into a hurricane. During August 25, Harvey was promoted to hurricane level three at around 3:00 p.m. local time ( UTC − 5 ) and to level four (out of a possible five) at around 7:00 p.m. that evening. Following the upgrade to Category 3, Texas Governor Greg Abbott urged residents of coastal areas between Corpus Christi and Houston to evacuate their homes and go to higher elevations. At 9:00 p.m., Texas was declared a state of disaster. At around 9:30 p.m. local time, the hurricane hit land northeast of the port city of Corpus Christi and 6 km east of the city of Rockport with a phase-wise wind speed of over 210 km / h. Numerous inhabited buildings in Rockport are said to have been badly damaged. The eye of Harvey reached the coast around 23:00 and moved from 11 to 15 km / h further inland. Over the mainland, peak wind speeds slowed to less than 200 km / h after midnight and the hurricane was downgraded to Category 3 again. Further downgrades to categories 2 (<160 km / h) and 1 (<145 km / h) took place around 05:00 and 06:00 in the morning. According to a measuring station in Port Lavaca, the normal tide level was exceeded by around two meters. The city of Victoria , about 45 km inland in the hurricane lane, reported an amount of rain of over 400 liters per square meter. Local electricity suppliers reported the failure of the electricity supply to over a quarter of a million households and businesses. Arrived over 80 km north-northwest of Victoria, Harvey's highest wind speeds had reduced to less than 130 km / h, whereupon the NHC downgraded him to a tropical storm at around 2:00 p.m. local time .

This radar image from August 27 at 21:08 UTC shows the rainy area north and east of the storm center over Texas and Louisiana

The cyclone was wedged between subtropical high pressure areas west-north-west and east-south-east of the center and therefore hardly made any progress after it reached the coast. Because part of the circulation was still over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, large amounts of moisture were transported over the mainland and rained down there. This also meant that Harvey weakened more slowly than is usually the case over land. The currents of air at the southern edge of a trough over the east-central United States slowly pushed Harvey southwest, and in the days that followed southeast and east, before a strengthening ridge again steered Harvey north.

The hurricane wreaked havoc in Texas, particularly in the city of Houston , as well as in Louisiana. At the beginning of September, the Texas Governor Greg Abbott said the damage was between 150 and 180 billion dollars. This is higher than the damage caused by Hurricanes Katrina 2005 and Sandy 2012. As a result of the hurricane, there was a strong release of harmful substances. Among other things, according to preliminary data, an estimated 4.6 million pounds of harmful gases, including benzene, were emitted between August 23 and 30 . Sources for this included shutdown and restarted chemical plants and damaged or destroyed industrial plants. In addition, at least 14 areas heavily contaminated with lead, arsenic, dioxins, benzene and other industrial waste were flooded, the remediation of contaminated sites is part of the federal authority's Superfund program .

Mexico offered Texas assistance in the form of food, generators, and medical aid. This has not been used by the United States. Mexico withdrew the offer after suffering a natural disaster in the September 8 earthquake .

Hurricane Harvey claimed 83 confirmed deaths, including 82 in Texas and one person in Guyana .

Potential Tropical Cyclone 10

Potential Tropical Cyclone
10L 2017-08-28 1750Z.jpg
Duration August 27th - August 30th
intensity 35 kn (65 km / h ) (1 minute) , 1006 hPa

The convection associated with a depression off the Georgia coast had increased significantly, and ASCAT data showed multiple near-surface eddies rotating around the center. However, this circulation was not well developed. However, because the development into a tropical storm could be expected within 48 hours and within this time the system could reach the coast of the two Carolina states, the NHC declared the system south of Charleston , South on August 27 at 21:00 UTC Carolina to Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten . But the system failed to develop into a tropical system. On August 29, the NHC determined that the system had become completely extra-tropical and that there was no longer any possibility of tropical development. The system moved further out into the North Atlantic, intensifying baroclinically before it was absorbed by another extra-tropical system.

Hurricane Irma

Category 5 hurricane
Irma 2017-09-06 1745Z.jpg Irma 2017 track.png
Duration August 30th - September 12th
intensity 160 kn (295 km / h ) (1 minute) , 914 hPa

The NHC began monitoring a tropical wave over West Africa on August 26. The disturbance moved out into the Atlantic Ocean late the following day, steadily organized itself and was declared Tropical Storm Irma on August 30 at 15:00 UTC west of Cape Verde. On August 31, Irma intensified remarkably quickly: with an increase in wind speeds from 110 km / h to 185 km / h - from a strong tropical storm to a severe hurricane in just 12 hours.

