University of Texas at Austin

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The University of Texas at Austin
File:UT Austin seal.png
MottoDisciplina praesidium civitatis (Latin: Education, the Guardian of Society)
TypeFlagship state university
Established1883
Endowment$5.54 billion[1]
PresidentWilliam C. Powers, Jr.
ProvostSteven W. Leslie
Undergraduates36,878
Postgraduates12,818
Location
Austin
,
Texas
,
USA
CampusUrban, 350 acres (1.4 km²)
ColorsBurnt orange and white[2]
MascotUniversity of Texas Longhorn logo Texas Longhorn
Websitewww.utexas.edu
Logo is a trademark of The University of Texas

The University of Texas at Austin, often called UT or Texas, is a doctoral/research university located in Austin, Texas. It is the flagship[3][4][5][6][7] institution of the University of Texas System. The main campus is located less than a mile from the Texas State Capitol in Austin. Founded in 1883, the university is considered a "Public Ivy" and had the fifth largest single-campus enrollment in the nation as of fall 2006 (and had the largest enrollment in the country from 1997–2003), with nearly 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and 20,000 faculty and staff.[8] It currently holds the largest enrollment of all colleges in the state of Texas.

The university also operates various auxiliary facilities aside from the main campus, most notably the J.J. Pickle Research Campus. Texas is a major center for academic research, annually exceeding $380 million in funding. In addition, the university's notable athletic programs were recognized by Sports Illustrated, which dubbed UT as "America's Best Sports College" in 2002.

UT has over 450,000 living alumni[9], and has had 8 Nobel Laureates affiliated with it.

History

Main article: History of The University of Texas at Austin
The University's old Main Building in 1903.

The first mention of a public university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Texas. Although an article promised to establish public education in the arts and sciences, no action was ever taken by the Mexican government. After Texas gained its independence from Mexico in 1836, the Congress of Texas adopted the Constitution of the Republic, which included a provision to establish public education in republic, including two universities or colleges. On January 26, 1839, Congress agreed to eventually set aside fifty leagues of land towards the effort; in addition, forty acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated "College Hill".

In 1846, Texas was annexed into the United States. The state legislature passed the Act of 1858, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds towards construction. In addition, the legislature designated land, previously reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction, toward the universities' fifty leagues. However, Texas's secession from the Union and the American Civil War prevented further action on these plans.

After the war, the Texas Constitution of 1866 mandated that the state establish a university "at an early day." The passing of the Morrill Act in 1862 facilitated the creation of Texas A&M University, which was established in 1871 as the Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas.[10] During the construction of Texas A&M, the Texas Constitution of 1876 called for the creation of a "university of the first class", The University of Texas. It revoked the endowment of the railroad lands of the Act of 1858 but appropriated one million acres (4000 km²) in West Texas. In 1883, another two million were granted, with income from the sale of land and grazing rights going to The University of Texas and Texas A&M.

In 1881, Austin was chosen as the site of the main university, and Galveston was designated the location of the medical department. On the original "College Hill", an official ceremony began construction on what is now referred to as the old Main Building in late 1882. The university opened its doors on September 15, 1883.

The old Victorian-Gothic Main Building served as the central point of the campus's forty acre site, and was used for nearly all purposes. However, by the 1930s, discussions rose about the need for new library space, and the Main Building was razed in 1934 over the objections of many students and faculty. The modern-day tower and Main Building were constructed in its place.

Constitutional restrictions against funding building construction hampered expansion. However, the funds generated by oil discovered on university-owned grounds in 1923 were put towards its general endowment fund. This extra revenue allowed the university to pay down its debt, and pass bond in 1931 and 1947, funding the necessary expansion after the enrollment spike following World War II. The university built 19 permanent structures between 1950 and 1965, when it was given the right of eminent domain. With this power, the university purchased additional properties surrounding the original forty acres.

On August 1 1966, Charles Whitman, an architectural engineering major at the university, barricaded himself in the observation deck of the tower of the Main Building with a sniper rifle and various other weapons. In a 96-minute stand-off, Whitman killed 15 people and wounded many more.[11] Following the incident, the observation deck was closed until 1968 and closed again in 1975 following a series of suicide jumps. In 1998, after the installation of security and safety measures, the observation deck reopened to the public.[12]

Campus

The University of Texas Tower (foreground).

