Chronicle of the Fukushima nuclear disaster

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The chronicle of the nuclear disaster in Fukushima describes the course of events at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (Fukushima I) from March 11, 2011 and their consequences over time.

All times are given in Japanese local time, corresponding to Central European Time (CET) plus eight hours or plus seven hours during Central European Summer Time from March 27 at 3:00 a.m. to October 30 at 3:00 a.m. There is no summer time in Japan .

Quick start:  March  -  April  -  May  -  June  -  July  -  August  -  September  -  October  -  November  -  December  -  2012  -  2013  -  2014  -  2015  -  2016  -  2017  -  2018  -  2019  -  2020

initial situation

Reactor building 1 - in the front of the picture - is the oldest and smallest of the plant (photo from 1999).

Fukushima I is the oldest and, with six power plant blocks, was also one of the most powerful nuclear power plants in Japan. It is based on boiling water reactors of an outdated type from General Electric , the safety risks of which have been discussed many times. In addition, the construction of Fukushima I have made some mistakes . The power plant site was protected against tidal waves by a 5.70 meter high protective wall; only 3.12 meters were required. The older reactor blocks 1 to 4 are built an additional 10 meters (above sea level), the newer blocks 5 and 6 by 13 meters.

Structure of the reactor building - decay pool shown in light blue

Each reactor block consists of a reactor building, a turbine building and other devices such as the inflow and outflow for cooling water from the sea. In the reactor building, in addition to the steel reactor pressure vessel with the reactor core, there is a surrounding containment with an additional protective concrete cover, various other systems and a decay pool for storing spent fuel elements as well as a storage pool for new fuel elements. The turbine building contains the turbines and generators for generating electricity; electrical systems, including most of the emergency diesel generators, are located in the basement. This special location of the emergency power generators - in Block 6 and in all other Japanese nuclear power plants they are in a more protected location - will prove to be one of the decisive reasons for the catastrophic series of accidents.

At the time of the earthquake, reactors 4 to 6 are out of operation for maintenance work. The reactors 5 and 6 are again equipped with fuel elements, while the elements of reactor 4 are stored in its spent fuel. Even when the reactor is switched off and during further storage, the fuel assemblies give off considerable decay heat and therefore have to be continuously cooled. In addition to the six decay basins in the reactor buildings, there is also a separate, large decay basin on the site, which is used as a central storage facility for fuel elements from all reactors.

At the time of the accident, around 11,000 fuel elements containing nuclear fuel with a mass of around 1,900 tons were stored in the spent fuel pools (→ see table of fuel elements stored ). Mathematically, this corresponds to the nuclear waste produced in Fukushima I over the last 16 years. In addition, there are another 2,800 elements (480 tons) in the reactor cores and 500 as yet unused fuel elements (85 tons) stored in the reactor buildings.

In the core of reactor 3, besides the usual uranium fuel rods, there are also some so-called mixed oxide fuel elements , in which a small proportion of the highly carcinogenic plutonium is mixed with the uranium .

March 2011

9th March

  • 11:45:20 am: The earth is shaking beneath the ocean floor in northeastern Japan , 170 kilometers east of the city of Sendai . The quake has a strength of 7.3 M w and initiates a lowering movement of the sea floor.

