5th millennium BC Chr.

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The 5th millennium BC Chr. Describes the period from 1 January 5000 v. Chr. V until 31 December 4,001th During its course, agriculture spread from the Middle East to southern and central Europe . In Mesopotamia and Anatolia , urban cultures flourished that developed the wheel . Pieces of jewelry made of copper , which mark the beginning of the Chalcolithic Era, became increasingly important. Starting from Eurasia , domestic animal husbandry reached China . The world population gradually increased from 5 to 7 million people.

Time calculation

• January 1, 4713 BC Chr . :
  • 12:00 noon world time (= JD 0), beginning of the time scale of the Julian date , which is mainly used for date calculations in astronomy and geodesy . Parts of a day (hours, minutes, etc.) are expressed in decimal places.
• 4300 BC Chr .:
  • Theta Bootis takes over the position of the visible star closest to the celestial pole (today's Pole Star position ) and becomes 3942 BC. Replaced by Thuban .
• 4242 BC Chr .:
  • Egyptian New Year's Day on July 19, the oldest known calendar day (as of 2006).
• 4026 BC Chr .:
  • Creation of Adam for Jehovah's Witnesses .
• 4004 BC Chr .:
  • According to the Ussher-Lightfoot calendar , the creation of the universe took place on Saturday, October 22nd, at nightfall ( Julian calendar ). In the Gregorian calendar this corresponds to September 20, 4004 BC. The calculations made by James Ussher are based on the Old Testament . He probably calculated the date as an autumn equinox , and thus New Year for the Jewish calendar .

Age / Epoch

• Atlantic (7270 to 3710 BC):
  • Middle Atlantic AT 2 (5050 to 4550 BC): mild climatic section, but slight decrease in temperature.
  • Late Atlantean AT 3 (4550 to 3710 BC): further decrease in temperature.
• The Neolithic subpluvial (7500 to 3900 BC, weakened to 3500 BC) brings a humid climate to North Africa and makes the Sahara green.
• The Neolithic subpluvial finds its first accentuation in the Elder Peron Transgression (beginning at 5000/4900 BC, to 4100 BC), which raised the sea level by 2.5 to 4 meters above the average level of the 20th century increases.
• End of the monsoon climate in the Mediterranean . The Mediterranean climate becomes drier (4600 BC)
• Around 5000 BC The Middle Neolithic of the Neolithic Age begins in Central Europe.
• Around 4300 BC Then the Middle Neolithic ends in Central Europe and the Young Neolithic sets in, synonymous with the beginning of the Copper Stone Age (also known as the Chalcolithic or Aeneolithic ).

Developments, inventions and discoveries

The tour between the outer and inner palisade ring in the Goseck solar observatory

• Around 5000 BC Chr .:
  • In the Nile Valley to nomadic tribes let down.
  • Irrigated agriculture in Mesopotamia under the Obed culture . Creation of an ideographic script.
  • In Mesopotamia, the wheel (wooden discs with an axle hole) appears under the Halaf culture .
  • Late Neolithic in Byblos . Evidenced by ceramics , stone vessels, granaries , burial chambers and seals .
  • Use of the clay tablet as a writing tablet in Mesopotamia from the 5th millennium BC. Chr.
  • Rice cultivation (wet culture) in China ( Hemudu culture ) and in Southeast Asia , which will later reach the Gangestal .
  • Beginning of agriculture in Japan . Are grown beans and gourds .
  • Starting from the Middle East , agriculture reaches the western European Atlantic coast.
  • The first objects made of copper and gold are made in Egypt and the Balkans .
  • In the Valley of Tehuacan in Mexico are corn and gourds ( Lagenaria siceraria ) cultivated.
  • The cultivation of bottle gourds, which are mainly used as vessels ( calabashes ), spreads from Central America along the east coast of North America .
  • The oldest representations of dances can be found in Bhimbetka in India . They are in the period from 5000 to 2000 BC. Dated.
  • The origins of Proto-Indo -European are possibly to be suspected in the Samara culture .

• 4900 to 4500 BC Chr .:
  • The heyday of the circular moat systems in Central Europe (approx. 100 systems built between 4900 and 4700 BC known in Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic), for example in Goseck (Saxony-Anhalt), Ippesheim (near Würzburg ) and Dresden-Nickern (Saxony).
• 4850 BC Chr .:
  • Best year of growth of the long-lived jaw in the bristle jaw chronology at the beginning of the Elderly Peron-Transgression .
• Around 4700 BC Chr .:
  • First megalithic systems in Europe.

