Battery bus

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Graz e-bus at the charging station at the Museum of Perception (2016)
Solaris Urbino 12 electric from Braunschweiger Verkehrs-GmbH at the inductive charging station in front of the main train station (2014)
A Wiener Linien battery is charged via an overhead line (2012)

A battery bus , also electric bus , E-bus or Akkubus called, is a bus provided by a electric motor is driven and its drive energy during the trip as an electric car solely from an on-board traction battery relates. In some cases, battery buses are equipped with pantographs for the charging process , which enable recharging both at bus stops and in the depot . If so-called super capacitors are used to store electricity, larger amounts of energy can be stored in a shorter time. The main development is in China. 115,000 battery buses were newly registered there in 2016 alone. The city of Shenzhen had completely switched to battery buses by the end of 2017 and 16,359 battery buses were in use (see Renaissance in the 21st century ). Regardless of this, many trolleybuses also use batteries as an auxiliary drive or emergency drive .

advantages

Thanks to battery technology, the advantages of electromobility can also be used in road-bound public transport without having to set up the complex two-pole catenary known from the trolleybus . The most important advantage compared to the trolleybus are the lower maintenance costs due to the elimination of the expensive infrastructure and the higher flexibility. Advantages of the battery bus compared to the more common buses with internal combustion engines are, above all, the emission-free and low-noise operation, the better acceleration and the use of the electric motor as an electric motor brake , which recuperates the braking energy and feeds it back into the battery, which significantly reduces consumption when driving around town. This technology is also used in hybrid buses with an electric drive train and battery or overhead line connection. With a consumption of around 1.2 kWh / km, the operating costs are very low compared to a diesel vehicle.

disadvantage

Disadvantages of the battery bus are the limited range (up to 600 km), the higher weight, the higher procurement costs, the necessary charging infrastructure and, in some cases, the additional downtime for charging or replacing the power storage. Battery buses are therefore found almost exclusively in city ​​bus traffic, where after a relatively short journey time there is again a longer stop at a terminus. A sufficient recharge for one round trip can take place within four to five minutes (250 to 450 kilowatts) at a terminal station, so that the timetable does not have to be impaired. However, this time cannot be used to reduce delays , which are thus carried over to the opposite direction. If you have to recharge at intermediate stops, this stay usually takes longer than the actual passenger switching time and must be included in the travel time accordingly. In latitudes with cold winters, the energy consumption of an electric air conditioning system leads to a serious reduction in range. On the one hand, therefore, increased thermal insulation is used, on the other hand, heating systems based on fossil fuels are often used as an alternative . The disadvantages of the battery as the sole energy storage device are partially compensated for by trolleybuses with batteries. You can recharge while driving overhead lines and therefore do not need charging times and significantly smaller batteries. Furthermore, an electric air conditioning system can be driven for heating in winter while the overhead line is running.

history

Early representatives in the 19th and 20th centuries

The world's first battery bus from the Ward Electrical Car Company
Berlin battery bus from 1898
Berlin battery bus charging station
The electric tram bus from Siemens & Halske
The Kühlstein battery bus from 1899
Akron Municipal Police prisoner transporter, 1899

After Werner Siemens presented the first forerunner of a trolleybus in Halensee near Berlin with the Elektromote in 1882 , the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft put the world's first petrol bus line into operation between Siegen and Deuz in 1895 . Even before that, they began to use the advantage of the electric drive in public transport without building an expensive overhead line infrastructure.

The pioneer here was the Ward Electrical Car Company from London , whose electric omnibus took its first test drives in the summer of 1888, but never entered regular passenger service. The vehicle was a mixture of an ordinary omnibus without deck seats and a van, it offered space for twelve people. The driver sat or stood in front, he had a foot brake and a switch with a resistance frame at his disposal. The traction batteries came from the Electrical Power Storage Company . The two engines were Gramme machines built by Crompton & Co. and had a steel chain transmission made by Renold of Manchester . The carriage itself was made by the Metropolitan Railway Carriage and Wagon Company and ran at a speed of 9.6 to 11.2 kilometers per hour.

On May 25, 1898, the Allgemeine Berliner Omnibus AG (ABOAG) in cooperation with the Union-Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft (UEG) and the Gülcher-Akkumulatoren-Fabrik presented their first electric omnibus on an official test drive from the depot on Kurfürstenstrasse to the train station Halensee and back to the public. This was a conversion from a large horse-drawn bus , which subsequently made further attempts, but also did not get into regular operation.

Also in 1898, the ABOAG again presented the so-called electric tram-omnibus - albeit in cooperation with the UEG competitor Siemens & Halske . This was a two-way vehicle , in the form of a bus, which was also equipped with guide wheels and a pantograph . This enabled him to charge his battery while driving on a tram track and then to branch off the rail line in battery mode with the idlers raised and the collector lowered. The batteries had a range of six kilometers, but the project did not go beyond test drives and was discontinued as early as 1900.

The Charlottenburg car maker Kühlstein presented another electric bus in Berlin in 1899. The car had twelve seats inside, twelve deck and two standing places and could cover 100 kilometers with one load. With the start of the International Motor Vehicle Exhibition on September 3, 1899, it operated regular services between the Anhalter Bahnhof and the Stettiner Bahnhof . One charge was enough for six trips, and the charging station was located on Askanischer Platz. From March 13, 1900, a total of ten such vehicles finally drove on the route, but this regular traffic had to be abandoned again at the end of 1900 due to various disruptions.