Today, the university encompasses about 350 acres (1.4 km²) on its main campus adjacent to downtown Austin and about 850 acres (3.4 km²) overall, including the J.J. Pickle Research Campus in north Austin and other properties in Austin and throughout Texas.

One of the university's most visible features is the Main Building, including a 307-foot tower designed by Paul Philippe Cret.[13] Completed in 1937, the Main Building is located in the middle of campus. The tower usually appears illuminated in white light in the evening but is lit orange for various special occasions, including athletic victories and academic accomplishments, such as commencement. The tower is darkened for solemn occasions.[14] At the top of the tower is a carillon of 56 bells, the largest in Texas. Songs are played on weekdays by resident carillonneur Tom Anderson, in addition to the usual pealing of Westminster Quarters every quarter hour between 6 a.m. and 9 p.m.

The university is home to seven museums and seventeen libraries, which hold over eight million volumes.[15] The holdings of the university's Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center include one of only twenty-one remaining complete copies of the Gutenberg Bible worldwide and the world's earliest-known photograph: View from the Window at Le Gras taken by Nicéphore Niépce.[16] On April 29, 2006, the Blanton Museum of Art opened. The 155,000 square foot (14,000 m²) museum hosts approximately 17,000 works from Europe, the United States, and Latin America.

The university also contains an extensive underground tunnel system that links many of the buildings.[17] The tunnel system is closed to the public and is guarded by silent alarms. The tunnels are used for communications and utility service.

The university operates a 1.1 megawatt nuclear reactor at the J.J. Pickle Research Campus. The university's first reactor went critical, at Taylor Hall on the main campus, in August 1963 at 10 kW using fuel loaned from the U.S. Government. This reactor was upgraded to 250 kW in 1968.[18] In the late 1980s, the university began work on the reactor for the Nuclear Engineering Teaching Lab at the Pickle Campus. This reactor went critical in 1992, despite local news reports on its safety.[19]

The university continues to expand facilities on the campus. In February 2006, the Board of Regents voted to update and expand the football stadium. On March 2, 2006, the student body passed a referendum to build a new Student Activities Center next to Gregory Gym on the east side of campus, pending final approval by the Board of Regents. According to The Daily Texan, the project is estimated to cost $51 million and is set to open between fall 2010 and fall 2012. Funding will primarily come from students, raising tuition by a maximum of $65 per semester.[20]

A Capital Metro bus painted in University of Texas at Austin colors.

Other notable facilities of the university include:

The university operates a public radio station, KUT, which provides local FM broadcasts as well as live streaming audio over the Internet. The university uses Capital Metro to provide bus transportation for students around the campus and throughout Austin.

Academic profile

McCombs School of Business.

The university contains 16 colleges and academic units, each listed with its founding date:[21]

More than 100 undergraduate and 170 graduate degree plans are offered. In the 2003-2004 academic year, the university awarded a total of 13,065 degrees. Bachelor's degrees comprised 68.6% of this total, master's degrees 21.7%, doctoral degrees 5.2%, and other professional degrees 4.5%.[22]

UT has numerous undergraduate honors programs, such as Turing Scholars, Business Honors and Plan II, that attract students from around the state, nation, and even the world.

Rankings

View of downtown Austin from courtyard south of the Main Building.

In 2006, The Washington Monthly, using a ranking system which stresses social factors the magazine considers important (such as how well it performs as an engine of social mobility, how well it does in fostering scientific and humanistic research, and how well it promotes an ethic of service to country) ranked UT Austin 17th among national American universities, higher than prestigious Ivy League universities such as Princeton and Harvard and second in the state only to 5th ranked Texas A&M.[23] The Times Higher Education Supplement listed the university as the 15th best university worldwide.[24] Additionally, Texas was ranked as the 30th best university in the country and 39th best in the world by The Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.[25]