Shortly afterwards, a cyclical new eyewall formation set in , so that the intensity of the hurricane alternated between categories 2 and 3. Irma's winds hit Category 3 on September 2, then intensified again, and the hurricane was upgraded to Category 4 on September 4 at 21:00 UTC. At the time, hurricane warnings were issued for the Leeward Islands . On September 5th, the hurricane strengthened over the Atlantic and became a Category 5 hurricane.

The hurricane caused severe damage in Barbuda , San Martin , Cuba and Florida (USA). The economic damage is estimated at up to 300 billion dollars, of which a maximum of half would be covered by insurance.

Hurricane Jose

Category 4 hurricane
Jose 2017-09-08 1425Z (cropped) .jpg Jose 2017 track.png
Duration September 5 - September 22 (post-tropical)
intensity 135 kn (250 km / h ) (1 minute) , 938 hPa

A tropical wave moved westward from West Africa to the Atlantic Ocean on August 31, where it organized into a tropical storm by September 5 at 3:00 p.m. UTC and was given the name Jose . The rapidly intensifying system was classified as a hurricane late on September 6th, became a severe hurricane late on September 7th, and peaked in Category 4 with winds around 250 km / h early on September 9th. Moderate wind shear weakened the cyclone as it looped clockwise between Bermuda and the Caribbean and finally moved north in front of an approaching trough. The controlling air currents collapsed early on September 21, so that the system floated around the sea off the northeastern US states and slowly weakened into a tropical storm. With the rain concentrated in the north and northwest sectors of the storm and with no more deep convection over the center, the NHC declared Jose post-tropical at around 3:00 a.m. UTC on September 22 and discontinued storm warnings at 9:00 p.m. UTC , after the wind speeds no longer reached gale force on the coast of New England .

Hurricane Katia

Category 2 hurricane
Katia 2017-09-08 1930Z.jpg Katia 2017 track.png
Duration September 5th - September 9th
intensity 90 kn (165 km / h ) (1 minute) , 972 hPa

A trough over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico created an extensive area of ​​thunderstorms on September 3rd. Two days later, a remote low pressure area had formed, the center of which was about 80 km east of Tampico in the state of Tamaulipas . On the same day at 9:00 p.m. UTC, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Depression Thirteen because an organized convection area had formed over the center. The depression lay in a zone of weak steering currents and migrated eastward away from the land. The wind shear decreased continuously and the water surface was warm, so that the system intensified into Tropical Storm Katia on September 6th, especially since the convection developed better. A Hurricane Hunters' reconnaissance flight later that day found partial eye wall and surface winds of 122 km / h; therefore the NHC classified Katia from now on as a hurricane. The convection developed into a cirrus cloud cover (CDO) as the system came to a standstill in its migration.

Before Hurricane Katia hit, more than four thousand residents of the states of Veracruz and Puebla were brought to safety. Tourists left the coastal cities, emergency shelters were opened and the authorities cleared drainage ditches of obstacles before the storm-induced heavy rain hit. Two people died in landslides in Xalapa and one man was swept away by floods in Jalcomulco . Disaster alerts were issued for 40 of 53 communities that reported damage from landslides and floods. At the height of the storm's impact, around 77,000 people were without electricity.

Hurricane Lee

Category 3 hurricane
Lee 2017-09-27 1450Z.jpg Lee 2017 track.png
Duration September 15 - September 29
intensity 100 kn (185 km / h ) (1 minute) , 962 hPa

On September 13th, a tropical wave broke away from Africa. In contrast to the forecast, initially slow organization, the system organized itself quickly and was classified as a tropical depression on September 15 at 03:00 UTC. At 3:00 p.m. UTC, the NHC declared the low pressure area a tropical storm because the deep convection had increased and an Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) scan indicated that the system was now generating storm-force winds. However, strong north-westerly wind shear hampered further development of the storm on September 16, and by the morning of September 17, the center was just below the northern edge of the cloud cover. An ASCAT pass at 11:44 a.m. UTC showed that Lee was no longer producing winds at gale strength, and the convection also fizzled, so that the NHC downgraded Lee to a tropical low pressure area. Although there was a small outbreak of deep convection near the center late on September 17, due to increasing wind shear and a dry environment at medium altitude, the system degenerated to a residual low late on September 18, which the NHC still did in the following days and when was examined, although regeneration is not likely to be true. The middle-altitude circulation separated from the center near the ground and migrated northward on the eastern periphery of an extensive high-altitude trough until a strong convection burst over the center caused a new near-ground circulation to develop. Six hours later, early on September 22nd, Lee intensified again into a tropical storm.