Gold objects from the Varna burial ground

• 4600 to 4450 BC Chr .:
  • In the cemetery of Varna there are extremely rich grave goods made of gold jewelry.
• Around 4500 BC Chr .:
  • The beginning of civilization in Kiš in Mesopotamia.
  • The horse is domesticated in the steppes of Eurasia .
  • Use of draft animals in the Danube lowlands of Eastern Europe.
  • Introduction of the hook plow in Europe .
  • Domestication of the water buffalo in China.
  • First sails appear.
  • Advances in Copper Metallurgy. Copper objects become status symbols.
  • Salt is mined in Solnizata in Bulgaria and a village with 350 inhabitants is being built around the production site.

The Mannetje van Willemstad

• 4450 BC Chr .:
  • Age of the wooden figure of Mannetje van Willemstad , which was found between the roots of an oak tree in the Netherlands.
• 4400 BC Chr .:
  • In the steppes the horse is tamed, as evidenced by finds in
• Around 4395 BC Chr .:
  • Village settlement in Susa .
  • Wetland settlements (spread of the “pile-dwelling idea”) on northern Italian lakes; north of the Alps initially only isolated pile dwellings (e.g. Aichbühl ), here from 4250/4200 BC. Chr.
• Around 4300 BC Chr .:
  • Spread of the funnel cup culture in northern Central Europe (Baltic Sea region), which only began around 4000 BC. Chr. Is widespread.
• 4250 to 3750 BC Chr .:
  • In Le Menec near Carnac in France , eleven stone rows of menhirs are erected.
• Around 4200 BC Chr .:
  • The oldest known copper mines are in operation in Ai Bunar (Bulgaria) and Rudna Glava (Serbia).
  • In Denmark, scraps of tissue are evidence of needle binding .
• Around 4100 BC Chr .:
  • Beginning of the Dawenkou culture in Shandong .
  • First urban dwellings in Ur and Uruk (Sumer) as well as in Tell Hamoukar ( Syria ).
  • In Sudan , sorghum and native rice are grown for the first time .
• Around 4000 BC Chr .:
  • Copper nails are used for the first time in Egypt .
  • Development of the loom in Iraq .
  • Lapis lazuli is introduced in Ur .

Events

• Around 5000 BC Chr .:
  • The continuing rise in sea levels leads to the final separation of Tasmania from the Australian continent.
  • First evidence of settlement history in Southeast Asia ( Thailand )
• Around 4895 BC Chr .:
  • Mount Mazama ( Oregon ) eruption with a magnitude (VEI) of 7.

• 4400 to 4300 BC Chr .:
  • According to Marija Gimbutas : First wave of emigration from the area of Kurgan culture (controversial)
• 4350 BC Chr .:
  • In Japan explosive volcanic eruption ( ignimbrite ) on the Kikai caldera with a strength of VEI 7. In addition to Crater Lake , Kurilensee , Paektusan , Santorin and Tambora , the Akahoya eruption on Satsuma-Iō-jima and Takeshima represents one of the most destructive natural events during the Holocene .
• 4110 BC Chr .:
  • So far the last finds of Cuvieronius hyodon near Yumbo in the Caucatal of Colombia .
• Around 4000 BC Chr .:
  • Rehman Dheri founded the first fortified city on the Indian subcontinent .
  • In the cave of Baume de Fontbrégoua in the Var department in France, there is evidence of cannibalism .

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

• Tenerife (5200 to 2500 BC) in the Ténéré desert with Gobero site .

Cultures in Egypt

• Merimde culture (4800 to 4250 BC) in Lower Egypt
• Omari culture on the Nile in Lower Egypt, around 4600 to 4400 BC. Chr.
• In Upper Egypt there is the Badari culture (4400 to 4000 BC)
• Naqada culture (Naqada I - 4500 to 3500 BC)