US News and World Report consistently ranks Texas as the best public university in the State of Texas. In its 2007 rankings, Texas places 47th among all national universities and 13th among public universities in the U.S.[26][27]

UT Austin does not have a medical school, but has associated programs with other campuses and allied health professional programs on campus. The UT Austin Pharmacy School, for example, is ranked 2nd in the United States.[28]

Other overall rankings include:[29]

  • No. 1 law school in the nation for Hispanics. (September 2004 edition of Hispanic Business magazine).
  • Ranked eighth among U.S. public universities and 27th overall in 2006 by Newsweek magazine's August 2006 list of the top 100 global universities.
  • McCombs School of Business ranked 9th in the country on BusinessWeek magazine’s list of the top undergraduate business schools.
  • Ranked No. 4 among 200 institutions around the world by the Research Center for Innovation and Development report of Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China.
  • Rated seventh in the world in the amount of cited research by faculty members, according to The Times of London, November 5, 2004, edition.
  • McCombs School of Business ranked No. 18 by The Wall Street Journal’s annual ranking of the best business schools.
  • In the latest survey by the National Research Council, seven doctoral programs ranked in the top 10 in the nation and 22 departments ranked in the top 25. Among Texas colleges and universities, UT Austin ranked No. 1 in 30 of the 37 fields in which it was evaluated.
  • Designated as "one of the best overall bargains" by The Princeton Review in its “America’s Best Value Colleges” 2007 edition.
  • Among top 20 “best buys” within public colleges and universities, according to the 2007 Fiske Guide to Colleges.
  • Ranked 24th in 2007 by Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine's listing for the "100 Best Values in Public Colleges".

Faculty and research

The Robert Lee Moore Building (left), the Molecular Biology Building (middle), and the Neuromolecular Sciences Building (right).

As of 2004, the university employed 2,271 faculty members. Approximately 51.1% were tenured, while an additional 17.8% were tenure track. The university's faculty includes winners of the Nobel Prize, the Pulitzer Prize, the National Medal of Science, the National Medal of Technology, and numerous other awards. Over 1,000 faculty positions are endowed by private funds. Since 1984, more than forty $1 million-endowed chairs have been created at The University of Texas to recruit distinguished faculty and facilitate research in the sciences and engineering.

The university exceeds $380 million in annual research funding, and its facilities house more than 90 research units. UT has earned more than 400 patents since its founding. In 2005, Texas secured $417 million in awards and grants, a new university record. In addition, Texas earned $5 million in licensing revenue and capped a six-year funding increase of 48%. The university has also reached out to establish partnerships with other facilities, including the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, the University of Texas Health Science Center, the Johnson Space Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and the International Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials.[30]

In addition to research in traditional fields, scientists are pushing forward in several new, interdisciplinary areas, including nanotechnology and materials engineering for next-generation semiconductors. In addition, Texas is advancing high performance computing through the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC), which supports over 600 projects in the natural sciences, engineering, and business.

The university's library system ranks sixth among academic libraries in the nation with 7.5 million volumes.[31] The main campus library is the Perry-Castañeda Library.

Endowment

Main article: Permanent University Fund

The university receives income from an endowment known as the Permanent University Fund (PUF), with $11.6 billion (fourth-largest in the United States) in assets as of November 2005,[32] of which 30 percent is dedicated to the university.[33] Proceeds from lands appropriated in 1839 and 1876, as well as oil monies, comprise the majority of this fund. At one time, the PUF was the chief source of income for Texas's two university systems, The University of Texas System and The Texas A&M University System; today, however, its revenues account for less than 10 percent of the universities' annual budgets. This has challenged the universities to increase sponsored research and private donations. Privately funded endowments contribute over $2 billion to the University's total endowment value.

Student life

A student giving the Hook 'em Horns hand gesture at a Longhorn football game.

The university enrolls 37,377 undergraduate, 11,533 graduate and 1,467 law students, coming from all 254 Texas counties. In addition, students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries, most notably, the Republic of Korea, followed by India, the People's Republic of China, Mexico and Taiwan, are represented.[34] The average SAT score for entering Fall 2004 freshmen was a 1230 out of 1600.