The rather compact Cyclone Lee organized itself, and a microwave passage around 9:00 p.m. UTC on September 23 indicated the formation of a ring of mild to moderate convection around the center, which is often an indication of rapid intensification. Indeed, the presence of an eye recognizable on the satellite images caused the NHC to abruptly classify Lee as a hurricane at 6:30 am UTC the next morning; the center of Lee meanwhile moved erratically. After the hurricane reached sustained winds of 150 km / h, Lee temporarily weakened slightly due to moderate southeast wind shear. At 09:00 UTC on September 26, the hurricane hit Category 2. An eyewall renewal the following night resulted in the formation of a larger eye surrounded by cold cloud peaks, and Lee reached at 15:00 UTC on September 27 Wind speeds of 185 km / h peaked as a Category 3 hurricane. The system then curved to the northeast and quickly fell victim to the strong northerly wind shear and increasingly colder water surfaces; Lee lost major hurricane status at 03:00 UTC on September 28, weakened into a tropical storm on September 29 at 15:00 UTC, and entered a post-tropical system at 09:00 UTC on September 30 about after no deep convection for more than twelve hours. On October 1, Lee's remains were absorbed by another extra-tropical system further north.

Hurricane Maria

Category 5 hurricane
Maria 2017-09-19 Suomi NPP.jpg Maria 2017 track.png
Duration September 15 - September 30
intensity 150 kn (280 km / h ) (1 minute) , 908 hPa

On September 13, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave southwest of Cabo Verde. The fault migrated westward and organized itself into a tropical cyclone at 3:00 p.m. UTC on September 16 and tropical storm Maria six hours later. Now moving in a west-northwest direction, Maria intensified in an exceptionally fast manner, reaching Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale at around 11:45 p.m. UTC on September 18. Less than an hour later, Maria hit Dominica at this strength , which caused the hurricane to lose some of its strength, but thanks to the favorable conditions in the eastern Caribbean Sea, Maria regained category 5 and, late on September 19, her peak wind speed of 280 km / h. At around 8:00 a.m. UTC on September 20, Mary's eye wall hit Vieques , and barely two hours later the core of the hurricane landed at Yabucoa , Puerto Rico, with winds of 250 km / h . The impact of the land caused a significant deterioration in Maria's structure and the hurricane weakened to Category 2 as it moved from land to sea. Maria increased in size and swiveled north and intensified again into Category 3. The hurricane maintained this intensity for several days before reaching a less favorable environment. After the strength of Mary off the North Carolina coast fluctuated between a tropical storm and a minimal hurricane, the system turned sharply eastward, away from the east coast of the United States, and finally Mary turned post-tropical over the eastern North Atlantic on September 30th System over.

Dominica suffered catastrophic damage from Maria, and almost every structure on the island was damaged or destroyed. The neighboring islands also suffered a devastating blow, with reports of floods, fallen trees and damaged buildings. Catastrophic damage also occurred in Puerto Rico. The island's power grid was destroyed, leaving all of the island's 3.4 million residents without electricity. Many structures were razed to the ground and thousands of residents were trapped in the floods. The United States National Guard, United State Coast Guard, Army Corps of Engineers, and other units have been deployed to assist with search and rescue missions on the island . However, the Trump administration has been heavily criticized for its slow response to the disaster and the belated suspension of the Jones Act , a law that prohibits Puerto Rico from receiving supplies of goods, and thus supplies of aid, from ships that do not fly the flag of Puerto Rico United States . Squalls along the east coast of the United States resulted in blackouts for hundreds of customers; by rip currents drowned three people, and many others had to be rescued from emergency situations. The damage estimates for Hurricane Maria range from $ 15.9 billion by Estudios Técnicos to $ 95 billion by Moody's Analytics . Most of the property damage occurred in Puerto Rico; Ricardo Rosselló , the governor of Puerto Rico, believes that the hurricane caused property damage of 90 billion US dollars on the island. At least 79 people were killed by Hurricane Maria as of October 2017, of which 30 in Dominica, five in the Dominican Republic, two in Guadeloupe, three in Haiti, 34 in Puerto Rico, one in the US Virgin Islands and four on the east coast of the United States . A study published by George Washington University in August 2018 came to the conclusion that around 2,975 people were killed in Puerto Rico as a result of the direct and indirect effects of the hurricane.