  • The former motor vehicle and engine factory in Berlin-Marienfelde delivered a so-called “electric hotel omnibus” to the Kaiser Hotel in 1899 , which was used to transport its guests. From the outside, this vehicle was still very reminiscent of a horse-drawn carriage.
  • For the transport of prisoners , the Akron (Ohio) city ​​police put a battery bus into service in 1899, with the help of which drunks were collected and transported to sobering up. Considered the very first motorized vehicle by a law enforcement agency, the car was manufactured by the Collins Buddy Company for $ 2,400. The top speed of the 5,000 pound vehicle was 18 miles an hour and a range of 30 miles with fully charged batteries. The two engines each made four horsepower. But as early as August 1900, during the Akron riot , the car was stolen by a mob and dumped into the Ohio-Erie Canal .
  • Battery buses operated temporarily in Vienna from 1907.
  • At the Kassel wagon construction company Wegmann & Co. in 1950, under the direction of Fritz Bode, a "battery bus" was constructed, which was presented at the 1951 IAA on a shortened Krauss-Maffei- type KMO 133 chassis. Six AFA batteries were carried in a single-axle trailer . The bus was tested in 1952 by various transport companies in Bavaria ( Berchtesgaden , Munich, Landshut).
  • In 1969, Daimler-Benz presented a battery-powered bus with the type designation Mercedes-Benz OE 302 at the International Motor Show in Frankfurt am Main, and in 1974 it was converted into a duo bus .
  • In 1970, MAN , Bosch and VARTA responded in cooperation with RWE with the presentation of their own battery-powered bus based on a 750 HO type metro bus . He carried the batteries in a single-axle trailer and was in use at KEVAG in Koblenz for several years . Based on this concept, MAN started producing a series-produced battery bus, the SL-E 200, from 1974 onwards ; a total of 14 units were built for Düsseldorf (used in regular service from 1975 to 1988) and a further eight for Mönchengladbach . Originally, the battery packs had to be replaced regularly; in Mönchengladbach, for example, this was done at the Ohlerfeld terminus. However, the Düsseldorf wagons were equipped with a pantograph in 1982 in order to be able to receive electrical energy themselves at the Benrath station terminus - there was no need to replace the battery packs. The battery trailers in Koblenz, Düsseldorf and Mönchengladbach each had the same vehicle registration number and the same company number as the towing vehicle because it was formally a trailer for an articulated vehicle.
  • In the largely car-free Swiss health resort of Zermatt , battery-powered buses manufactured by Vetter have been running on a four-and-a-half-kilometer circuit since January 1988 , serving all of the valley stations of the Zermatt mountain railways. In normal road conditions, one battery charge is enough to cover a daily workload of a maximum of 22  laps . In order to develop the outlying district of Winkelmatten, battery-powered minibuses with 27 seats have been in operation since December 1991 on the railway station – Spiss – Winkelmatten route. Depending on the weather conditions, the batteries must be changed after five to six courses on a route length of 5.2 kilometers. The exchange takes place between the scheduled courses and takes around a minute.
  • In the health resort of Oberstdorf , the Regionalverkehr Allgäu (RVA) operated battery-powered Metroliner buses in carbon design (MIC) from the company Neoplan from 1992 to 1997 , which commuted between the reception parking lots on the outskirts and the center of the village.

Renaissance in the 21st century

Articulated electric bus from ASEAG (2015)
A battery bus of the type SWB6121SC of the Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation in Shanghai at a charging station (2010)
A Microbus Gruau Électrique at the "23èmes Rencontres nationales du transport public" fair (2011)
Charging station in Geneva (2013)
The RLG battery minibus in Medebach (2013)

The increasing number of commercial vehicles with conventional internal combustion engines and the associated problems of environmental and health protection have increasingly come into public discussion since the end of the 20th century. Despite repeated tightening of emissions standards , the considerable health risk for people who live in city centers, for example from nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel buses, is still in the political arena. In addition, the public perception of climate protection that began at the beginning of the 21st century also includes the CO₂ balance of buses.

All of this and the exposure to road traffic noise have led to a global renaissance of electric buses since the beginning of the 21st century.

In public road traffic in the Italian cities of Genoa and Turin, experience has been gained with around 30 lead-acid batteries and inductive charging stations at the stops since 2002. The increasing improvement in battery technology led to an upswing in the battery bus from around 2010, including heavier units such as series-produced twelve-meter standard buses and the first articulated vehicles . Battery buses are also being tested with this charging system in Germany, for example in Braunschweig since 2014 and Berlin since 2015.

The main development of battery buses takes place in China. In 2015, more than 100,000 e-buses were already in use in the People's Republic of China, which corresponds to a share of over 20% of the bus fleet. Complete electrification of the entire bus fleet is conceivable. In 2016, 115,000 electric buses were newly registered in China. Chinese companies are therefore the market leaders in battery buses. Large Chinese cities are polluted with considerable air pollution, which is also caused by growing motorization. The government has therefore launched extensive modernization campaigns with the aim of increasingly replacing the city buses, which are mainly powered by diesel engines, with new electric buses. As early as 2009, the government passed an economic plan backed by subsidies, according to which the People's Republic should become the global market leader for buses with electric drives within a few years. This plan was carried out.

The large German commercial vehicle manufacturers do not have any series-ready battery buses on offer (as of 2016). According to individual experts, German companies show clear deficits in the production of lithium-ion accumulators on an international scale and are only partially able to bring them into mass production.

By the end of 2017, the Chinese city of Shenzhen had switched all bus operations to battery buses. At the end of 2017, 14,000 battery buses - mostly from BYD - were in use in the city and a few hundred diesel buses were still in use.

Fast charging of public buses

In the case of public buses - especially in city traffic with only short circuits - it is advisable to recharge the batteries during the passenger change at the stops. As a result, they can be kept smaller, which leads to a weight reduction in the buses and correspondingly reduces energy consumption.