Housing

The campus is currently home to fourteen residence halls, the last of which opened for residence in Spring 2007. On-campus housing can hold more than 7,100 students.[35] Jester Center is the largest residence hall with its capacity of 2,945.[36] Academic enrollment exceeds the capacity of on-campus housing; as a result, most students must live in private residence halls, housing cooperatives, apartments, or with Greek organizations and other off-campus residences. The Division of Housing and Food Service, which already has the largest market share of the estimated 27,000 beds in the campus area, plans to expand to 9,000 beds in the near future.[37]

Student organizations

The university recognizes more than 1,000 student organizations.[38] In addition, it supports three official student governance organizations that represent student interests to faculty, administrators, and the Texas Legislature. Student Government represents student interests in general, the Senate of College Councils represents students in academic affairs and coordinates the college councils, and the Graduate Student Assembly represents graduate student interests.

Greek organizations

The Office of the Dean of Students' Greek Life and Education section administers more than 50 Greek organizations, and about 9% of men and 12% of women in the undergraduate class choose to join one of these groups.[39] Other registered student organizations also name themselves with Greek letters.

School spirit

Student media and film

Main article: Texas Student Media

Other student-run publications include:

UT in popular culture

On Saturday Night Live episode 30.10, Amy Poehler impersonating Jenna Bush, mocks her sister by saying, “I went to UT” then does the “Hook ‘em” sign.

The feature film Man of the House starring Tommy Lee Jones has his character as a Texas Ranger protecting the UT cheerleaders after they witnessed a murder.

On Ugly Betty episode 1.7, Vanessa Williams character Wilhelmina Slater has to impress a potential buyer from Texas (played by Brett Cullen) and decorates her office with Texas décor. He notices the longhorn on her wall and asks, “You went to UT Austin?” Slater says her assistant went to UT. The assistant Marc, who did not attend UT, responds by saying, "Yes I did. It was so southern. Go Longhorns! Yay! God bless America." Instead of showing the "Hook ‘em" gesture, Marc shows the shaka sign.

In Road Trip starring Breckin Meyer and Seann William Scott, the college buddies journey from Ithaca to see a girlfriend who attends the "University of Austin." No such school exists with this name and the university did not approve the movie to be shot on campus after reading the script. However exterior scenes showing the UT Tower, campus exit sign and the "Drag" which runs next to the campus were shot.

Kevin Spacey portrays the title character in The Life of David Gale, a "University of Austin" professor who is an advocate for the abolishment of capital punishment and falsely convicted of rape and murder of another activist. This film was shot primarily on the UT campus with students used as extras.

Matthew McConaughey, a popular film actor, is an alum of the University of Texas and an avid football fan. He rarely misses a game and can be seen talking to fans and is very popular amongst the students. When McConaughey was arrested on October 24, 1999 at this home in Austin, Texas after a phone call was made for a loud disturbance, it was the talk of campus that he was celebrating until the early AM hours with friends after the #18 ranked Longhorns defeated #3 Nebraska 24-20 on October 23, 1999. In a press conference following his release, he was wearing a UT burnt orange jacket while speaking to the media. [4]

The growing independent film community in Austin has increased the reputation of the Radio-Television-Film (RTF) program as a film school. The department has capitalized on this recent growth, and has begun a private production company, Burnt Orange Productions, seeking to use the talents of upper-division and graduate RTF students in shooting independent films for distribution. The first movie to be released by the company was 2005's The Quiet, with 3 more films slated for release soon.

The music video for Ryan Cabrera's 2004 song "On the Way Down" was filmed partly atop the Dobie Center parking garage. In the video, Dobie Center is prominently displayed in a scene, and the UT Tower makes many appearances behind the garage.

Athletics

Main article: Texas Longhorns
The Tower in orange after the Longhorns won the 2005 National Championship in football at the Rose Bowl. Littlefield Fountain is in the foreground.
File:DKR Memorial Stadium.jpg
Darrell K. Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium during a Longhorn football game.