March 11

Data protocol from block 1: Triggering of the four seismometers from 14: 46: 46.40, retraction of the control rods at 14:47
  • 2:46:23 p.m .: The Tōhoku earthquake occurs in the same region of the sea , with a magnitude of 9.0 M w the strongest known earthquake in Japanese history.
  • 2:46:46 p.m .: The first primary waves (P-waves) of the earthquake reach the power station and trigger a rapid shutdown of reactors 1 to 3. The reactors 4 to 6 are out of order for maintenance work.
  • 2:47 p.m. to 2:48 p.m .: Reactor units 2, 3 and 5 experienced horizontal accelerations of up to 0.56, 0.52 and 0.56 g , respectively, as a result of the earthquake . These values ​​are 26, 15 and 21 percent above the maximum permissible values. The load limits of the other three blocks are not (completely) reached. Workers later report damaged pipelines in reactor building 1, from which water gushed out. One of the cooling circuits may have been damaged. The power plant operator Tepco later also suspects earthquake damage to a Block 3 emergency cooling system.
  • While reactors 1 to 3 are being shut down, the power plant's external power supply fails due to earthquake damage to its switchgear , and twelve of its thirteen emergency diesel generators (nine of which are water-cooled and three air-cooled) start up. A generator at Unit 4 is out of order for maintenance work. Numerous alarm and warning displays appear in the control rooms in blocks 1 to 3.
  • With the power failure, most of the communication systems on the premises, the lighting in all buildings, electric door and gate openers and the readout devices for personal dosimeters also fail . The radiation exposure of the power plant employees can only be insufficiently controlled in the following three days.
  • 2:48 p.m .: Reactors 1 to 3 and their turbines are shut down. The control rods were to terminate the nuclear chain reaction fully into the reactor core retracted and locked the connecting lines to the turbines. The cooling of reactors 2 and 3 now takes place through the condensation chambers located below the reactors . From there, the heat is carried further into the sea by electrically operated cooling water pumps.
  • Seven employees in the power plant were injured as a result of the earthquake, five of them slightly.
  • Fukushima I is not connected to the existing tsunami warning system and does not receive an immediate warning.
  • 2:52 p.m .: In block 1, the emergency cooling switches on automatically using the isolation condenser . The steam from the reactor is passed through two separate, smaller condensation chambers.
  • 3:03 p.m .: The employees in the control room switch off the isolation condenser of reactor 1 because the cooling effect was too strong. Instead, they activate another, weaker cooling system that temporarily stabilizes the reactor.
  • 3:27 p.m .: The first of several tsunami waves triggered by the earthquake - about four meters high - arrives in Fukushima I.
  • The sea water pumps installed behind the 5.70 meter high protective wall are destroyed. As a result, the regular cooling of all reactors as well as the entire cooling of the cooling pool and the nine water-cooled emergency power generators are canceled.
  • The waves reach heights of a maximum of 13 to 15 meters. The reactor blocks 1 to 4 are four to five meters deep in the water, the blocks 5 and 6 up to one meter.
  • Among other things, the water runs into the turbine building, the reactor building and the building of the central cooling basin, where it floods five of the twelve running emergency power generators and most of the power distributors .
Failure of the two diesel generators in Unit 2
  • 15:36 bis 15:41 pm: All emergency generators of the power plant fail, and thus the entire AC power supply - a so-called black case (station blackout) has occurred. Only parts of the guiding and control technology can provisionally - continue to be supplied even by back-up batteries, and thus steam-powered emergency cooling water pumps in block 2 and 3 and, if necessary - for eight hours, according to press reports Isolation Condenser valves in block 1. This emergency cooling systems are actually only intended for bridging short power failures. A further discharge of the heat into the sea is no longer possible. The condensation chambers gradually begin to heat up.
  • The Emergency Response Support System also fails. This computer system of the Japanese Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES) was supposed to automatically evaluate data from the reactors and inform the authorities about possible releases and spread of radioactive substances. Instead, one now has to work with estimates.
  • 3:42 p.m.: Tepco reports a nuclear emergency for reactor units 1 to 3 to the Japanese nuclear regulatory authority NISA (Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency), which is affiliated with the Ministry of Economic Affairs ( METI ) .
  • 3:45 p.m .: Two fuel tanks for the diesel emergency generators, which were located behind the 5.70 meter high protective wall, were washed away by the tsunami.
  • 4:10 p.m.: The Japanese government's Nuclear Safety Commission convenes the Technical Advisory Body for Nuclear Emergencies . Control centers are being set up at the national level and in the Fukushima prefecture .
Aerial photo of the power plant from 1975; Reactor block 6 still under construction; Numbered reactor buildings, the flatter turbine houses to the right