Hurricane Nate

Category 1 hurricane
Nate 2017-10-07 1848Z.jpg Nate 2017 track.png
Duration October 4th - October 9th
intensity 80 kn (150 km / h ) (1 minute) , 984 hPa

On October 3rd, an extensive low pressure area formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea . The fault developed rapidly, and on October 4 at 3:00 p.m. UTC the NHC classified the system as the sixteenth tropical depression of the season. The system slowly got stronger and more organized and was classified as a tropical storm early on October 5th and was named Nate .

After the hurricane killed at least 25 people in Nicaragua , Costa Rica and Honduras , it hit land on the night of Sunday as a violent storm near the Mississippi estuary, and the morning after it hit the US a second time on October 8th. Coast; but then again upgraded to a hurricane.

After Nate hit the continental land mass, its strength quickly decreased, so that it was graduated to a post-tropical cyclone on October 9th.

Hurricane Ophelia

Category 3 hurricane
Ophelia 2017-10-14 1523Z.jpg Ophelia 2017 track.png
Duration October 9th - October 16th
intensity 100 kn (185 km / h ) (1 minute) , 960 hPa

On October 6, a non-tropical low pressure area began to form at the end of a cold front in the northeast Atlantic. The low drifted slowly towards the northeast, so that it could lose its frontal system and acquire subtropical properties by October 7th. On October 8, the storm came under the influence of stronger wind shear, which hindered its convection and thus weakened the system somewhat; however, the storm was able to organize itself better and developed a stronger convection around its low pressure center late in the day.

The system finally organized itself into a fully tropical system early on October 9, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Ophelia by the NHC six hours later. Due to the persistently low wind shear, the tropical storm continued to grow and was eventually upgraded to a hurricane on October 11th. Just one day later, Ophelia became a Category 2 hurricane at 9:00 p.m. UTC and surprisingly intensified to Category 3 on October 14 at 3:00 p.m. UTC, making Ophelia the sixth major hurricane of the season and the most easterly storm ever who achieved this strength. However, an ASCAT run showed that the wind field was expanding, and the satellite images showed a change in the cloud pattern, which indicated the beginning of the transition into an extratropical system. The speed of the hurricane increased and the dressing turned north-northeast because of an approaching and deepening trough. Water temperatures around 20 ° C and strong wind shear contributed to the hurricane weakening and losing its eye. On the night of October 16, the NHC issued its final warning to Ophelia because the storm was occluding and no longer exhibiting tropical properties.

Ophelia was the tenth consecutive hurricane of the season; this situation has only occurred in the years 1878 , 1886 and 1893 . However, because technology at the time was limited, it is likely that some weaker tropical storms and lows went unnoticed. This is why the 2017 hurricane season with Ophelia is the first since satellite weather observation began, in which ten consecutive tropical cyclones reached hurricane strength.

Since Ophelia formed further north than the usual Atlantic cyclones, it did not get into the trade winds . Above the 30th parallel , winds from the west prevail in the higher air layers, which is why Ophelia was able to move towards Europe.

While Ireland was preparing for one of the strongest storms of the last 50 years, Ophelia made sure that unusually warm air masses were directed to Europe for the time of year: For some regions of England temperatures of 24 ° Celsius were expected, which is 10 degrees above the normal maximum temperature for October lay; in Germany on October 15, for example B. in the Rheingraben sometimes measured up to 27 ° and set new temperature records at more than 30 weather stations.

On the morning of October 16, the storm hit Ireland with winds of almost 160 km / h. On the west coast the oncoming reached North Atlantic waves nine meters high, on Fastnet Rock were gale-force winds measured up to 191 km / h. Three people were killed in the storm, 360,000 households were temporarily without electricity, 20,000 without tap water. Trees were uprooted and some roofs damaged. Schools were closed on October 16 and 17.

In Northern Ireland , 3,800 households were temporarily without electricity, in Wales 4,000 and in Scotland 1,100. 130 trees fell on the Isle of Man .

In northern Germany and parts of Great Britain , the sun's disc appeared red as a result of the whirled up Saharan dust and soot particles from the forest fires in Portugal .