The University of Texas offers a wide variety of varsity and intramural sports programs. Due to the breadth of sports offered and the quality of the programs, Texas was selected as "America's Best Sports College" in a 2002 analysis performed by Sports Illustrated.[42]

Varsity sports

The university's men's and women's athletics teams are nicknamed the Longhorns. A charter member of the Southwest Conference until its dissolution in 1996, Texas now competes in the Big 12 Conference (South Division) of the NCAA's Division I-A. Texas has won 47 total national championships[43], 39 of which are NCAA national championships.[44]

The University of Texas has traditionally been considered a college football powerhouse. The team experienced its greatest success under coach Darrell Royal, winning three national championships in 1963, 1969, 1970, and winning a fourth title under head coach Mack Brown in 2005 after the 41-38 victory over previously undefeated Southern California in the 2006 Rose Bowl.

In recent years, the men's basketball team has gained prominence, advancing to the NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen in 2002, the Final Four in 2003, the Sweet Sixteen in 2004, and the Elite Eight in 2006.

The university's baseball team is considered one of the best in the nation with more trips to the College World Series than any other school, with wins in 1949, 1950, 1970, 1983, 2002 and 2005.

Rivalries

The university's major rival in almost every sport is generally considered to be Texas A&M University.[45] The two schools have acknowledged the importance of this rivalry by creating the State Farm Lone Star Showdown series, which encompasses all sports where both schools field a varsity team. The football game played between the two schools is the third longest-running rivalry in the nation and is the longest-running rivalry for both schools. The game used to be played on Thanksgiving day but in recent years has been played on the day following Thanksgiving. Both schools traditionally hold a rally each year before the football game — Texas hosts the Hex Rally, and students at Texas A&M host the Aggie Bonfire.

Many fans and observers, however, argue that the Longhorns' biggest rival in football is the University of Oklahoma.[46] The football game between Texas and Oklahoma is known as the AT&T Red River Rivalry and is held annually in Dallas, Texas at the Cotton Bowl. This longstanding rivalry pits the populations of Texas and Oklahoma against one another in a bitter competition over state pride and bragging rights. In recent years, this rivalry has been particularly spirited, in part due to the fact that at least one school had been ranked in the top 5 nationally at the time of the game.

Many other schools, such as Arkansas and Texas Tech, also consider Texas among their biggest rivals.[47][48][49]

Facilities

Major sporting facilities and their main use include:

In addition, the university has numerous practice, training, and intramural facilities.

Notable people

Main article: List of University of Texas at Austin people

The university has over 450,000 living alumni.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Texas at Austin.