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

Clay tablets with cuneiform in the Egyptian Museum in Leipzig

• Halaf culture (5500 to 5000 BC, also 5200 to 4500 BC) - middle and late stage
• Samarra culture (5500 to 4800 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - late phase (5000 to 4800 BC)
• Obed culture in Mesopotamia (5500 to about 3500 BC) - Obed I, II and III
• Uruk period (from 4000 to 3100/3000 BC), with a transition phase from 4200 BC Chr.
• Hacılar Höyük in Turkey (7030 to 4800 BC) - Layer II
• Tappe Sialk (6000 to 2500 BC) in Iran - Sialk III
• Amuq (6000 to 2900 BC) in Turkey - Amuq C, D and E
• Mersin (5400 to 2900 BC) in Anatolia - Mersin 24-15
• Eridu (from 5300 to approx. 1950 BC) in Mesopotamia - Eridu 19-9
• Byblos in Lebanon - late Neolithic (5300 to 4500 BC)
• Tappa Gaura (5000 to 1500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Tappa Gaura 20-12
• Nineveh (from 6500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Nineveh 3
• Susiana (5500 to 4400 BC) in Iran - Susiana B and C
• Susa (from 4000 BC) in Iran - Susa I

As well as the sites of Haggi Mohammed (5000 to 4500 BC) and Can Hasan (4900 to 4500 BC) in Turkey, as well as Khazineh (around 4800 BC) and Mehmeh (around 4200 BC) in Iran

Cultures in South Asia

• Mehrgarh (7000 to 2600/2000 BC) in Balochistan - Mehrgarh II (5500 to 4800 BC) and Mehrgarh III (4800 to 3500 BC)
• Namazgadepe (5300 to 1700 BC) in Turkmenistan - Namazgadepe II (until 4300 BC)
• Rehman Dheri (around 4000 BC) in Pakistan

Cultures in East Asia

Gui of the Dawenkou culture

• China :
  • Laoguantai culture (6000 to 3000 BC), upper Yellow River
  • Chengbeixi culture (5800-4700 BC) in Hubei
  • Dadiwan culture (5800-3000 BC), upper Yellow River
  • Peiligang culture (5600 to 4900 BC) in Henan
  • Xinle culture (5500 to 4800 BC) in Liaoning
  • Beixin Culture (5400-4400 BC)
  • Qingliangang culture (5400 to 4400 BC)
  • Hemudu culture (5200 to 4500 BC, later dating 5000 to 3300 BC), Zhejiang
  • Tangjiagang culture (5050 to 4450 BC) on the middle Yangtze River
  • Baiyangcun culture (5000 to 3700 BC, is also dated to more recent: 3000 to 1700 BC), in Yunnan
  • Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), in central and northern China
  • Caiyuan culture (4800-3900 BC)
  • Majiabang culture (4750 to 3700 BC) on the lower Yangtze River
  • Hongshan Culture (4700 to 2900 BC) in Northeast China
  • Daxi culture (4400 to 3300 BC) on the middle Yangtze
  • Dawenkou culture (4100 to 2600 BC) on the coast of the Yellow Sea
• Korea :
  • Early Jeulmun period (6000 to 3500 BC)
• Japan :
  • Jōmon period (10,000 to 300 BC) - Earliest Jōmon period - Jōmon II (8,000 to 4,000 BC)

Cultures in Europe

• Western Europe :
  • Chassey-Lagozza-Cortaillod culture (4600 to 2400 BC) in France, Switzerland and Italy
  • Megalithic cultures :
    • France (4700 to 2000 BC)

Band ceramic harvest knife, around 5000 BC Chr.

• Central Europe : Archaeological cultures of the Middle Neolithic :
  • Band ceramic culture (5600 to 4100 BC) in France, Belgium , Germany, Austria , Czech Republic , Poland , Slovakia , Hungary , Romania and Ukraine
  • Ertebølle culture (5100 to 4100 BC) in Denmark and northern Germany
  • Swifterbant culture (5000 to 3400 BC) in the Netherlands, Belgium and Lower Saxony
  • Hinkelstein group (5000 to 4800 BC) in southwest Germany
  • Oberlauterbacher Group (5000 to 4600 BC) in Bavaria
  • Großgartacher Group (4900 to 4700 BC) in southwest Germany
  • Stitched ceramics (4900 to 4500 BC) in Germany, the Czech Republic and Austria
  • Tiszapolgár culture (4500 to 4000 BC) in Hungary and Slovakia
  • Rössen culture (4300 to 3500 BC) in East Germany
  • Lengyel culture (4900 to 3950 BC) in Hungary, Austria and the Czech Republic. The first copper items are imported. The Younger Lengyel culture exerts its influence on the early Neolithic cultures of Central Europe, such as:
    • Münchshöfen culture (4500 to 3900/3800 BC), Eastern Central Europe
    • Jordansmühler culture (4300 to 3900 BC), Eastern Central Europe
    • Gatersleben culture (4300 to 3900 BC) in East Germany
  • Aichbühler Group (4200 to 4000 BC) in southern Germany
  • Schussenrieder Group (4200 to 3700 BC) in southwest Germany
  • Baalberg culture (4200 to 3100 BC) in central Germany
  • Pollinger Group (4100 to 3900 BC) in Bavaria
• Northeast Europe :
  • Pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC) (however radiocarbon dating : 5600 to 2300 BC)
  • Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC)
  • Neman culture (7000 to 3000 BC)

Clay pot of the Lengyel culture, Moravia, 4300 BC Chr.