In the meantime (as of 2015) several manufacturers have developed charging stations with different technologies. The methods used can not only be used with buses, but in principle also with other electric vehicles: z. B. overhead trams, electric trucks and cars.

System PRIMOVE from Bombardier - contactless, inductive charging

With the Primove charging system, charging plates are installed in the roadway at some stops, which are supplied with 750 V direct voltage or 400 V alternating voltage and can output up to 200 kW with an efficiency of over 90%. The system is used in Braunschweig and Mannheim , for example .

Siemens system - loading mast in the contact arm

The bus stops under the loading mast, the contact arm is lowered until it comes into contact with the connections on the bus roof. Then the charging process begins. Example: Hamburg

Alstom's SRS system

The system developed by Alstom called SRS (Système de recharge statique par le sol) is a further development of the APS (= Alimentation Par Sol ) system with a power rail on trams. Here, too, the contacts are embedded in the floor, they are only energized when a bus with the appropriate technology is above them and there is therefore no risk of people being endangered. The contact arm is lowered by the bus onto the ground contact.

UFC system from Škoda

UFC stands for Ultra Fast Charger. Fast charging takes five to eight minutes.

Application examples

German-speaking countries

Aachen

In Aachen, an ASEAG battery articulated bus has been in test operation on lines 43 and 73 since 2015. As part of the EU project Civitas (“Cleaner and better transport in cities”), this was created from a Mercedes-Benz Citaro hybrid bus.

Berlin

A Solaris Urbino 12 electric on the BVG bus line 204 in Berlin-Schöneberg

Since August 31, 2015 , line 204, which runs between the Südkreuz and Zoologischer Garten stations, has been in operation with four battery buses. The Solaris Urbino 12 electric buses are charged by induction at the terminus. The buses used on the route have a consumption of 1.3–1.9 kWh / km, the battery capacity is 90 kWh. The maximum speed of the buses is 65 km / h. The project is being carried out in cooperation with the Technical University of Berlin , Bombardier Transportation , Solaris Deutschland and Vossloh Kiepe and is supported by the state as part of the Electromobility Showcase . At the beginning of May 2017, a bus from the Finnish company Linkker was also used on a trial basis .

From March 2019, 15 Mercedes-Benz eCitaro vehicles with an electric air conditioning system were delivered and put into operation in Berlin . At the same time, 15 Solaris buses with depot charging were added. In 2020, 90 Solaris New Urbino 12 Electric with depot charging will be added.

Line 200 is to be converted at the end of August 2020 with 17 articulated buses from Solaris using a pantograph and loading mast, which will be reloaded at the terminal stops during the break. This means that 142 electric buses will be in use in Berlin at the end of 2020.

In 2019, a feasibility study for e-buses with recharging while driving (line loading) was commissioned. These are to be used in Berlin-Spandau from 2022, get up to 50% of the electricity directly from the 2-wire contact line and charge the batteries at the same time. These can be made smaller and save weight. The distance loader is expected to have a useful life of over 18 years. The overhead line costs are estimated at one million euros per kilometer. All buses are to be converted to electric drive by 2030, although there are still no suitable providers for double-deckers.

Braunschweig

In Braunschweig , an electric bus has been in service on the 419 ring line since March 27, 2014. Additional electric buses were ordered from Solaris in May 2013: four 18-meter articulated buses. The buses are equipped with Bombardier's PRIMOVE technology for inductive (contactless) energy absorption. The drive system has a driving performance of 160 kW for the 12-meter bus and 240 kW for the 18-meter bus. The scheduled use of the articulated buses began on December 22, 2014. The 12 m electric bus has a battery with a capacity of 60 kilowatt hours (kWh). The articulated buses have batteries with a capacity of 90 kWh. The buses start the day with a fully charged battery. After a round trip, each bus has a waiting time of 11 minutes at the terminus at the main train station. During this time, rapid charging takes place. The articulated buses are also recharged en route at two stops during the normal stopping time. As a special feature of the "EmiL" (electromobility by means of inductive charging) joint project, the vehicle has inductive, contactless charging. Both vehicles and the charging stations were built with the participation of Bombardier . Bombardier has discontinued the technology, so that no more buses will be equipped, the existing buses will still be in use in 2019.

Charging station for the former e-bus in Mannheim

Mannheim

Since October 25, 2018, a BYD bus has been running for Flixbus between Frankfurt Airport and Mannheim. This was the first time that a long-distance bus line was operated fully electrically in Germany. Due to frequent technical defects, the project was terminated in December 2019.

Frankfurt am Main

Since December 2018, 5 electric buses from Solaris have been operating on the Frankfurt ring line 75. 11 more electric buses have been ordered for the end of 2020.

Fulda

In Fulda , the first electric bus went into scheduled operation in October 2018.

A Volvo 7900 electric of the HVV bus route 109 at the ZOB Hamburg (2015)

Hamburg

In Hamburg , an electric bus has been in operation on line 48 of the VHH since October 2014 . The manufacturer of the electric bus was the Italian company Rampini . Another Rampini electric bus followed in 2016. From 2017, two electric articulated buses from the Belgian manufacturer Van Hool will be used on Metrobus line 3.

According to a specification by the Hamburg Senate, the two Hamburg transport companies VHH and Hamburger Hochbahn AG will only order emission-free buses from 2020, so that ultimately - from around 2033 - the entire bus fleet of around 1500 vehicles can be operated emission-free. Since November 2018, the first Mercedes-Benz eCitaro have been delivered in Hamburg with an electric air conditioning system and Solaris Urbino electric buses are being purchased in parallel .