  • 4:36 pm: Tepco reports a "nuclear emergency" to the supervisory authority, as no (sufficient) water level in reactors 1 and 2 could be confirmed. In Block 1, the emergency cooling apparently no longer works. The NISA suspects that the emergency batteries have lost so much power due to flooding that the control of the cooling circuit valves has failed. In block 2, the display for the emergency cooling system and the measuring device for the cooling water level failed due to the power failure.
  • After checking the water level in reactor 1, Tepco withdraws the message of 4:36 p.m. for reactor 1.
  • 16:55 pm: The Prime Minister announces that he at his official residence in Tokyo a command center for nuclear emergencies (nuclear emergency response headquarters) has set up. He does not mention the report from 4:36 p.m.
  • Tepco orders mobile power generators from other of its own power plants to Fukushima I.
  • 5:07 p.m .: The power plant operator reinstates the 4:36 p.m. message for reactor 1. The emergency cooling system has finally failed. The pressure in the reactor begins to rise.
  • First thoughts on alternative cooling options for the reactors. Workers manually open valves in reactor building 1 and put the stationary diesel-powered fire pump into operation.
  • 6:00 p.m .: Presumably so much water has already evaporated in reactor 1 that the fuel rods are partially exposed. The water level meter indicates that the reactor core is still completely in the water, but this device has been decalibrated due to overheating . There is no longer any reliable information about the state of the reactor.
  • 6:20 p.m.: The mobile power generators got stuck in traffic. Tepco is now requesting generator trucks from the neighboring energy supplier Tōhoku Denryoku and from the armed forces.
  • 7:03 p.m.: Based on the report from 4:36 p.m., the Japanese government declared a nuclear emergency under Article 15 of the Act for Special Measures in Nuclear Emergencies . It indicates that “no radioactivity is leaking”. According to German media reports, the government describes the state of emergency as a "pure precautionary measure".
  • Various chemical and physical processes take place on the exposed fuel rods in reactor 1 . It forms hydrogen . The shells of the overheated fuel rods burst and the radioactive fission products from their interior are released. The rods continue to heat up and begin to melt.
  • A nuclear disaster task force is convened at the Prime Minister's command center.
  • 8:50 p.m.: The Fukushima Prefecture's emergency operations center has ordered the evacuation of the population within a two-kilometer radius around Reactor Unit 1 of Fukushima I. This affects 1,864 people on the outskirts of the southwestern town of Ōkuma , in whose area power plant units 1 to 4 are affected lie.
  • 9:12 p.m.: The authorities use a computer simulation to calculate the radioactive contamination that would result from venting of reactor 2 in the vicinity of the power plant. The time to relieve pressure is assumed to be 3:30 a.m. on March 12th. The system predicts that only the power plant site would be affected and that the “radioactive cloud” would move southeast over the sea.
  • 9:19 p.m .: The workers read the water level in reactor 1 . The core still appears to be completely covered with water; the fire pump injection seems to be working.
  • 9:23 p.m.: The Japanese Prime Minister extends the evacuation radius around the power plant to three kilometers. In addition to Ōkuma, the town of Futaba to the north is now also affected, on whose territory blocks 5 and 6 are located. Residents within a radius of 10 kilometers around reactor block 1 should no longer leave their homes.
  • 9:51 p.m.: Due to the high level of radiation, the workers are no longer allowed to enter reactor building 1 for the time being.
  • The first of 70 mobile emergency power generators have arrived, but they cannot be connected: The connection points are in the flooded basement floors of the turbine building, and the cables supplied are too short because you cannot get close enough because of the earthquake and tsunami debris. One tries to find suitable cables. Additional batteries are to be flown in by helicopter from a coal and oil power plant in Iwaki that was destroyed by the earthquake .
  • 11:00 p.m .: In the turbine building of Block 1 , increased radiation is measured.
  • Midnight : Deputy Minister of Economic Affairs Motohisa Ikeda arrives at the local operations center in Fukushima. He is responsible for their management.
Remarks
  1. ↑ Heat dissipation into the condensation chamber via Reactor Core Isolation Cooling System (RCIC emergency cooling system , English for "cooling system in isolated reactor operation") and from there further into the sea via Residual Heat Removement System (RHR, English for "residual heat removal system")
  2. ↑ a b The various emergency cooling systems are collectively referred to as the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS, for "emergency (reactor) core cooling system").
  3. ↑ The Isolation Condenser is the forerunner system of the RCICS. It has to do without heat dissipation into the sea and can therefore only be used for a limited period of time.
  4. ↑ According to Tepco research, the two isolation condenser units were switched off by hand and replaced by the two containment cooling systems (CCS, "containment spray"). Then the water level stabilizes and slowly rises again.
  5. ↑ The RHR system fails because it relies on the seawater pumps.
  6. ↑ In blocks 2 and 3, the RCICS is still used, but without seawater cooling via RHR.