References

  1. ^ As of 31 August 2005, according to a calculation by the UT Austin Budget Office
  2. ^ a b The University of Texas Style Guidelines - signed by UT president Larry Faulkner. Accessed 27 February 2006.
  3. ^ "Texas flagship universities celebrate milestone of Giant Magellan Telescope partnership". University of Texas. 2005-07-21. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  4. ^ "A Capital Achievement". University of Texas. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  5. ^ Cunningham, William (2000-06-01). "Logical to make UH our next flagship university". University of Houston. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  6. ^ "University of Texas". NNDB. Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  7. ^ Austin, Liz (2005-10-03). "Flagship university of Texas seeks to boost diversity". Retrieved 2006-09-28.
  8. ^ Enrollment & Essentials The University of Texas Office of Public Affairs. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  9. ^ Campus Profile The University of Texas. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  10. ^ Texas A&M University Handbook of Texas Online. Accessed 29 July 2006.
  11. ^ Rossi, Victoria (August 1, 2006). "After decades of silence, UT acknowledged shootings". Daily Texan. Retrieved 2006-08-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Tower Tours Schedule Fall 2005 The Texas Union. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  13. ^ The Main Building The University of Texas. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  14. ^ University approves new policy for lighting UT Tower On Campus. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  15. ^ Statistical Overview of the Library Collections The University of Texas Libraries. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  16. ^ The Gutenberg Bible at the Ransom Center Harry Ransom Center. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  17. ^ The Secret Tunnels Under UT Better Than Your Boyfriend.
  18. ^ Nuclear Engineering Teaching Lab Nuclear and Radiation Engineering Program. Accessed 10 February 2006.
  19. ^ Collier, Bill. UT reactor draws safety questions. Austin American-Statesman. December 15, 1989.
  20. ^ Terrell, Abby. Student Activities Center referendum approved The Daily Texan March 2, 2006. Accessed March 2, 2006.
  21. ^ Colleges and Academic Units The University of Texas. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  22. ^ Statistical Handbook 2003-2004, General Analysis - Students The University of Texas Office of Institutional Research. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  23. ^ "The Washington Monthly College Rankings". The Washington Monthly. September 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
  24. ^ Britain wins eight places in world list of 50 best universities Accessed January 22, 2007
  25. ^ Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006, retrieved January 5, 2007
  26. ^ America's Best Colleges 2007 US News and World Report. Accessed August 22 2006.
  27. ^ "America's Best Colleges 2007" (HTML). U.S. News & World Report. 2006-09-15. Retrieved 2007-01-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "America's Best Graduate Schools 2007: Health: Pharmacy" (HTML). U.S. News & World Report. 2006-09-15. Retrieved 2007-01-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ http://www.utexas.edu/welcome/rankings.html
  30. ^ Report on Research 2005 The University of Texas Office of the VP for Research. Accessed December 2, 2005.
  31. ^ Nation's Largest Libraries by Volumes Held LibrarySpot. Accessed December 23, 2005.
  32. ^ "2005 NACUBO Endowment Study". National Association of College and University Business Officers. 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  33. ^ As required by the Texas Constitution[1], the UT System gets two-thirds of the Available University Fund, the annual distribution of PUF income. A regental policy[2] requires that at least 45 percent of this money go to UT Austin for "program enrichment." By taking two-thirds and multiplying it by 45 percent, we get 30 percent which is the minimum amount of AUF income that can be distributed to UT Austin under current policies. The Regents, however, can and do decide to allocate additional amounts to UT Austin. Also, the majority of the UT System share of the AUF is used for debt service of UT System bonds, some of which were issued for the benefit of UT Austin[3]. One should note that the Regents are free to change the 45 percent minimum of the UT System share going to UT Austin at any time, although doing so might be difficult politically.
  34. ^ 2004-2005 Statistical Handbook, Degrees Conferred The University of Texas Office of Institutional Research. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  35. ^ Residence Hall Master Plan The University of Texas Division of Housing and Food. Accessed February 5, 2007.
  36. ^ Residence Halls at a Glance The University of Texas Division of Housing and Food. Accessed December 2, 2005.
  37. ^ "UT residences to expand". The Daily Texan. 3 August 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ About Student Activities and Leadership Development The University of Texas Office of the Dean of Students. Accessed December 2, 2005.
  39. ^ The University of Texas Office of the Dean of Students. "Greek communities". Retrieved 2005-12-02.
  40. ^ Board of Regents Meeting Minutes - July 31, 1970 The University of Texas System. Accessed 27 February 2006.
  41. ^ Berry, Margaret C. The University of Texas at Austin from the Handbook of Texas Online. Accessed 1 December 2005.
  42. ^ America's Best Sports Colleges Sports Illustrated. October 7, 2002.
  43. ^ Texas Longhorns Championships History: National Champions TexasSports.com. March 20, 2007
  44. ^ Schools with the Most National Championships NCAA.org. Fall 2006
  45. ^ Sports Illustrated's 50th Anniversary: Texas Sports Illustrated poll (conducted by Harris Interactive) shows 56% of respondents picked Texas vs Texas A&M as the biggest rivalry, followed by Texas vs Oklahoma at 15%, and the Cowboys vs Texans at 7%.
  46. ^ The Season Total Jibbly. November 22, 2005.
  47. ^ Texas Longhorns/Texas Tech Raiders Preview Saturday, October 28, 2006 Yahoo! Sports. October 28, 2006.
  48. ^ Halliburton, Suzanne. "Red River Rivalry - Texas 45, Oklahoma 12." Austin American-Statesman. October 9, 2005.
  49. ^ Berlin, Stephanie. Razorback country still has disdain for a Texas team focused on others The Daily Texan. September 10, 2004.

External links

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