Hanover

Since 2016, three electric buses have been running in a pilot test in Hanover on ring lines 100 and 200. The manufacturer of the Urbino models is the Polish manufacturer Solaris. The buses at August-Holweg-Platz are charged by conductive charging on the way using a pantograph.

After the conclusion was drawn in 2018 that the pilot test was successful, the Hanover local transport company Üstra announced an electric bus offensive. All bus routes within the environmental zone are to be completely converted to electric buses by 2023. These are lines 100, 120, 121, 128, 134 and 200. 48 buses are being purchased (articulated and standard buses), 8 new charging points are being installed and a basic charging station is being built in each of the depots in Mittelfeld and Vahrenwald.

kassel

In Kassel , the KVG tested an electric bus in scheduled operation in 2012 and from 2013 to 2015. When ordering a large number of new buses in 2017, however, the decision was made for buses with a combustion engine, as the battery capacity in the mountainous Kassel had reached its limits and there is currently no series-ready model that can be used in Kassel. In a new call for tenders in 2019, 12 electric buses were purchased for the first time and are scheduled to start operating in 2022.

Lübeck

In July 2019, Stadtverkehr Lübeck temporarily parked its only two electric buses from the Sileo company after two years of use after a bus of the same model burned down in Bavaria.

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

An EBN 8 electric bus from the Czech manufacturer SOR has been operating in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania since autumn 2012 as part of the inmod project . The eight-meter-long vehicle has 22 seats, standing room for 35 and a range of 160 to 170 kilometers per day, increasing to 220 to 260 kilometers could be extended. The electric bus is recharged twice a day for one hour with a quick charger. Are used LiFePO batteries , the maximum speed is 80 km / h.

Munich

The Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft and Stadtwerke München have been testing hybrid buses in direct comparison since 2008. Since 2013, six different electric buses have also been tested in the Munich bus network for a few weeks each; in February 2015, for example, test drives with vehicles from Ebusco, which are supposed to achieve a range of 300 km with the help of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries , were carried out on line 100 carried out.

In autumn 2015, it was decided to buy two electric buses for long-term testing. The supplier of the two vehicles will be the company Ebusco, which was able to prevail in a Europe-wide tender. The purchase price including the required chargers is a good one million euros. Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries with a capacity of around 300 kilowatt hours are used as energy storage on both buses. The batteries are charged overnight in the depot. According to the manufacturer, the range of the buses with full energy storage is around 300 kilometers. The buses will be used from mid-2016 - initially on line 100.

In October 2018, Stadtwerke München announced the procurement of up to 40 additional electric buses from Ebusco ; six should initially be ordered for 2019.

Nuremberg

The first electric bus has been in use in Nuremberg since February 2018. In the long term, VAG plans to convert the entire fleet to e-buses.

In November 2019, the VAG received a funding decision for the acquisition of 52 electric buses, which should take place by the end of 2022.

Osnabrück

The Stadtwerke Osnabrück have been testing electric buses on the new line 94 from Neumarkt via Marienhospital to the main station (briefly also to Rosenburg) since 2011. The BredaMenarinibus ZEUS M 200 E and PVI Oreos 4X models are in operation . Since the end of 2018, work has also been carried out on converting line 41 (Haste - Innenstadt - Düstrup) to battery buses. This has now been completed and has been running as the M1 line since March 2019. In December 2017, VDL Bus & Coach won the tender for the entire system of 13 electric articulated buses including charging stations with the Citea SLFA-181 Electric model. After a successful test phase of the VDL buses, the Osnabrück municipal utility ordered a further 49 articulated electric buses from the manufacturer on July 5, 2019. Some of these will be delivered in mid-2020 (22 buses) and some in 2021 (27 buses). The entire Metrobus network in Osnabrück will then be operated with articulated electric buses. The conversion of the entire city bus network to battery buses is also planned in the longer term.

Pinneberg district

Since the end of April 2014, the KViP roundabout company in Pinneberg mbH has been running a test run with an E-bus from the Euracom brand. However, the test run in the first 15 months was not very successful. In the first 15 months he was on the road for just seven days. The rest of the time it was broken.

Rendsburg

A Sileo battery bus has been operating in Rendsburg in Schleswig-Holstein since July 2015. The bus has a range of 200 kilometers and cost 450,000 euros, around twice as much as its diesel counterpart. The bus is not charged during operation and can only be operated for half a day. The electric power for the bus is generated by a photovoltaic system on the roof of the depot.

Regional traffic Ruhr-Lippe

The regional transport Ruhr-Lippe GmbH (RLG) is since May 2013 Medebach and Winterberg an electric minibus as Quartierbus one. The range of the vehicle is around 120 kilometers, the recharging process takes around three hours when fully discharged. In regular service, a 1.5 hour recharge during the lunch break is sufficient to cover the daily cycle.

SWEG

From April 14, 2018 to October 2018, SWEG operated an electric bus in Lahr . This was then used in Rastatt and in the Ettlingen area . It has proven itself in operation. However, the prerequisites for nationwide operation are not yet in place, mainly due to the limited range

Wiesbaden

Wiesbaden wants to buy a total of 221 electric buses, some hydrogen buses and trams and convert the entire fleet by 2024. 56 eCitaro electric buses have been ordered . The first 10 buses with lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt batteries have been in service since December 2019. 46 are to be delivered by the end of 2020 with solid lithium-metal-polymer technology batteries. These have a greater range. Another 64 electric buses are planned for 2021. Articulated buses are not expected to be available until after 2021.

Vienna

The Wiener Linien since the end of 2012 run on the city bus lines 2A and 3A electric buses. They are charged at the terminals for 15 minutes via a single-arm pantograph that is attached to short sections of catenary. These are fed by the tram contact line. The cars have a range of around 150 kilometers.