March 12th

Reactor building cross-section: 1. reactor core with fuel elements, 4. containment (orange), 5. decay basin, 7. cover seal, 8. pressure vessel (yellow), 10. concrete enclosure, 11. pressure chamber, 24. main condensation chamber
  • 00:00 a.m .: The cooling water level in reactor 2 can now be measured again using a provisional power supply and is stable. Tepco still describes the state of the reactor as "unclear". In addition, the power plant operator believes that there is enough reactor cooling water in reactors 4 to 6 for safe operation. The reactor 4, however, is empty - it does not contain anything that needs to be cooled.
  • 00:06 a.m .: The power plant manager orders preparations for the depressurization of reactor 1.
  • The emergency cooling of reactor 3 no longer works properly; the water level falls below the intended range, the pressure rises.
  • Despite the cooling water that continues to evaporate, the pressure in the pressure vessel in reactor 1 falls . Presumably the steam escapes together with radioactive substances and hydrogen through a leak into the containment. None of those responsible are aware of this problem. A Tepco representative later said that the hydrogen is normally broken down in the containment ( recombination ), while according to a later NISA study it was assumed that the hydrogen would remain in the containment.
  • 12:45 a.m .: With a mobile power generator it is possible to read the pressure in the containment of reactor 1 from the control room. It has risen to 600 kilopascals (kPa), with a maximum allowable value of 528 kPa. Tepco officially reports the "unusual increase in pressure" to NISA.
  • 01:12 a.m .: Now the emissions are also estimated for block 1 with a possible pressure relief at 3:30 a.m. with the same result.
  • 1:30 am: An emergency meeting is being held in the Prime Minister's office. According to government circles, Tepco is being urged to relieve the pressure in the containment of reactor 1, while the power plant operator himself suggests relieving the pressure, and the government agrees. Either way, venting is not easily possible because the electric valves are out of order.
  • 1:48 a.m .: The fire pump in Block 1 has run out of fuel. It does not succeed in putting it back into operation. In any case, it is ineffective at high reactor pressure.
Measured values ​​and events from reactor 1; March 11-14
  • The pressure in the containment of reactor 1 reaches 840 kPa, but then falls back to 750 kPa and remains at this value. Presumably the seals on the containment have given way and the steam escapes into the reactor building together with the hydrogen and radioactive substances.
  • Between 3 a.m. and 4 a.m .: Tepco says it has decided to prepare pressure relief for the containment of reactors 1, 2 and 3. However, it is not known how much radioactive material would be released. The valves in block 1 should now be opened by hand.
  • 03:53 a.m .: Another block 1 venting simulation, this time for 12 p.m.
  • 4:00 am: You are now trying to connect the mobile generators.
  • 4:00 a.m .: The radiation on the western edge of the site, a good one kilometer from reactor blocks 1 to 4, has risen from the normal value of 0.00004 millisieverts per hour (mSv / h) to 0.00007 mSv / h.
  • 04:35 am: The radiation has increased further to 0.00038 to 0.00059 mSv / h.
  • 05:44 am: The evacuation zone around Fukushima I is being expanded to ten kilometers. In addition to Ōkuma and Futaba, this also applies to Namie and Tomioka .
Storage tanks with pure water, photo from 1999
  • 05:46 a.m .: Fresh water from available reserves is injected into the severely overheated reactor 1 with a fire service pump . Tepco does not publish this information until two months later. The high pressure in the reactor limits the water flow. The fire engine stationed at Block 1/2 shuttles back and forth between a cistern with extinguishing water and the connection to the reactor. Existing hydrants and two 8000 m³ pure water tanks are unusable due to tsunami damage.
  • The radiation emanating from reactor 1 is now so high that the operating personnel in the shared control room of block 1/2 stay as far as possible on the block 2 side.
  • 6:12 am: Workers manually open the safety valves on the pressure vessel of reactor 5 .
  • 6:07 am: The three-kilometer zone has been evacuated.
  • 6:14 am: Prime Minister Naoto Kan flies to the Fukushima I power plant in a helicopter to get an idea of the situation and to influence the crisis management. Critics later suspect that the pressure relief of the containment of reactor 1 was delayed as a result.
  • 06:50 am: NISA officially instructs Tepco to release pressure from the containment of reactors 1 and 2 (“the order was issued to control the internal pressure of PCV of Units 1 and 2”) .
  • 7:11 am: The prime minister arrives at the power plant and once again urges the pressure to be relieved from reactor 1. According to information from the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper , he is talking about forming a "suicide squad" of workers to do this dangerous work.
  • 7:40 a.m .: The radiation at the boundary has increased further to 0.0025 to 0.0051 mSv / h, i.e. roughly sixty to one hundred and thirty times the normal value, but only a fraction of the average maximum values ​​permitted in emergency situations for employees in Japanese nuclear power plants .
  • Only now is it assumed that the fuel rods in reactor 1 are partially exposed because the water level meter shows this.
  • 8:03 am: Shortly before Naoto Kan's helicopter departure, power plant manager Masao Yoshida instructs that the manual depressurization of reactor 1 be prepared for 9 a.m.
  • 09:03 am: The evacuation of Ōkuma is confirmed. As will be known later, 90 non-mobile patients were left in the hospital.
  • 09:04 a.m .: Alternately, secured with protective clothing and oxygen bottles, the workers venture into reactor building 1 and open the first of two pressure relief valves a little at around 9:15 a.m. This valve is normally operated electrically.
  • 9:30 a.m .: The workers try to open the second pneumatic valve on the containment by hand, but give up the attempt because of excessive radiation in the reactor building. According to later extrapolations from dosimeter records , it was around 300 mSv / h - a value at which acute radiation sickness occurs within an hour and a half . NISA later reports that the pressure was relieved at 9:30 a.m.
  • 9:51 a.m .: Tepco President Masataka Shimizu gives the instruction not to enter reactor building 1 because of the high radiation.
  • 10:07 am: An air restricted area is being set up within 20 kilometers of Fukushima I.
