Duszniki-Zdrój

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Duszniki-Zdrój
Duszniki-Zdrój coat of arms
Duszniki-Zdrój (Poland)
Duszniki-Zdrój
Duszniki-Zdrój
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : Kłodzko
Area : 22.28  km²
Geographic location : 50 ° 24 '  N , 16 ° 23'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 24 '15 "  N , 16 ° 23' 23"  E
Height : 583 m npm
Residents : 4584
(June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 57-340
Telephone code : (+48) 74
License plate : DKL
Economy and Transport
Street : E 67 Kłodzko - Hradec Králové
Rail route : Kłodzko – Kudowa Zdrój
Next international airport : Wroclaw
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Surface: 22.28 km²
Residents: 4584
(June 30, 2019)
Population density : 206 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 0208011
Administration (as of 2015)
Mayor : Piotr Lewandowski
Address: Rynek 6
57-340 Duszniki-Zdrój
Website : www.duszniki.pl



Duszniki-Zdrój [ duʃˈɲiki ˈzdruɪ̯ ] (German: Bad Reinerz , Czech Dušniky ) is a town in the powiat Kłodzki in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.

The city is one of the oldest health resorts in Lower Silesia . Due to the healing effects of the natural carbonic acid baths, the health resort developed into one of the most important heart health baths in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. The municipality also includes the winter sports resort Zieliec ( Grunwald ).

Geographical location

The city is located in Lower Silesia on the Reinerzer Weistritz between the Heuscheuergebirge , Habelschwerdter Gebirge and the Adlergebirge . 25 km east the county seat is located Kłodzko ( Glatz ) and about 110 kilometers northeast the voivodship Wroclaw . Europastraße 67 runs on the northern outskirts of the city . Duszniki-Zdrój is located on the Kłodzko – Kudowa Zdrój railway line .

Neighboring towns are Dolina ( Hermsdorf ) and Złotno ( Goldbach ) in the north, Szczytna ( Rückers ) and Bystra ( Hartau ) in the east, Bobrowniki ( Biebersdorf ) in the southeast, Zieliec ( Grunwald ) and Graniczna ( border village ) in the south, Jawornica ( Jauernig ) and Lewin Kłodzki ( Hummelstadt ) in the west and Słoszów ( Rome ) in the northwest.

History of the city

View over Duszniki-Zdrój
Parish Church of St. Peter and Paul
Town houses on the ring with the town hall

"Reinharcz" was first mentioned in 1324 and was the main place of the Bohemian rule Hummel in the old Bohemian Königgrätzer Kreis . For the year 1327 it is recorded in the spelling “Reynharts”, and in 1366 it was referred to as “oppidum Reinhardi”. The spelling "Dussnik" is first recorded for the year 1375. Furthermore, for the year 1399 "Dussnik alias in Rynarcz" and for the year 1403 "Reinharcz alias Dusnik", in Czech Dušniky .

The parish church of St. Peter and Paul, which was under the Deanery of Glatzer , is documented for the year 1350. Reinerz, Schloss Hummel , Hermsdorf , Hartau , Roms , Kohlau ( Kulhava in Czech ), Keulendorf , Utschendorf and Tschischney belonged to their parish .

In 1408, Dietrich von Janowitz († 1412), the then owner of the Hummel estate, who also owned the neighboring Nachod estate , granted the town of Reinerz various privileges. Reinerz was harassed and destroyed several times during the Hussite Wars . In 1477 the town of Reinerz and the rule of Hummel were founded by Georg von Podiebrad's son, Duke Heinrich the Elder. Ä. von Münsterberg , who was also Count von Glatz , incorporated into the County of Glatz . From this time on, Reinerz's political and ecclesiastical affiliation is largely identical to the history of the County of Glatz. Together with the rule Hummel Reinerz came in 1541 to the then pledgee of the County of Glatz, Johann von Pernstein . Shortly before his death in 1548, he confirmed the previous privileges to the town of Reinerz and donated a malt house, a board mill, a salt house and two small ponds.