Graz

Charging station at the Zentralfriedhof stop

In Graz , lines 34E ( Jakominiplatz - Theyergasse) (initially without passengers) and 50 ( Hauptbahnhof S - Zentralfriedhof ) have been operating electrically since December 6, 2016. Systems from the Bulgarian manufacturer Chariot Motors (12-meter solo bus used on line 50) and the Chinese manufacturer CRRC (18-meter articulated bus used on line 34E) are used for this. The charging time is only 10 to 20 seconds and charging takes place at the stops. The first bus was presented in Hanover on September 28, 2016. The Graz Lines wish to migrate their entire fleet from 2018 gradually to electric drive. Due to safety-related deficiencies, the use of passenger services on line 34E will be delayed indefinitely.

Gmünd / Ceske Velenice (Austria / Czech Republic)

A replica of the first Gmünd trolleybus shuttles between Gmünd and České Velenice , which is powered by batteries.

Vorarlberg

In Vorarlberg, the Postbus company is testing an e-bus in regular service.

Geneva

A project called TOSA (Trolleybus Optimization Système Alimentation) has been in progress in Geneva since the beginning of 2013 . An articulated battery bus has been running between the airport and Palexpo since May 2013 . This bus can be charged at a bus stop within 15 seconds. The charging process takes three to four minutes at the final stop. The project cost five million francs .

Schaffhausen

In Schaffhausen you want to get away from diesel and intends in the next few years the entire fleet of Schaffhausen public transport to switch to electric mode. A test operation with a battery bus from Irizar is scheduled to start in 2019. Ultimately, a referendum should decide on the changeover.

foreign countries

France

Marseille

In Marseille, six IRIZAR i2e electric buses with a transport capacity of 77 people have been in service on route 82 since June 2016. Line 82 is thus served by electric buses alone.

Mulhouse

Since June 19, 2015, two electric minibuses of the Bluebus brand from the manufacturer Gruau Microbus have been on the road in the French city of Mulhouse . The buses can each transport 22 people. Buses of this type also run in other French cities as well as in Cameroon .

Netherlands

BYD electric bus on the island of Schiermonnikoog (2014)

The Amsterdam Schiphol Airport is the first airport to fully handles the passenger transport on the apron with electric buses worldwide. Since July 2015, 35 electric solo buses from BYD Auto have replaced the diesel buses previously used.

The first line service in Europe operated exclusively with battery buses was set up in the Netherlands: since the beginning of 2013, six BYD buses have been operating on the otherwise largely car-free island of Schiermonnikoog .

Since December 2016, 43 new electric articulated buses from VDL (Citea SLFA-181 Electric) have been used in the city traffic of Eindhoven under the brand name "Bravo" by the Connexxion subsidiary Hermes . All diesel buses are to be replaced by electric buses by 2024.

Sweden

Gothenburg

Since June 15, 2015, bus route 55 has been the first line in the Swedish city of Gothenburg to be operated entirely by electric buses. Three fully electric buses and seven electric hybrid buses operate there. These are vehicles from the Volvo Bus Corporation .

Slovakia

Bratislava
SOR NS 12 Electric No. 3005 of Dopravný podnik Bratislava on line 52

In the Slovakian capital Bratislava , different bus types from the Czech manufacturer SOR have been used since 2018 . Two SOR ENB 8 midibuses (€ 488,000 per vehicle) are used on routes 27, 144 and 151. The battery capacity of the eight-meter-long vehicles is 172 kWh.

The 16 twelve-meter standard buses of the type SOR NS 12 Electric (€ 589,000 per vehicle) with a battery capacity of 242 kWh are used on routes 29, 43, 52, 53, 56, 65, 80 and 94.

United Kingdom

BYD electric bus in London (2013)
A double decker BYD electric bus in London (2016)
London

BYD battery buses have been operating in London since the end of 2013 . The first of the well-known double-decker buses have also been running electrically with the help of BYD since October 2015 . The range of these buses is 250 km. London has a low emission zone in the center. Vehicles with emissions have to pay a high toll. This also applies to buses with diesel engines. This toll does not apply to battery buses.

On September 9, 2016, Europe's largest fleet of electric buses went into operation at the time: 51 ADL Enviro 200EV electric buses with BYD technology have been running on routes 507 and 521 since then. The two forerunner buses were on the same lines in a three-year test phase in action. They regularly completed 16-hour cycles without recharging the batteries.

Cameroon

At the University of Yaoundé I , three Bluebus from the French manufacturer Gruau Microbus, which belongs to Blue Solutions, are used. The buses are charged with solar energy at night, which is stored in lithium polymer batteries manufactured by Blue Solutions during the day .

South Korea

In the South Korean city of Gumi , a section of road for inductive charging while driving was realized for the first time. The technology is being tested with two electric buses and is to be expanded.

United States

Battery-electric school buses have been in use in California since the end of October 2013 because of their significantly lower operating costs .

The Californian transport company Antelope Valley Transit Authority (AVTA) has contractually agreed to convert the entire bus fleet to 85 BYD battery buses by 2021, 27 of which are to go into operation by the beginning of 2017. A wide variety of bus types are shipped, all of which have a range of at least 160 miles per charge, e.g. B. a 40-foot low-floor transit bus, a 60-foot low-floor articulated bus and a 45-foot commuter bus. The reasons for switching to battery buses are the reduction of air pollutants, the creation of jobs, the removal of dependence on oil and thus more stable budget planning. In addition, 46,000 US dollars (41,300 euros) per year per bus are to be saved through the switch, which results in an amount of 45 million USD over the course of the service life of the entire fleet.