• Eastern Europe :
  • Chwalynsk culture (5200 to 4500 BC) in Russia
  • Samara culture (around 5000 BC) in Russia
  • Dnepr-Don culture (5000 to 4000 BC) in Ukraine and Russia
  • Kurgan Cultures (5000 to 3000 BC) in Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan - Phase I (4400 to 4300 BC)
  • Sredny Stog culture (4500 to 3500 BC) north of the Sea of Azov
• Southeast Europe :
  • Vinča culture (5400 to 4500 BC) (also Danube civilization) in Serbia , western Romania, southern Hungary and eastern Bosnia
  • Cucuteni culture (4800 to 3200 BC) in Romania , Moldova and Ukraine:
    • Pre-Cucuteni I-III (4800 to 4500 BC) or Tripolje A
    • Cucuteni A (4500 to 4200 BC) or Tripolje B1
    • Cucuteni A / B (4200 to 4000 BC) or Tripolje B1-2
  • Sesklo culture (6850 to 4400 BC) in northern Greece
  • Dimini culture (4800 to 4000 BC) in Thessaly
  • Gumelniţa culture (4700 to 3700 BC) in Romania and Moldova:
    • Phase Gumelniţa A1 (4700 to 4350 BC)
    • Phase Gumelniţa A2 (4500 to 3950 BC)
  • Varna culture (approx. 4500 to 4100 BC) in northern Bulgaria
  • Boian culture in Romania and Bulgaria (4300 to 3500 BC) - Phase III - Vidra phase, 4100-4000 BC Chr.

The Għar Dalam, a karst cave in Malta

• Southern Europe :
  • Malta :
    • Għar Dalam phase (5000 to 4500 BC).
    • Gray scorba (4500 to 4400 BC).
    • Red scorba (4400 to 4100 BC).
    • Żebbuġ (4100 to 3800 BC).

Cultures in america

• North and Central America :
  • Archaic period .
  • Coxcatlán phase (5000–3400 BC) in Tehuacán (Mexico)
• South America :
  • Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru.
  • Middle Pre-Ceramic (7000 to 4000 BC) in northern Chile . Lower Alto Barranco and Alto Aguada along the Pacific coast and Rinconada in the hinterland.
  • Las Vegas culture in Ecuador (8000 to 4600 BC).

Web links

Commons : 5th millennium BC Chr.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. Jump up ↑ Adam - Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY. Retrieved February 11, 2018 . 
2. ↑ ^{a b} Martin Trachsel: Pre- and early history: sources, methods, goals. UTB, 2008, ISBN 3-8252-8369-0 , p. 62.
3. Jump up ↑ Bhimbetka Rock Caves in India. ( Memento from February 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In: Die Welt . Retrieved March 4, 2012.
4. ^ Sarina Singh: India. Lonely Planet, 2008, ISBN 3-8297-1604-4 , p. 782.
5. ↑ The History of Dance . In: Leben-kunst.de , February 8, 2012. Accessed March 4, 2012.
6. ↑ According to other sources - see English Wikipedia - 5677 ± 150calBC
7. ^ Y. Kawanabe, G. Saito: Volcanic activity of the Satsuma-Iwojima area during the past 6500 years . In: Earth Planets Space . tape 54 , 2002, pp. 295-301 .
8. ↑ Rodríguez-Flórez, Carlos David, Ernesto León Rodríguez-Flórez, Carlos Armando Rodríguez: Revision of Pleistocenic Gomphotheriidae Fuana in Columbia and case report in the Department of Valle Del Cauca. In: Scientific Bulletin (Museum Center - Natural History Museum) Volume 13, No. 2, 2009, pp. 78-85.
9. ↑ M. Voigt, RH Dyson: The Chronology of Iran, approx. 8000-2000 BC. In: RW Ehrich (Ed.): Chronologies in Old World Archeology. Chicago / London, pp. 122–178, especially Table 2.