  • 10:17 am to 10:24 am: Several attempts to open the second valve in Block 1 from the control room .
  • 10:30 a.m .: The sensors in the containment of reactor 1 show no noticeable change in pressure, but the radiation at the boundary of the site increases to 0.39 mSv / h.
  • 10:50 a.m .: Decrease in radiation at the boundary to 0.007 mSv / h
  • 11:00 am: We are still working on connecting the mobile generators.
  • 11:00 am: The water level in reactor 2 is a little lower than usual, but stable. The steam-driven cooling system works. The pressures in the reactor are in the normal range. Nevertheless, an attempt is made to relieve the pressure of the containment, which is without result due to the lack of overpressure.
  • 11:36 a.m .: The emergency cooling of Unit 3 fails.
  • 12:02 p.m .: Another attempt to depressurize reactor 2 does not work either: the valves close again immediately.
  • 12:25 p.m .: In block 3 , another, more powerful emergency cooling system switches on and stabilizes the water level. The reactor pressure drops sharply, probably due to earthquake damage to the cooling water pipes.
  • NISA reports that a meltdown may have started in Fukushima I.
  • 1:42 p.m .: The workers open another pneumatic pressure relief valve from reactor  1 with a compressor .
  • 2.30 p.m .: Tepco reports that the pressure relief of the containment of reactor 1 was successful. It was later suggested that the venting system failed because of the power outage or because of broken pipes and that this caused the hydrogen to get into the reactor building.
  • 2:49 p.m .: Radioactive cesium is detected in the vicinity of Block 1 .
  • 2:53 p.m .: End of fresh water injection into reactor 1; the reserves are exhausted. A total of 80 cubic meters were pumped in.
  • 3:01 p.m .: The hourly updated Tepco webcam shows for the first time the escape of steam from the chimney of Block 1/2. The steam blows in the west, i.e. over the country.
  • 3:04 p.m .: 40 workers manually laid a 200 meter long and one tonne power cable from the generator car to Block 2 and connected it to a distributor for Block 1/2.
  • 3:18 p.m .: Tepco is ready to pump seawater into reactor 1, but is still waiting for clearance by the Prime Minister and NISA.
  • approx. 3:25 pm : During the power connection work for a cooling water pump, a hydrogen explosion occurs in reactor building 1 between the containment and the outer shell (recorded or reported at 3:36 pm). The roof of the building is destroyed; a cloud of smoke and dust spreads. Four workers are slightly injured. The recently established emergency power supply will be destroyed again and the hoses for the seawater discharge will be damaged. Work on Unit 1 will be interrupted. A statement from the government, according to which was the containment of the reactor damaged.
  • 3:29 p.m .: At 1.0 mSv / h, the radiation on the western boundary of the site exceeds the permissible limit of 0.5 mSv / h.
  • The government is surprised. Nobody had informed them that the venting could result in a hydrogen explosion.
  • In the absence of a power supply, the measuring devices for the condition of the reactor fail in Block 1.
  • 4:17 p.m .: Tepco notices that the radiation limit value is exceeded at the site boundary and reports the incident to NISA.
  • 5:00 p.m .: NISA determines that Tepco has reported that the radiation limit value has been exceeded at the site boundary.
  • approx. 5:20 p.m .: resumption of work on block 1
  • The backup batteries from Block 3 lasted for 26 hours, but now their performance is no longer sufficient. The emergency cooling system starts to fail; the water level in the reactor falls.
  • 5:55 p.m.: According to later investigations, the Ministry of Economic Affairs may be issuing an instruction at this time to discharge seawater into reactor 1 .
  • 6:25 p.m .: Prime Minister Naoto Kan orders an expansion of the evacuation radius to 20 kilometers around the power plant. This also applies to the places Nahara and Kawauchi as well as the peripheral areas of Minamisōma and Tamura . In the 20-kilometer zone, the government expects local dose rates of over 50 millisieverts per year.
  • The German Foreign Office issued a partial travel warning for Tokyo and northeastern Japan.
  • Planned pressure relief for reactors 2 and 3 has been delayed due to safety concerns.
  • 7:04 p.m.: The workers in the power plant begin to inject seawater into reactor 1 with a fire pump and a fire extinguishing pipe.
  • 7:25 p.m.: Tepco decides to interrupt the water discharge in reactor 1, as the Prime Minister has not yet released it. The power plant manager disregards this and continues pumping in seawater.
  • 7:55 p.m.: Now Prime Minister Kan gives clearance to discharge seawater.
  • 8:00 p.m.: According to the Tepco report, the emergency cooling system of reactor 2 has allegedly failed. However, the water level in the reactor is stable.
  • 8:05 p.m.: NISA officially instructs Tepco to discharge seawater into reactor 1 .
  • 8:20 p.m.: According to official NISA documents, the seawater cooling of reactor 1 is now starting.
  • 8:41 p.m .: first pressure relief of the containment of reactor  3
  • 8:45 p.m .: Boric acid is added to the reactor 1 cooling water as a neutron absorber in order to reduce the risk of criticality. Nuclear reactors are not designed for the injection of salt water and will be damaged as a result.
  • The Austrian Foreign Ministry is also issuing a partial travel warning for Japan.
  • 10:15 p.m.: The water injection in reactor 1 has to be interrupted for a few hours due to an aftershock.
  • The Japanese Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NISA) ranks the incidents in Fukushima I on the International Rating Scale for nuclear incidents with level 4 of 7 ("accident").
  • It is believed that the generators in the turbine building of Unit 4 could still be functional. After hours, workers manage to open the doors that were jammed by the tsunami, but the attempt was in vain - the electrical system in Unit 4 is unusable.
Remarks
  1. ↑ Tepco gives the pressures in absolute terms, the NISA partly as the difference to the external atmospheric pressure , i.e. around 101 kPa lower. The 600 kPa are absolute; NISA gives the Tepco measured value here (PDF; 15.5 MB). The NISA indicates the design pressure as relative, sometimes 400 and sometimes 427 kPa. All pressures in this article are absolute values.
  2. ↑ a b The water is fed in via the existing fire extinguishing connections of the Core Spray System and the Primary Containment Spray Cooling System . These are two more cooling circuits that are out of order due to the power failure.
  3. ↑ Now the HPCI system has switched on.