China is a special case

  • In Shanghai, trolleybus lines have been gradually converted to battery buses since 2009.
  • During Expo 2010 , 120 battery buses from Volvo and 100 smaller NAC special electric vehicles from the Nanjing Automobile Group with 4–11 seats were used for traffic on the Expo site . The charging process at the main charging point took eight hours for the buses, with a range of 100 kilometers. It was also possible to exchange the batteries. Brief charging of up to 5 minutes was possible at the stops in Expo-Avenue.
  • The currently largest fleet of battery buses is in operation in the Chinese metropolis of 12 million, Shenzhen . All 16,000 electric buses have been running there since December 2017. The megacity of Dalian used e-buses at an early stage . 600 BYD ebus buses are used there; the purchase of a further 600 vehicles was planned for 2015. In many other cities in China, buses with conventional internal combustion engines are increasingly being replaced by battery buses. Since 2013, buses of this type have also been used in regular service in the Netherlands; In Germany, test drives took place in Bremen and Bonn . An articulated bus that has been presented since October 2014 is described in the press as the world's largest battery-powered vehicle, but this has not been proven. For 2015 BYD Auto is preparing the market launch of the first battery double-decker bus .
  • Battery buses , which Wanxiang Electric Vehicle (own abbreviation: WXEV) has been manufacturing since 2006, operate in major cities such as Shanghai , Hangzhou , Guangzhou , Zhengzhou and Nanchang .
  • In 2015, more than 100,000 e-buses were already in use in the People's Republic of China, which corresponds to a share of over 20% of the bus fleet. Complete electrification of the entire bus fleet is conceivable.
  • In 2016, 115,000 electric buses were newly registered in China.

Coach

From October 2018 to December 2019, Flixbus used the BYD C9 touring coach with 40 seats on the route between Frankfurt and Mannheim via Frankfurt Airport and Heidelberg in regular service, where it runs four times a day. The distance is 115 km, whereby the bus has a range of 320 km. The bus was charged with 2 × 40 kW with green electricity twice a day and during the night.

In April 2018, Flixbus launched two ICe 12 battery buses from the Chinese manufacturer Yutong in France on the Paris – Amiens route.