Tropical storm Philippe

Tropical storm
Philippe 2017-10-28 Suomi NPP.jpg Philippe 2017 track.png
Duration October 28th - October 29th
intensity 50 kn (95 km / h ) (1 minute) , 997 hPa

On October 22nd, the NHC predicted that a low-pressure area would form in the western Caribbean . This low formed on October 23 on the northwest coast of Nicaragua . Initially, however, it remained unorganized until the evening of October 26th, when a rapid organization began and persuaded the NHC to give the low an 80% chance of developing into a tropical cyclone within 48 hours, whereupon it was upgraded to Potential Tropical Cyclone followed on the following evening of October 27th.

A slow development emerged during the next day, so that on October 28, 2017 at 5:00 p.m. CEST, the downgrade to the tropical low took place again after a well-defined circulation had developed. It continued to get stronger throughout the day, turning it into Tropical Storm Philippe six hours later. Shortly thereafter, however, his organization deteriorated significantly as he came into contact with an extra-tropical low pressure area and a cold front. As a result, the circulation area stretched and lined up with two other eddies within a more extensive circulation at a low level.

Tropical storm Rina

Tropical storm
Rina 2017-11-07 1548Z.jpg Rina 2017 track.png
Duration November 6th - November 9th
intensity 50 kn (95 km / h ) (1 minute) , 997 hPa

Storm names

The list of names below was used for the tropical and subtropical storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2017 . This list is the same as the one used during the 2011 season - with the exception of the name Irma , who replaced Irene .

  • Arlene
  • Bret
  • Cindy
  • Don
  • Emily
  • Franklin
  • Device
  • Harvey
  • Irma
  • Jose
  • Katia
  • lee
  • Maria
  • Nate
  • Ophelia
  • Philippe
  • Rina

On April 11, 2018, at the 40th meeting of the RA-IV Hurricane Committee , the World Meteorological Organization announced that the names Harvey , Irma , Maria and Nate had been removed from the list of names due to the high levels of personal and property damage caused by the storms in question cannot be used again. They will be replaced by the names Harold , Idalia , Margot and Nigel for 2023