March 13th

  • 02:44 a.m .: The emergency cooling in Unit 3 suddenly fails due to exhausted batteries or too low a reactor pressure. Tepco tries to put it back into operation.
  • 03:08 a.m .: The radiation at the western boundary has dropped to 0.003 to 0.04 mSv / h.
  • 04:15 am: Rapid drop in water level in reactor 3
  • According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), around 30,000 people have left the 10-kilometer zone around the power plant.
  • 5:10 a.m .: All emergency cooling systems in reactor 3 have failed. Tepco reports a failure of the cooling to the supervisory authority. At this point, the fuel rods are almost completely dry, that is, they will now get very hot, large amounts of hydrogen will form, and the fuel rods will begin to burst and possibly also melt.
  • A fire truck from the works fire brigade stationed at Block 5/6 is ordered to pump water to Block 3.
Containment pressures and venting times
  • 8:33 am: Increase in radiation at the boundary to 1.2 mSv / h.
  • 08:41 a.m .: Completion of the preparation for a pressure relief of the containment of reactor 3.
  • 08:50 With the help of car batteries, the pressure relief valves of the containment of reactor 3 are opened. The pressure in the pressure vessel drops suddenly while it rises in the containment (see graphic).
  • 09:08 am: Start of fresh water injection into the pressure vessel of reactor 3 via the fire extinguishing line. The 3.70 meter long fuel rods now appear to be dry for a good 3 meters, but there are doubts as to whether the water level indicator is still working correctly.
  • 9:20 am: Pressure relief of the containment of reactor 3.
  • 09:25 am: Boric acid is added to the water introduced into reactor 3.
  • 09:30 a.m .: Decrease in radiation at the boundary to 0.07 mSv / h
  • 10:00 a.m .: The hourly updated Tepco webcam shows steam escaping from the middle chimney for the second time.
  • 11:00 a.m .: NISA reports a depressurization of reactor 2, but there is no evidence that it actually took place at this point in time.
  • 12:30 p.m .: Depressurization of reactor 3: The pneumatic valve closed by itself and was opened again.
  • A core meltdown begins in reactor 3 .
  • 13:01 and 14:01 : The Tepco webcam, which is updated every hour, shows steam escaping from the middle chimney. The steam blows first to the east and then to the west.
  • 1:12 p.m .: After there were problems with the pump, the water injection in reactor 3 was switched to seawater.
  • 2:00 p.m .: The connection of the mobile generators to Unit 2 was successful (“For Unit 2: Electric Power Source secured”) ; The additional power supply for controlling the steam-operated emergency cooling is thus ensured. Apparently, this also succeeds in Block 1 on the same day, because the measuring devices of Reactor 1 are starting to work again.
  • 3:38 p.m .: Government spokesman Yukio Edano says there is now a meltdown in reactor  3 and there is a risk of an explosion in this block. There is also a "high possibility" of a core meltdown in reactor 1.
  • The television broadcaster NHK , citing the Fukushima prefecture administration, reports that 62,000 of the 70 to 80,000 affected people have been evacuated from the 20-kilometer zone around the power plant. The IAEA speaks of 170,000 already evacuated and 200,000 affected because it inadvertently counts the population of only partially evacuated urban areas in full. The media expand this number to "over 200,000".
USS Ronald Reagan in action off Japan, March 15 photo
  • The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan is radioactively contaminated a hundred miles off the coast of Japan, providing the first indication of the existence of a "radioactive cloud" over the Pacific .
  • From 13 to 15 March, thirteen neutron radiation with a strength of 0.01 to 0.02 microsievert per hour (µSv / h) will be measured at a measuring station 1.5 kilometers southwest of reactor units 1 and 2 . This could be an indication that an uncontrolled criticality (" chain reaction ") has occurred in one of the reactors or cooling tanks .
  • Midnight : The measuring device for the water level in the pressure vessel of reactor 1 also seems to be working again. It indicates that the fuel assemblies are about halfway covered with water, and it will stay that way for weeks to come. You don't know yet that the readings are wrong.
Remarks
  1. ↑ The HPCI system has failed. Now try again with the RCIC.
  2. ↑ NISA will only report the report on the pressure relief from reactors 2 and 3 retrospectively from its 47th report on March 24th. Tepco reports on March 13th at 12:00 noon “Unit 2:… measures for lowering the pressure of the reactor containment vessel has been taken”, which means that one is one step further than in the previous report (“we are preparing to implement a measure to reduce the pressure ... "). However, unlike Block 3 at 9 a.m., there is no further information on the actual implementation and completion of this venting. The radiation measurement data from the site also show no increase.
  3. ↑ The completely evacuated places Ōkuma, Futaba and Tomioka have around 11,200, 6,900 and 15,800 inhabitants, respectively. In the mostly evacuated towns of Namie, Nahara and probably also Kawauchi, there are around 20,700, 7,900 and 2,900 inhabitants respectively; there are also smaller parts of Minamisoma (71,000). The IAEA also mentions Tamura (41,400) and Hirono (5,400), but their residential areas are well outside the 20-kilometer zone. (Sources: population figures according to IAEA, residential areas from Google Earth , map of evacuation zones )