When the rule of Hummel was dissolved at the end of the 16th century through the sale of the individual villages, Reinerz, which was subordinate to the Glatzer Rentamt as a camera town , acquired the Gellenauer Vorwerk in 1595 . The Thirty Years War , which suffered much looting , brought economic impoverishment. In 1648 Reinerz became a royal town, and in 1684 the state estate followed . To finance the Great Turkish War , the Bohemian Chamber sold the chamber villages of Hermsdorf and Rome to the city of Reinerz.

After the First Silesian War in 1742 and finally after the Peace of Hubertusburg in 1763, Reinerz fell to Prussia together with the County of Glatz .

In 1844 a fire destroyed large parts of the city. After the reorganization of Prussia, Reinerz belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and was incorporated into the district of Glatz in the administrative district of Breslau from 1816 to 1945 . The Glatz-Rückers railway line reached Reinerz in 1902 and was extended to Kudowa in 1905 . In 1928 the municipality of Reinerz was renamed Bad Reinerz .

As a result of the Second World War , Bad Reinerz, like almost all of Silesia, was placed under Polish administration and renamed Duszniki – Zdrój . The German population was largely expelled from Bad Reinerz in 1945/46 . Some of the newly settled residents came from eastern Poland , which had fallen to the Soviet Union .

Population development

year Residents Remarks
1890 3.133 including 218 Evangelicals and six Jews
1933 4,765
1939 4,705

Economic development

Due to its location on the important military and trade route Prague-Náchod-Glatz-Breslau, Reinerz experienced several periods of economic boom and prosperity. In addition to the spa and tourism industries, other branches of the economy gained in importance.

Iron ore mining

The iron ore deposits of Reinerz and the surrounding area have been known since the beginning of the 15th century. Mining ceased at the end of the 17th century because of the emigration of Protestant miners in the religious turmoil after the Thirty Years' War. By founding an iron smelter and a hammer mill in the Schmelzetal (also called Weistritztal or Grünwalder Tal ) in 1822 Nathan Mendelssohn tried to revive the mining industry with financial help from his brother Joseph Mendelssohn . The foundation stone for the smelting furnace was laid on August 18, 1823, and the ironworks started operating soon afterwards. However, the company did not have lasting success. Presumably because of the severe flood damage in 1827 and 1829, Nathan Mendelssohn gave up the business, which was located directly on the Weistritz, at the end of 1829. The ironworks passed to the Berlin mechanical engineer Franz Anton Egells and is said to have existed in the second half of the 19th century.

Paper production

The old paper mill was taken over by the paper maker Nikolaus Kretschmer from Saxony in 1562 and rebuilt in 1605 after a flood. It was famous for the production of mite-free hand-made paper , which was used, among other things, for the documents of the Holy Roman Empire . The founder Georg Kretschmer was ennobled by Emperor Rudolf II with the addition of Schenkendorf . In 1706 his descendants sold the mill to the Bohemian Heller family. It was owned by the Wiehr family since 1822. Production was stopped in 1937.

Weaving and cloth trade

The guild of the cloth manufactory was established before 1583 and is said to have maintained trade relations with Russia and China until the end of the 18th century. In 1751 106 master clothiers were registered in the guild. In 1895 Hermann Hanke founded a mechanical canvas weaving mill. In 1897 an embroidery school was opened.

Glass industry

The area around Reinerz has been a preferred location for glassworks and glass processing workshops since the earliest times, which gained further importance with the Friedrichsgrund and Waldstein operations of the Rohrbach brothers . In addition to the existing glass grinding shops , the Rückers company Kristallglas-Hüttenwerke opened a branch in Reinerz. It traded under the name "Reinerzer Kristallglaswerke FA Knittel".