See also

Web links

Commons : Atlantic Hurricane Season 2017  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rick Neale: Broken records, remarkable stats made 2017 hurricane season one for the history books. In: USA Today . March 29, 2018, accessed September 5, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Above-normal Atlantic hurricane season is most likely this year ( English ) National Hurricane Center. May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  3. ↑ Update on National Hurricane Center Products and Services for 2017 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. May 23, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  4. ↑ Potential Tropical Cyclone Two ( English ) June 18, 2017. Accessed June 20, 2017.
  5. ^ National Hurricane Center: Atlantic hurricane best track (Hurdat) ( English ) Hurricane Research Division. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. April 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  6. ↑ a b Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season ( English ) In: Climate Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. July 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  7. ^ A b Mark Saunders, Adam Lea: Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2017 ( English ) Tropical Storm Risk. December 13, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  8. ↑ Mark Saunders, Adam Lea: April Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2017 ( English ) Tropical Storm Risk. April 5, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  9. ↑ Phillip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray: Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2017 ( English , PDF) Colorado State University. April 6, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  10. ↑ 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season Forecast Calls For a Near-Average Number of Storms, Less Active Than 2016 ( English ) The Weather Company. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  11. ↑ North Carolina State University: NCSU researchers predict 'normal' hurricane season ( English ) In: WRAL . Capitol Broadcasting Company. April 18, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  12. ↑ 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season Forecast Update Calls For An Above-Average Number Of Storms ( English ) The Weather Company. May 20, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  13. ↑ Above-normal Atlantic hurricane season is most likely this year . In: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . May 25, 2017.
  14. ^ Mark Saunders, Adam Lea: Pre-Season Forecast for North Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2017 ( English ) Tropical Storm Risk. May 26, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  15. ↑ Phillip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray: Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2017 ( English , PDF) Colorado State University. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  16. ↑ North Atlantic tropical storm seasonal forecast 2017 ( English ) Met Office . June 1, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  17. ↑ Mark Saunders, Adam Lea: July Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2017 ( English ) Tropical Storm Risk. July 4, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  18. ↑ Phillip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray: Forecast of Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity and landfall strike probability for 2017 ( English , PDF) Colorado State University. July 5, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  19. ↑ Phillip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray: Forecast of Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity and landfall strike probability for 2017 ( English , PDF) Colorado State University. August 4, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  20. ↑ Saunders, Adam Lea: August Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2017 . Tropical Storm Risk. 4th August 2017.
  21. ↑ Early-season storms one indicator of active Atlantic hurricane season ahead ( English ) In: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . August 9, 2017.
  22. ^ A b John P. Cangialosi: Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Arlene ( English , PDF, 1MB) National Hurricane Center. S. 1, July 5, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  23. ^ Tropical Storm Arlene Forms in the Atlantic; No Threat to Land ( English ) The Weather Channel. April 21, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  24. ↑ Phillip Klotzbach: The current central pressure of TS #Arlene of 990 mb is the lowest pressure for any April Atlantic TC or subtropical TC on record. ( English ) Twitter. April 20, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  25. ↑ Eric Blake: NHC Graphical Outlook Archive ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 14, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  26. ^ Lixion A. Avila: NHC Graphical Outlook Archive ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 16, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  27. ↑ Michael Brennan: Potential Tropical Cyclone Two Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 18, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  28. ↑ Chris Landsea: Tropical Storm Bret Discussion Number 5 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 19, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  29. ^ Lixion A. Avila: Remnants of Bret Advisory Number 9 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 20, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  30. ↑ Phil Klotzbach: @philklotzbach on twitter: Tropical Storm #Bret has formed - earliest Atlantic MDR (<20 ° N, E of 70 ° W) named storm on record - prior record was Ana on 6/22/1979. ( English ) Twitter. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  31. ↑ Phil Klotzbach: @philklotzbach on twitter: Tropical Storm # Bret's named storm formation latitude of 9.4 ° N is the lowest latitude June named storm formation since 1933. ( English ) Twitter. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  32. ↑ Tropical Storm Bret blamed for at least one death (English) , RJR News. June 21, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017. 
  33. ↑ Gyasi Gonzales: Man dies after slipping off makeshift bridge * (English) . In: Daily Express , June 20, 2017. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017 Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved August 30, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.trinidadexpress.com 
  34. ↑ Elizabeth Williams: Man injured when Bret destroyed home, has died (English) . In: Trinidad Express , June 30, 2017. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017 Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved August 30, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.trinidadexpress.com 
  35. ^ John P. Cangialosi: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 13, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  36. ^ John L. Beven II: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 16, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  37. ↑ Michael J. Brennan: Potential Tropical Cyclone Three Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 19, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  38. ↑ Michael J. Brennan: Tropical Storm Cindy Intermediate Advisory Number 4A ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 20, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  39. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart: Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion Number 6 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 21, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  40. ^ Richard J. Pasch: Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion Number 11 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 22, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  41. ↑ Eryn Taylor: Tropical Storm Cindy blamed in 10-year-old's death (English) , WREG. June 21, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017. 
  42. ↑ Wilborn P. Nobles III: Death of man on Texas beach attributed to Tropical Storm Cindy: report (English) , NOLA. June 22, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017. 