the 14th of March

  • According to the government, there are still 400 people in the 20-kilometer zone.
  • 1:10 a.m .: According to NISA, the seawater injection in reactor 3 must be interrupted because the water basin is empty. The water level in the pressure vessel does not change for the time being.
  • 03:20 a.m .: According to NISA, seawater injection will resume in reactor 3. In fact, exactly at this point in time, the water level in the pressure vessel begins to fall while the pressure rises.
  • 04:08 am: The temperature in the cooling pool of Block 4 has increased to 84 ° C and is thus well above the normal value of up to 40 ° C.
  • 05:20 am: The pressure relief valves on reactor 3 are opened again, but the pressure continues to rise. The fuel rods are now largely dry again, and the decomposition processes in the reactor core are accelerating again.
  • 6:20 am: After several power plants fail, there is a power shortage in the Tepco supply network. Tepco begins with so-called "rolling blackouts", i.e. power shutdowns that roll over time .
  • approx. 7 a.m.: The pressure in the containment of reactor 3 has reached 500 kPa and is stabilizing at this level, while the water level in the reactor is now rising again. The containment seals of reactor 3 may already fail at 500 kPa, and the mixture of steam, hydrogen and radioactive particles will escape into the reactor building; Or maybe the gases got there because of a malfunction in the pressure relief system (or both).
  • 07:44 a.m .: Tepco has reported an unusual pressure increase in the containment of reactor 3 to the supervisory authority. The pressure remains at 500 kPa.
  • 09:30 a.m .: Now the IAEA confirms that units 1 and 2 are being supplied with electricity again by the mobile generators. In addition, a restoration of the external power supply is being worked on.
  • The armed forces deliver 35 tons of fresh water. It is poured into the pit from which the seawater for reactor 3 has so far been taken.
  • 11:01 a.m .: A violent explosion occurs in reactor block 3 , according to official information a hydrogen explosion . Video recordings show a fireball in the upper area of ​​the building and a dark column of smoke rising rapidly and vertically upwards. According to NISA, eleven people are injured; According to an unconfirmed report in the Daily Telegraph , six people died. According to the power plant operator, the containment remains intact.
  • The water supply to reactor 3 stops due to explosion damage to fire fighting equipment. In addition, the pit with storage water is unusable because rubble has fallen into it.
  • The explosion of reactor building 3 may also have damaged the cooling system of unit 2 (or its power supply?).
  • The exhaust flap of reactor building 2 (an opening several square meters on the east side) is opened so that hydrogen can escape. This is to prevent an explosion like in Block 3.
  • An oil fire in Block 3 causes further damage.
  • 12:00 p.m .: The measuring devices indicate that the fuel rods of reactor 3 are again about 40 percent covered with water. It will remain with this display for the coming weeks.
Measured values ​​and events from reactor 2; March 13-15
  • 1:18 p.m or 1:25 p.m .: The water level in the pressure vessel of reactor 2 has decreased. Tepco concludes from this that the emergency cooling system of reactor 2 has failed and reports this to NISA.
  • 1:49 p.m .: Receipt of the 13:25 report by NISA.
  • 4:34 p.m .: The preparations for feeding seawater into the pressure vessel of reactor 2 have been completed. The pump is running, but the reactor pressure is still too high. Apparently a pressure relief valve cannot be opened at first because an airflow meter was accidentally switched off.
  • 5:00 p.m .: The fuel rods in reactor 2 are partially exposed.
  • 6:00 p.m .: The fuel rods from reactor 2 are now completely dry.
  • 6 p.m. to 7 p.m.: Depressurization of the pressure and containment vessel of reactor 2
  • 7:20 pm: The workers did not notice that the water pump in Block 2 had run out of fuel. The water injection is delayed again; the pump must be refueled.
  • 7:30 p.m.: Two workers in the power plant are missing. Her last known whereabouts were the turbine building of Unit 4, before the earthquake on March 11th .
  • A core meltdown begins in reactor 2 .
  • 8:33 p.m .: Start of seawater feed into reactor 2 via the fire extinguishing pipe
  • Pressure relief of the containment of reactor 2.
  • 8:50 p.m .: Tepco assumes that some of the fuel rods in reactor 2 are damaged.
  • Continuation of the seawater feed into reactor 3 with new equipment [timing unclear]
  • 9:55 p.m .: In the area around the power plant, increased radiation is measured. [Source? Measured values?]
  • 10:00 p.m .: The water level meter of reactor 2 shows that the fuel rods are now half covered with water again, also in the coming days and weeks. You don't know yet that the measuring device could be defective.
  • 10:50 p.m .: Tepco reports an unusual increase in pressure in the pressure vessel of reactor 2 to NISA; NISA notes a falling water level in the pressure vessel. The pressure increases from 400 to 750 kPa.
  • The power plant operator is considering giving up the power plant because it is too dangerous for employees, but does not get permission from the government.
Tepco has cut the power to the city of Narashino in Chiba Prefecture .
  • Iodine tablets for 230,000 people are available in the evacuation centers , but will not be given out for the time being.
  • In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel decides that all seventeen German nuclear power plants should undergo an additional safety check. During the three-month period provided for this, the seven oldest German nuclear power plants are to be shut down (→ see nuclear moratorium ).
Remarks
  1. ↑ NISA reports this for Block 3 and Block 1 . However, the measured values ​​from March 14th show no change in the water level in Block 1, and the later message for the resumption only comes for Block 3. The message for Block 1 was probably wrong.
  2. ↑ Tepco reports a failure of the RCIC system for block 2, which has been in operation since the power failure on March 11th. The more powerful HPCI system was apparently no longer used.