Attractions

Marian column
Baroque paper mill
  • On the sloping ring are town houses from the Renaissance and Baroque periods . The town hall on the southwest side of the ring was rebuilt in 1804 after a fire.
  • The baroque Marian column with the hll. Florian and Sebastian were created in 1725 by the Schweidnitz sculptor Georg Leonhard Weber (1672–1739).
  • The parish church of St. Peter and Paul ( Kościół ŚŚ. Piotra i Pawła ) was built from 1708 to 1730 on the site of one mentioned in 1350. It has valuable equipment :
    • The architectural high altar was created by the carver Michael Kössler . The altarpiece Farewell of St. Petrus und Paulus comes from the famous Bohemian painter Peter Johann Brandl .
    • The Walfischkanzel was donated by Pastor Heinel and also created by Michael Kössler in 1735. It is a work of art with a theatrical effect: the preacher stands in the jaws of the fish. Under the mouth are angels and the four evangelists, above the mouth the prophet Ezekiel. Above it, the four church fathers can be seen and, surrounded by the halo, the suffering Christ, whose blood flows into a chalice.
    • The Renaissance baptismal font from 1560 was replaced in 1761 with an essay Baptism of Christ by Michael Klahr the Elder. J. decorated.
    • The Holy Helper's altar in the side chapel is said to be the most beautiful altar in the Glatzer country. Its creator is unknown.
  • In the baroque wooden structure of the paper mill , handmade paper was produced until 1937. The Museum of Papermaking ( Museum Papiernictwa ) has been located in the buildings since 1968 .
  • The Protestant church was built in 1846 by the Gustav-Adolf-Verein , which financed the purchase of the property, the construction of the church and the rectory, and provided aliment for the first pastor's indulgence. It was the oldest Gustav Adolf Church in Germany. Today it serves as a place of worship for the Old Catholics ( Kościół Matki Bożej Różańcowej ).
  • The Trinity Chapel ( Kaplica Trójcy Św. ) On the Chapel Hill ( Wzgórze Rozalli ) was built in 1688.

History of the bath

The spa district lies on the boundary of the former village of Vorder-Kohlau, about 1 km southwest of the town of Reinerz, with which it is connected by an avenue.

The first source was mentioned in 1408; for 1605 their use for healing purposes is documented. After the discovery of other sources, the construction of the spa began in the early 19th century, which became the property of the city in 1822. In 1866 the spa was used as a hospital for those wounded in the German war . The spa facilities, sanatoriums and pensions on the slopes of the Weistritz Valley were built in the second half of the 19th century during the tenure of Mayor Paul Dengler, who was also the spa director. Since the natural carbonic acid baths were very successful in treating coronary diseases, Reinerz was one of the most important cardiac health baths in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century.

The springs and their healing properties

The four arsenic-containing carbon dioxide steel fountains arise from mica slate of the Reinerzer valley. They are prescribed as bathing and drinking cures for heart, circulatory, vascular and metabolic diseases as well as nervous and gynecological problems. The thermally high-quality mineral moor and a whey spa were also used for healing purposes in earlier times.

Sights in the bathing district

Spa theater with Chopin's monument
Pump room in the spa gardens
  • The spa theater on the promenade was built at the beginning of the 19th century and restored from 1997 to 1999. In 1897 the Reinerzer city administration erected a Chopin monument made of blue sylnite in front of the theater.
  • The pump room with bath house from the first half of the 19th century was expanded at the beginning of the 20th century to include the stone foyer in the Venetian style.
  • The neo-Gothic Sacred Heart Chapel ( Kościół Najswiętszego Serca Pana Jezusa ) was built in 1904 according to plans by the Wroclaw diocesan master builder Joseph Ebers . The interior fittings were supplied by the Schlaney- born architect and church decorator Joseph Elsner from his Munich workshops.
  • The church in the Franciscan Monastery ( Kościół Św. Franciszka i Leonarda ) was built in 1925. It now serves as a parish church for the bathing district.