  43. ^ Evelyn Rivera-Acevedo: Tropical Weather Discussion ( English ) National Hurricane Center. June 29, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  44. ^ Stacy R. Stewart: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  45. ^ John P. Cangialosi: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 3, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  46. ^ John P. Cangialosi: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 5, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  47. ^ John L. Beven II: Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 5, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  48. ^ Lixion A. Avila: Remnants of Four Discussion Number 8 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 7, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  49. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 15, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  50. ^ Stacy R. Stewart: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 17, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  51. ^ Daniel P. Brown: Tropical Storm Don Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 17, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  52. ^ A b Stacy R. Stewart: Tropical Storm Don Discussion Number 3 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 18, 2017. Accessed August 31, 2017.
  53. ^ Daniel P. Brown: Tropical Storm Don Discussion Number 4 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 18, 2017. Accessed August 31, 2017.
  54. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Remnants of Don Discussion Number 6 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 18, 2017. Accessed August 31, 2017.
  55. ^ Stacy R. Stewart: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 30, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  56. ↑ Daniel Brown: Tropical Depression Six Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  57. ^ Stacy R. Stewart: Tropical Storm Emily Special Discussion Number 2 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  58. ↑ Robbie Berg: Tropical Depression Emily Discussion Number 5 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  59. ↑ Eric Blake: Post-Tropical Cyclone Emily Discussion Number 9 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  60. ↑ Gov. Scott declares a State of Emergency for Tropical Storm Emily (English) , WLTV. July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017. 
  61. ^ Dan Noah: Public Information Statement ( English ) National Weather Service Tampa, Florida. August 1, 2017. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved on August 1, 2017.
  62. ^ National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Miami, Florida: Preliminary Local Storm Report ( English ) Iowa Environmental Mesonet. August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  63. ↑ Vanessa Borge: Pump Outage To Blame In Miami Beach Flooding (English) , CBS Miami. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017. 
  64. ↑ Miami Beach Drying Out After Tuesday's Torrential Downpours (English) , CBS Miami. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017. 
  65. ^ National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Miami, Florida: Preliminary Local Storm Report ( English ) Iowa Environmental Mesonet. August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  66. ^ Stacy Stewart: NHC Graphical Outlook Archive ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  67. ^ Richard Pasch: Potential Tropical Cyclone Seven Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 6, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  68. ^ Daniel Brown: Tropical Storm Franklin Discussion Number 2 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  69. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Franklin Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  70. ↑ Stacy Stewart: Tropical Storm Franklin Discussion Number 7 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  71. ^ Stacy Stewart: Hurricane Franklin Discussion Number 13 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  72. ^ Lixion A. Avila: Hurricane Franklin Intermediate Advisory Number 13A ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  73. ^ John L. Beven II: Hurricane Franklin Intermediate Advisory Number 14A ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  74. ^ Richard Pasch: Remnants of Franklin Discussion Number 16 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  75. ↑ Eric Blake: Tropical Storm Jova Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  76. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  77. ^ John L. Beven II: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 4, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  78. ^ John L. Beven II: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  79. ^ Lixion A. Avila: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  80. ^ Daniel P. Brown: Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  81. ^ John P. Cangialosi: Tropical Storm Gert Public Advisory Number 4 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 13, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
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  83. ^ Richard J. Pasch: Hurricane Gert Discussion Number 17 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  84. ^ John P. Cangialosi: Hurricane Gert Discussion Number 18 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  85. ^ David A. Zelinsky: Post-Tropical Cyclone Gert Public Advisory Number 20 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  86. ↑ Man drowns trying to save other swimmer at Outer Banks beach (English) , WFMY. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017. 
  87. ↑ Police: Man drowns amide dangerous rip currents at Nantucket beach (English) , Boston Globe Media Partners. August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017. 
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  90. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  91. ^ John L. Beven II: Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine Public Advisory Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  92. ^ John L. Beven II: Tropical Storm Harvey Public Advisory Number 2 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  93. ^ Lixion A. Avila: Tropical Storm Harvey Discussion Number 4 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  94. ^ John L. Beven II: Tropical Depression Harvey Discussion Number 10 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  95. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Remnants of Harvey Discussion Number 11 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  96. ^ NHC Graphical Outlook Archive ( English ) August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  97. ^ Lixion Avila, David Zelinsky: Tropical Storm Harvey Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  98. ^ Robbie Berg, Michael Brennan: Hurricane Harvey Tropical Cyclone Update ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  99. ↑ a b c d Hurricane Harvey to drop "torrential rains" on Texas for days - live updates , CBS News , 25./26. August 2017, accessed on 26th 2017
  100. ↑ Texas asks for a state of emergency due to hurricanes . ORF, August 25, 2017, accessed on the same day.
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  102. ↑ Hurricane Harvey makes landfall in Texas as a Category 4 storm with more than 130 mph winds , New York Daily News August 25, 2017, accessed 26 2017
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  104. ^ Richard Pasch: Tropical Storm Harvey Discussion Number 28 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  105. ↑ Hurricane Harvey caused up to $ 180bn-worth of damage, more than Katrina or Sandy, say Texas governor . In: The Independent , September 3, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  106. ↑ More Than 40 Sites Released Hazardous Pollutants Because of Hurricane Harvey . In: The New York Times , September 8, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
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  108. ^ Eva Ruth Moravec: Texas officials: Hurricane Harvey death toll at 82, 'mass casualties have absolutely not happened'. In: The Washington Post . September 14, 2017, accessed on September 27, 2017 .