See also

Web links

Commons : Battery-powered buses  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Shanghai - Further reduction of the trolleybus network - uncertain future . ( Memento of December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Trolley: Motion, May 27, 2013; Retrieved October 8, 2013
  2. ↑ Next stop: Ultracapacitor Buses . MIT Technology Review; Retrieved November 18, 2013
  3. ↑ a b Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems practical test with a vehicle between November 3, 2014 and January 30, 2015
  4. ↑ New electric bus covers almost 600 kilometers per battery charge . engadget.com; Retrieved December 5, 2016
  5. ↑ Winter makes electric buses a sham. December 22, 2017, archived from the original on December 22, 2017 ; accessed on November 12, 2019 (air conditioning in winter).
  6. ^ Ward's electric omnibus . In: Polytechnisches Journal , Volume 272, 1889, pp. 334-335, dingler.culture.hu-berlin.de; accessed on May 2, 2019
  7. ^ Hans Aschenbrenner: May 25, 1898: Test drive of the first electric bus . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 5, 1998, ISSN  0944-5560 , p. 88-90 ( luise-berlin.de ).
  8. ↑ The Berliner Omnibus on omnibusarchiv.de
  9. ^ Mattis Schindler, Ludger Kenning (ed.): Trolleybuses in Germany. Volume 1: Berlin - Brandenburg - Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Schleswig-Holstein - Hamburg - Bremen - Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt - Thuringia - Saxony, former German eastern territories . Kenning, Nordhorn 2009, ISBN 978-3-933613-34-9
  10. ↑ Electromobility in 1899 . Der Tagesspiegel , August 19, 2014
  11. ↑ Alternative drives in buses from Daimler AG - Part I , documentation on omnibusarchiv.de
  12. ^ Ivana Andonovska: The first police car was bought in Akron, Ohio in 1899; its first assignment was to pick up a drunk man . thevintagenews.com, May 19, 2017; accessed on January 25, 2019
  13. ^ Helmut Portele: Collection "Wiener Tramwaymuseum". Vehicle preservation, documentation and operating museum. History of the “Wiener Tramwaymuseum” collection and its exhibits . 3. Edition. Self-published by the collection “Wiener Tramwaymuseum”, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-200-01562-3 , p. 925
  14. ↑ Holger Werner: Wegmann accumulator omnibus . In: Yearbook Omnibus 2017 , Podszun-Motorbücher Verlag, Brilon 2016, ISBN 978-3-86133-815-4 , pp. 37–42
  15. ↑ The DUO bus prototype (battery / network) on www.obus-es.de
  16. ↑ The history of electromobility on rwe.com
  17. ^ The battery bus , article in the weekly newspaper DIE ZEIT , published on May 1, 1970
  18. ^ The Rheinbahn electric bus SL-E on rheinbahn.de
  19. ↑ Rheinbahn's SL-E electric bus on linied.net
  20. ^ The first electric buses for Düsseldorf , derwesten.de , February 19, 2013
  21. ↑ Zermatt electric bus company at gemeinde.zermatt.ch
  22. ↑ The introduction of the blue nitrogen oxide sticker. Umwelt.Plakette dated August 9, 2016, accessed on October 22, 2016.
  23. ↑ Inductive charging concepts from Conductix Wampfler. In: heise.de. June 7, 2012.
  24. ↑ jüp: Inductive charging system for e-buses: power without cables. In: Spiegel Online. June 9, 2012, accessed December 6, 2015 .
  25. ↑ Christoph M. Schwarzer: Goodbye charging cables! In: Zeit Online. September 14, 2014, accessed December 6, 2015 .
  26. ↑ All of China's buses might be electric by 2025. In: zmscience.com. January 19, 2016, accessed October 30, 2016.
  27. ↑ Electric car market: China is already driving up. In: Spiegel online . January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  28. ↑ China remains the driving force in the electric car market. ( Memento from January 25, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: derneuemannde.com. January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  29. ↑ China vies to be world's leader in electric cars. In: The New York Times . April 2, 2009, accessed May 6, 2012.
  30. ↑ Achim Kampker : Electric vehicle production . Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-42021-4 .
  31. ↑ 14,000 BYD e-buses for Shenzhen! emobilitaetblog.de from November 26, 2017
  32. ↑ Mannheim e-bus in facts. Retrieved August 22, 2015 .
  33. ↑ Media Service Siemens Mobility (PDF) November 6, 2014; accessed on August 21, 2015
  34. ↑ Alstom homepage (French) accessed on August 21, 2015
  35. ↑ Homepage Skoda (Czech) accessed on August 21, 2015
  36. ↑ From hybrid to electric bus. ASEAG, May 11, 2015, accessed March 20, 2017 .
  37. ↑ Primove in the capital: Berlin has an e-bus line again. Retrieved September 1, 2015 .
  38. ↑ The BVG presents its new electric buses , July 1st, 2015
  39. ↑ Video: Electric bus line in Berlin starts the test phase , July 8, 2015
  40. ↑ a b bvg.de (PDF)
  41. ^ Project E-Bus Berlin. www.bvg.de, accessed on May 8, 2016 .
  42. ^ Berlin debut of Elektrobus: An exotic from Finland . In: Berliner Zeitung , May 3, 2017
  43. ↑ eCitaro for BVG - Berlin is switching. March 27, 2019, archived from the original on February 28, 2019 ; accessed on November 12, 2019 (delivery and technical details).
  44. ↑ Annex 7 of the Berlin Local Transport Plan 2019-2023 - Migration of bus traffic to alternative drives or non-fossil drive energies Senate Department for Environment, Transport and Climate Protection
  45. ↑ Press release of Braunschweiger Verkehrs-GmbH ( memento of July 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) accessed on July 22, 2015
  46. ↑ Battery- powered to the next stop . Zeit Online , December 16, 2014; Retrieved July 22, 2015
  47. ↑ Electric buses with inductive charging technology - the step into a new age . ( Memento from August 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Braunschweiger Verkehrs AG; Retrieved October 8, 2013
  48. ↑ EmiL - Electromobility by means of inductive charging . Video animation, YouTube; Retrieved October 8, 2013
  49. ^ Bombardier: Primove station in Braunschweig in operation . eurailpress.de, September 11, 2013; Retrieved October 8, 2013
  50. ↑ Emil electric bus gets a new charging station . Braunschweiger Zeitung, May 17, 2018; accessed January 18, 2020
  51. ↑ Spiegel.de: Flixbus sends first electric long- distance bus onto German roads. accessed October 28, 2018
  52. ↑ https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Flixbus-stell-Elektroverbindungen-Mannheim-Frankfurt-ein-4602926.html
  53. ↑ Pilot project failed: Because it failed too often: Flixbus is taking its electric bus out of service Report of the news portal Focus Online of December 4, 2019, accessed on February 1, 2020
  54. ↑ Frankfurt: Eleven electric buses for downtown Frankfurter Rundschau from November 25, 2019
  55. ↑ a b U-committee for the award practice BEFRA ... In: rtl.de . ( rtl.de [accessed October 8, 2018]).
  56. ↑ Electromobility: The mountain goat is now buzzing. Retrieved September 27, 2015 .
  57. ↑ Electric bus: The "E-Bergziege" is now running for the first time in Hamburg. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; accessed on September 27, 2015 .