Famous visitors to the city and spa

  • On August 17, 1669, the Polish King John II Casimir stayed overnight in the former inn Zum Schwarzen Bären am Ring after he had laid down the crown while traveling to France .
  • In 1741 and 1778 the Prussian King Frederick the Great
  • 1790 Friedrich Wilhelm II. , King of Prussia
  • 1813 and 1815 Tsar Alexander of Russia
  • 1820 the Berlin doctor Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland
  • In 1823 the composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy visited his uncle Nathan Mendelssohn in the Schmelzetal and took part in a concert in the Kurtheater. The song Who has you, you beautiful forest is said to have been composed here.
  • In 1826, on the recommendation of his teacher Joseph Xaver Elsner , the Polish composer Frédéric Chopin attended a cure in Reinerz and gave his first public concert outside of Congress Poland at the age of sixteen in the old spa theater on August 26th . To commemorate this event, the International Chopin Piano Festival has been held annually in Duszniki-Zdrój since 1946. The Polish romantic poet Zygmunt Krasiński also stayed here for a cure.
  • 1835 Adelbert von Chamisso
  • 1861 the Silesian writer and actor Carl von Holtei . Since he visited Bad Reinerz regularly, the city made him an honorary citizen in 1867.

Surroundings

The hut "Pod Muflonem"
  • An extensive network of forest walks begins directly at the spa gardens .
  • The Baude Pod Muflonem (formerly Stille Liebe ) offers a beautiful view of the surrounding area.
  • A popular destination is the Schmelzetal with the former iron hammer mill.
  • The incorporated village of Zieliec ( Grunwald ) on the northeastern slopes of the Eagle Mountains is said to be the highest village in the Sudetes . Due to its snow-sure location, it is a well-known winter sports resort.
  • The Duszniki Arena is a biathlon and cross-country skiing arena also used for international events. The 2017 European Biathlon Championships and the 2001 and 2010 Summer Biathlon World Championships were held there. In addition, IBU Cup races have been held there since the 2014/2015 season .

Twin cities

Personalities

literature

  • Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland. Silesia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich et al. 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 272-273.
  • Paul Dengler: History of the Reinerz bath. Publishing house Pohl, Bad Reinerz 1903.
  • Peter Güttler: The Glatzer Land. A travel guide to the landscape, art and culture of the Kłodzko Mountains / Ziemia Kłodzka in Silesia. Aktion West-Ost eV, Düsseldorf 1995, ISBN 3-928508-03-2 , pp. 90-92.
  • Thomas Lackmann : The Mendelssohns' luck. Story of a German family. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-351-02600-5 , p. 116.
  • Paul Preis: Music and theater life in the city and district of Glatz. A review. Published by the city of Lüdenscheid. 2nd part: Glatz district. Grafschafter Bote, Lüdenscheid 1969.
  • Ilse Rabien: The Mendelssohns in Bad Reinerz. In: Mendelssohn Studies. Volume 7. Wehrhahn, Hanover 1990, ISBN 3-428-06975-7 , pp. 154-170.
  • Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 12-13.

Web links

Commons : Duszniki-Zdrój  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ Website of the city (BIP), Burmistrz Miasta , accessed on February 7, 2015
  3. ↑ Marek Šebela, Jiři Fišer: České Názvy hraničních Vrchů, Sídel a vodních toků v Kladsku . In: Kladský sborník 5, 2003, p. 377
  4. ↑ Jaroslav Šůla: Jména obyvatel Homolského panství v XVI. a XVII. století jako doklad etnicity obyvatel regionu . In: Český koutek v Kladsku; Kladský sborník 5. Supplementum, Hradec Králové 2008, ISBN 978-80-903509-8-4 , pp. 154f., 162f. and 166.
  5. ^ Foundation of Johann von Pernstein
  6. ↑ Jaroslav Šůla: Jména obyvatel Homolského panství v XVI. a XVII. století jako doklad etnicity obyvatel regionu . In: Český koutek v Kladsku; Kladský sborník 5. Supplementum, Hradec Králové 2008, ISBN 978-80-903509-8-4 , p. 209.
  7. ↑ Renaming to Bad Reinerz and compilation of the municipalities or parts of the municipality incorporated from 1913–1936.
  8. ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. glatz.html # ew39gltzreinbad. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  9. ↑ Václav Šplíchal, Jaroslav Sula: Bedřichovsko-kaiserwaldský sklářský okruh . In: Kladský Sborník 5-2003, p. 138
  10. ^ Address register of the County of Glatz. Marx-Verlag, Leimen / Heidelberg 1982, p. 20