List of heads of state 991

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Overview
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Africa

Egypt ( Fatimids )
- Caliph : al-ʿAzīz (975–996)

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Jan Seyum (959–999)

Ifrīqiya ( Zirids )
- Ruler : al-Mansur ibn Ziri (984–995)

Asia

Armenia
- King : Gagik I. (989-1020)

Bagan
- King : Nyaung-u Sawrahan (962–992)

Champa
- King : Indravarman V (986–991)
- King: Vijaya Shrî Harivarman II (991–998)

China
- Liao (in North China)
  - Emperor : Shengzong (982-1031)
- Northern song
  - Emperor : Zhenzong (987-1022)
- Xi Xia
  - Emperor : Tàizǔ (991–1004)

Georgia
- King : Bagrat II (958-994)

India
- Western Chalukya (in the West Indies)
  - King : Jata Choda Bhima (973-1000)
- Chola (in South India)
  - King : Rajaraja I (985-1014)
- Cashmere ( Lohara Dynasty )
  - Queen : Didda (958-1003)
- Pala
  - King : Ramapala (approx. 974 – approx. 1027)
- Pratihara
  - King : Rajyapala (960-1018)

Iran
- Buyiden
  - Ruler of Jibal : Fachr ad-Daula Abu l-Hasan Ali (977-997)
  - Ruler of Fars and Khuzistan : Samsam ad-Daula Abu Kalidschar Marzuban (990–998)
  - Ruler of Kirman : Samsam ad-Daula Abu Kalidschar Marzuban (983-998)
- Saffarids
  - Ruler : Wali d-Daula Abu Ahmad Chalaf (969–1003)
- Samanids
  - Ruler : al-Amir ar-Radi Abu l-Qasim Nuh (976-997)

Japan
- Emperor : Ichijō (986-1011)

Khmer
- King : Jayavarman V (968-1001)

Korea
- Goryeo
  - King : Seongjong (981-997)

Mataram
- King : Dharmawangsa (985-1006)

Caliphate of the Muslims
- Caliph : at-Tāʾiʿ li-amri ʾllāh (974-991)
- Caliph: al-Qādir bi-'llāh (991-1031)

Europe

Bulgaria
- Tsar : Roman (977-997)

Burgundy
- King : Konrad III. (937-993)

Byzantine Empire
- Emperor : Basil II (976-1025)

Denmark
- King : Sven Gabelbart (986–1014) (1013–1014 King of England), (986–995, 1000–1014 King of Norway)

England
- King : Æthelred the unadvised (978-1013, 1014-1016 )

France
- King : Hugo Capet (987-996)
- Anjou
  - Count : Fulko III. (987-1040)
- Aquitaine
  - Duke : Wilhelm IV. (963–995)
- Auvergne
  - Count : Wilhelm IV. (989-1016)
- Brittany
  - Duke : Conan I (990-992)
- Burgundy (Duchy)
  - Duke : Heinrich I (965-1002)
- Burgundy (Free County)
  - Count Palatine : Otto Wilhelm (982-1026)
- Maine
  - Count : Hugo II. (950–992)
- Normandy
  - Duke : Richard I (943-996)
- Toulouse county
  - Count : Wilhelm III. (960-1037)

Holy Roman Empire
- Roman-German King : Otto III. (983–1002) (since 996 Kaiser )
  - Bavaria
    - Duke : Heinrich II. (985–995)
  - Bohemia
    - Duke : Boleslav II (967–999)
  - Flanders
    - Count : Balduin IV. (988-1035)
  - Holland
    - Count : Arnulf (988-993)
  - Carinthia
    - Duke : Heinrich II. (989–995)
  - Lausitz
    - Margrave of Lausitz and Nordmark : Hodo I. (965–993)
  - Luxembourg
    - Count : Siegfried I. (963-998)
  - Meissen
    - Margrave : Ekkehard I. (985-1002)
  - Lower Lorraine
    - Duke : Karl (978–991)
    - Duke: Otto (991–1005 / 06)
  - Upper Lorraine
    - Duke : Dietrich I. (978-1026 / 27)
  - Saxony
    - Duke : Bernhard I (973-1011)
  - Swabia
    - Duke : Konrad I (983-997)

Italy
- National King : Otto III. (983-1002)
- Amalfi
  - Duke : Manso I (966–1004) (981–983 Prince of Salerno)
- Benevento (common rule)
  - Duke : Pandulf II. (981-1014)
  - Duke: Landulf V. (987-1033)
- Capua
  - Prince : Landenulf II (982–993)
- Ivrea
  - Margrave : Konrad (965-1001)
- Papal States
  - Pope : John XV (985-996)
- Montferrat
  - Margrave : Otto I. (969–991)
  - Margrave: Wilhelm III. (991-1017)
- Naples
  - Duke : Sergius III. (977-999)
- Salerno
  - Prince : John II (983-994)
- Sicily ( Kalbites )
  - Emir : Yusuf al-Kalbi (989-998)
- Tuscany
  - Duke : Hugo (961-1001)
- Venice
  - Doge : Tribuno Memmo (979-991)
  - Doge: Pietro II. Orseolo (991-1009)

Croatia
- King : Stjepan Držislav (969–997)

Norway
- König : Sven Gabelbart (987–995)

Poland
- Duke : Mieszko I (960–992)

Russia
- Grand Duke : Vladimir I (980-1015)

Scotland
- King : Kenneth II (971–995)

Sweden
- King : Erik VIII (around 975–995)

Spain
- Barcelona county
  - Count : Borrell II (947-992)
- Caliphate of Cordoba
  - Caliph : Hisham II (976-1009, 1010-1013 )
- Castile
  - Count : García Fernández (970–995)
- Leon
  - King : Bermudo II (984–999)
- Navarre
  - King : Sancho II (970–994)

Hungary
- Grand Duke : Géza (971–997)

Wales
- Deheubarth
  - Prince : Maredudd from Owain (986–999) (986–999 Prince of Powys and Gwynedd)
- Glywysing
  - Prince : Hywel from Owain (around 990 – around 1043)
- Gwent (983-1015 joint rule)
  - Prince : Rhodri ap Elisedd (983 – around 1015)
  - Prince: Gruffydd ap Elisedd (983 – around 1015)
- Gwynedd
  - Prince : Maredudd from Owain (986–999) (986–999 Prince of Powys and Deheubarth)
- Powys
  - Prince : Maredudd from Owain (986–999) (986–999 Prince of Deheubarth and Gwynedd)

Zeta (in present-day Montenegro)
- Prince : Jovan Vladimir (989-1015)