  58. ^ Articulated e-bus ( Memento from April 16, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), information on VHH homepage, accessed on April 15, 2017
  59. ^ Hamburg - New buses for Metrobus line 3 , on hannover-busse.de, accessed August 25, 2015
  60. ↑ Electric city bus for Hamburg First Mercedes eCitaro in use. November 19, 2018, archived from the original on November 12, 2019 ; accessed on November 12, 2019 (delivery and technical details).
  61. ↑ Electric buses. March 25, 2019, accessed March 27, 2019 .
  62. ↑ Electric bus offensive. January 28, 2019, accessed March 27, 2019 .
  63. ↑ KVG draws a positive conclusion: "The electric bus has proven itself" . In: https://www.hna.de/ . September 8, 2012 ( hna.de [accessed October 8, 2018]).
  64. ↑ E-bus runs in the KVG network for two years. KVG Kassel, June 6, 2013, accessed on October 8, 2018 .
  65. ↑ 23 new buses for KVG passengers. KVG Kassel, March 21, 2017, accessed on October 8, 2018 .
  66. ↑ KVG purchases twelve electric buses for regular services. April 16, 2019, accessed August 6, 2019 .
  67. ↑ City traffic will initially take the two electric buses out of service. Retrieved August 6, 2019 .
  68. ↑ The SOR electric bus ( Memento from February 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) on www.inmod.de
  69. ↑ SWM and MVG are testing a new electric bus. In: Omnibusrevue . Retrieved September 27, 2015 .
  70. ↑ MVG: Two Ebusco electric buses in use in the future. In: Omnibusrevue . October 21, 2015, accessed October 22, 2015 .
  71. ↑ Ebusco will deliver the first e-buses to Munich in 2019 - electrive.com . In: electrive.net . October 8, 2018 ( electrive.net [accessed October 8, 2018]).
  72. ↑ From Monday the first e-bus will roll through Nuremberg. Retrieved August 6, 2019 .
  73. ↑ Nuremberg receives funding notification for 52 e-buses. November 18, 2019, accessed on November 18, 2019 (German).
  74. ↑ Start of construction for the E-Bus end turn in Haste. Stadtwerke Osnabrück, accessed on January 22, 2019 .
  75. ↑ The electric future in Osnabrück will begin with this bus in autumn , HASEPOST.de, accessed on January 15, 2018
  76. ↑ Sebastian Stricker: Major contract from Stadtwerke: "Never again diesel": Metrobus lines in Osnabrück will soon all be electric. Retrieved July 5, 2019 .
  77. ↑ New battery-operated e-bus runs in Pinneberg , May 12, 2014
  78. ↑ shz.de , November 6, 2015
  79. ↑ Environmentally friendly, quiet, but not yet fully developed , July 7, 2015
  80. ↑ WinBus and MedeBus ( Memento from March 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) on www.rlg-online.de
  81. ↑ SWEG draws a positive interim conclusion on the electric bus. In: sweg.de. October 15, 2018, accessed August 6, 2019 .
  82. ^ Matthias Laux: First battery buses on Wiesbaden's streets. Wiesbadener Kurier, November 18, 2019
  83. ↑ Electric buses from 2013 in the city. at wien.orf.at, accessed on September 10, 2012
  84. ^ Graz: Electric bus test phase from the end of September on ORF Styria
  85. ↑ Graz starts pilot project with e-buses from China at the Standard
  86. ↑ “What's going on? E-buses are not allowed on the streets of Graz ” on kleinezeitung.at
  87. ↑ Austria's first trolleybus is being recreated on ORF Lower Austria
  88. ^ Dossier de press. ( Memento from August 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: TOSA. April 19, 2013 (PDF; 543 kB).
  89. ↑ Tram on tires - a futuristic vehicle for Schaffhausen. In: srf.ch . May 3, 2019, accessed May 4, 2019 .
  90. ↑ Six IRIZAR i2e Electric Buses for Marseille. In: busworld.org. June 25, 2016, accessed October 16, 2016.
  91. ^ Deux Bluebus débarquent à Mulhouse. In: Avem.fr. Retrieved July 17, 2015 (French).
  92. ↑ Fleet of 35 BYD ebuses to serve Amsterdam Schiphol Airport ( Memento from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), on Busandcoach.com from July 1, 2015, accessed on September 25, 2015
  93. ↑ BYD Wins European Electric Bus Orders for Netherlands Schiermonnikoog , Business Wire dated June 6, 2012, accessed September 7, 2013
  94. ↑ Brabant has the largest electric busvloot in Europe . In: Transmobiel , 33rd volume, issue No. 179 from February 6, 2017, ISSN  1382-9033
  95. ↑ Opening of the electric bus route 55 in Gothenburg , bus driver magazine from June 19, 2015, accessed on July 20, 2015
  96. ↑ SOR EBN 8 , imhd.sk , accessed on June 17, 2019 (Slovak)
  97. ↑ SOR NS 12 Electric , imhd.sk , accessed on June 17, 2019 (Slovak)
  98. ↑ Chinese electric buses enter service in London ( Memento from January 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), TransportNews letter from December 18, 2013, accessed on January 26, 2014
  99. ↑ London buys electric buses from China , July 10, 2015
  100. ↑ London's double-deckers will soon be electric , July 10, 2015
  101. ↑ London: Start for 51 BYD electric buses ; Bus driver magazine from September 16, 2016, accessed on October 16, 2016
  102. ↑ Cameroon: Bolloré group launches third electric bus at Université de Yaoundé I . Business in Cameroon, July 7, 2015
  103. ↑ South Korea electrifies streets , Bild.de, August 8, 2013, accessed on October 21, 2013
  104. ^ Electric School Bus Idea Set To Debut In California. In: EarthTechling. November 4, 2013, accessed November 16, 2013.
  105. ↑ BYD: Major order for electric buses from California. it-times.de, February 12, 2016; accessed on March 8, 2016.
  106. ↑ California: The first 100% electric bus fleet is coming soon. oekonews.at, February 17, 2016; accessed on March 8, 2016.
  107. ↑ Shanghai [CN] - No investments in the network ( memento from February 19, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), message on www.trolleymotion.ch from November 12, 2012
  108. ^ Electric Expo buses start trial runs . ( Memento from May 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: Shanghai Daily. April 15, 2010
  109. ↑ Electromobility for Bonn: Positive test results with Chinese electric bus , newstixs, June 30, 2013, accessed July 16, 2013
  110. ↑ Come Ride The World's Largest Battery Electric Vehicle In Long Beach ( Memento from November 25, 2014 in the web archive archive.today ), Kusi-TV ( San Diego ) from November 20, 2014, accessed on November 22, 2014
  111. ↑ BYD website of the manufacturer, accessed on November 23, 2014
  112. ^ Wanxiang Electric Vehicles. (PDF) Company and product presentation (English), 2011 (PDF; 4.4 MB); Retrieved January 3, 2016
  113. ↑ All of China's buses might be electric by 2025 zmscience, January 19, 2016, accessed October 30, 2016
  114. ↑ Electric car market: China is driving ahead of spiegel-online on January 25, 2017, accessed on January 25, 2017
  115. ↑ China remains the driver of the electric car market ( Memento from January 25, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) derneuemannde.com from January 25, 2017, accessed on January 25, 2017
  116. ↑ Flixbus uses e-long-distance bus in Germany for the first time electrive.net, October 24, 2018
  117. ↑ Flixbus starts e-bus line in Paris and plans for Germany electrive.net, April 10, 2018