  109. ↑ Guyana: Emergency Situation at Jawalla Village, Region 7. In: http://www.cdema.org . August 2017, accessed on September 27, 2017 .
  110. ↑ Michael Brennan: Tropical Storm Harvey Discussion Number 28 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  111. ↑ Robbie Berg: Potential Tropical Cyclone Ten Discussion Number 9 ( English ) August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  112. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 26, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  113. ^ John P. Cangialosi, Michael J. Brennan: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 27, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  114. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Tropical Storm Irma Public Advisory Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 30, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  115. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Hurricane Irma Public Advisory Number 6 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 31, 2017. Accessed September 1, 2017.
  116. ^ Erik S. Blake: Hurricane Irma Discussion Number 9 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  117. ^ Daniel Brown: Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 9 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  118. ↑ Economic cost of Hurricane Irma 'could reach $ 300bn' . In: The Guardian , September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  119. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. August 31, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  120. ↑ Christopher W. Landsea: Tropical Storm Jose Public Advisory Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 5, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  121. ^ David A. Zelinsky: Hurricane Jose Public Advisory Number 6 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 6, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  122. ↑ Alex Lamers: Hurricane Jose Public Advisory Number 10 ( English ) Weather Prediction Center. September 7, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  123. ^ John P. Cangialosi: Hurricane Jose Public Advisory Number 15 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 8, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  124. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Hurricane Jose Discussion Number 31 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  125. ^ David A. Zelinsky: Tropical Storm Jose Discussion Number 64 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 21, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  126. ^ David A. Zelinsky: Post-Tropical Cyclone Jose Discussion Number 67 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 21, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  127. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Post-Tropical Cyclone Jose Advisory Number 70 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 22, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  128. ^ Dave Roberts: Tropical Weather Outlook ( English , TXT) National Hurricane Center. September 3, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  129. ↑ Christopher Landsea: Tropical Weather Outlook ( English , TXT) National Hurricane Center. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  130. ↑ Eric Blake: Tropical Depression Thirteen Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  131. ↑ Dave Roberts: Tropical Storm Katia Discussion Number 3 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  132. ^ Lixion Avila: Hurricane Katia Discussion Number 5 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  133. ↑ Eric Blake: Hurricane Katia Discussion Number 6 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  134. ↑ Christopher Sherman: México: 65 muertos por sismo, dos por huracán Katia ( Spanish ) El Nuevo Herald. September 9, 2017. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 16, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.elnuevoherald.com
  135. ↑ El huracán Katia toca tierra en las costas de México ( Spanish ) El Nuevo Herald. September 9, 2017. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 16, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.elnuevoherald.com
  136. ↑ Katia leaves 3 dead and minimal damage ( English ) Mexico News Daily. September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  137. ↑ El huracán Katia causa deslaves que dejan dos muertos en Veracruz, México ( Spanish ) BBC. September 9, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  138. ↑ Eric Blake: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  139. ↑ Michael Brown: Tropical Depression Fourteen Discussion Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 15th. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  140. ^ Robbie Berg: Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number 7 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  141. ↑ John L. Beven II: Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number 9 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  142. ↑ Dave Roberts: Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number 10 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  143. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Tropical Depression Lee Discussion Number 11 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  144. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Tropical Depression Lee Discussion Number 12 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  145. ^ Lixion A. Avila: Remnants of Lee Public Advisory Number 17 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  146. ^ Stacy R. Stewart: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  147. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  148. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Tropical Depression Lee Discussion Number 18 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  149. ^ David Zelinsky: Tropical Depression Lee Discussion Number 19 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  150. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart: Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number 22 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 23, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  151. ^ David A. Zelinsky: Tropical Storm Lee Discussion Number 23 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 23, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  152. ^ John L. Beven II: Hurricane Lee Special Discussion Number 24 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 24, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  153. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart: Hurricane Lee Discussion Number 31 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 25, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  154. ↑ David P. Roberts: Hurricane Lee Public Advisory Number 33 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 26, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  155. ↑ Eric S. Blake: Hurricane Lee Discussion Number 38 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 27, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  156. ↑ David P. Roberts: Hurricane Lee Discussion Number 44 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 28, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  157. ^ John P. Cangialosi: Hurricane Lee Public Advisory Number 40 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 28, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  158. ^ David A. Zelinsky: Tropical Storm Lee Public Advisory Number 46 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 29, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  159. ^ Robbie J. Berg: Post-Tropical Cyclone Lee Discussion Number 49 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 30, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  160. ↑ Analysis of October 1, 2017
  161. ↑ Michael J. Brennan: Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  162. ^ John P. Cangialosi: Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Public Advisory Number 1 ( English ) National Hurricane Center. September 16, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
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