March, 15

  • 00:00 a.m .: NISA decides to accept an offer from the IAEA and seek advice from its experts, as well as from experts from the US nuclear regulatory authority (NRC).
  • 00:02 a.m .: Similar to March 13th at 11:00 a.m., NISA reports a pressure relief of the containment of reactor 2 in later reports (from March 24th). JAIF reports in later reports (from March 18th ) depressurization at midnight. The pressure in the containment remains unchanged at 750 kPa , even during the next few hours. Presumably the seals of the containment are overloaded here too, and the contaminated steam, mixed with hydrogen, escapes into the reactor building.
  • 5:30 a.m .: Prime Minister Naoto Kan appears furious at the Tepco company headquarters and has a joint crisis team set up by the government and the power plant operator because he is dissatisfied with Tepco's information policy and crisis management. His close confidante Gōshi Hosono takes over the management (→ see also: Conflicts between those responsible ).
  • The pressure in the containment of reactor 2 is still 750 kPa.
  • 06:10 am: Unusual sound ("abnormal sound") or "explosion sound" at the condensation chamber under reactor 2. According to NISA, there was a hydrogen explosion in the room where the condensation chamber is located. There is a sudden drop in pressure in the chamber, indicating that it has been damaged.
  • 06:12 am: Explosion in the upper area of ​​reactor building  4 . The power plant operator Tepco reports that the roof area has been damaged. The hourly updated Tepco webcam, on which only the upper quarter of the building is visible, shows greater damage from 7:00 a.m. and a cloud of black smoke drifting west. The press only speaks of one or two holes, about eight square meters in size, in the reactor building; maybe you confused block 4 with block 2 (opened exhaust opening). According to JAIF and IAEA, it was an oxyhydrogen explosion and the hydrogen was created in the decay basin. Tepco and NISA later suspected that the hydrogen had got from Block 3 to Block 4 through connected pipes and failed valves.
Radiation measured on the edge of the power plant site from March 12th to 17th
  • Tepco temporarily removes all employees from the site who are not needed for cooling the reactors, and justifies this with the processes in Block 2. Only 50 of 800 Tepco employees continue to work, together with the helpers from the fire brigade , self-defense forces and other organizations .
  • 8:00 a.m .: The webcam still shows some dark smoke west of Block 4, which will disappear within the next hour. White steam is seen several times later.
  • The Japanese Ministry of Labor is increasing the allowable radiation dose for workers in nuclear power plants in emergency situations from 100 to 250 millisievert per year. This decision is widely criticized because of possible health risks. The limit for women remains unchanged at twelve times lower 5 millisieverts per quarter.
  • The emergency operations center of the Japanese Nuclear Energy Safety Organization , five kilometers from the power plant, has to be evacuated because it is not protected against the ingress of radioactive substances.
  • 9:00 a.m .: The highest radiation dose rate of around 12  millisievert per hour (mSv / h) is briefly reached at the boundary of the power plant (see graphic).
  • 09:38 a.m .: Fire on the third floor of reactor building 4 . According to IAEA information, the cooling pool is on fire. other observers suspect an oil fire.
  • 10:00 a.m .: temporarily larger amounts of white steam over block 1
  • 10:22 am: Tepco measures the highest dose rate to date of 400 mSv / h on reactor block 3 . This radiation intensity can cause acute radiation sickness within an hour . At block 4 it is 100 mSv / h.
  • 10:30 a.m .: Economics Minister Banri Kaieda instructs Tepco to put out fire in Block 4 and prevent uncontrolled criticality (in the cooling pool), and to immediately inject water into the pressure vessel in Reactor 2 and release pressure from the containment.
  • 11:00 a.m . : When a team made up of the plant fire brigade and helpers from the United States Army approaches, the fire in Block 4 went out by itself.
  • 11:00 The Prime Minister instructs residents 20 to 30 kilometers away from the power plant not to leave their homes. Within this zone the government expects local dose rates of 10 to 50 millisieverts per year.
  • The local emergency center will be transferred to the Fukushima Prefectural Administration.
  • First indication of problems in reactor blocks 5 and 6: According to government spokesman Edano, the cooling is not working properly.
  • During the day, the Fukushima Prefecture and neighboring prefectures recorded the highest levels of radiation during the entire disaster (see Radiation exposure from the Fukushima nuclear accidents ).
  • The patients left behind in Ōkuma hospital are now being evacuated if they have not already died. More patients die while driving or after; there are around 45 dead in total.
  • Afternoon: The evacuation of the 20-kilometer zone is complete.
  • The restricted air area around Fukushima I will be extended to 30 kilometers.
  • 10:00 p.m.: The Minister of Economic Affairs instructs Tepco to feed cooling water into the cooling pool of Block 4, but this is not yet possible due to blocked access roads.
  • approx. 11 p.m .: The radiation on the site suddenly increases again, up to 8 mSv / h.
  • The German Lufthansa is rerouting its Japan flights with the destination Tokyo to Nagoya and Osaka .
Remarks
  1. ↑ Some sources speak of 6:14; however, this is the time at which, according to NISA, the hole in the wall of Block 2 was reported. Other sources speak of 6:20 or about 6 a.m.

middle of March

A sports hall in Kōriyama serves as emergency shelter for evacuees from the area around Fukushima I.

Within four days, four of the six reactor blocks of the Fukushima I nuclear power plant were more or less destroyed. The pressure relief, explosions and fires released considerable amounts of radioactive gases and particles (→ see also: Radiation exposure from the nuclear accidents in Fukushima ), and it now depends, among other things, on the wind direction how great the damage will be for the Japanese population . Tens of thousands of residents have had to leave their homes and are now housed in makeshift shelters - at a time when 200,000 people have already become homeless as a result of the Tōhoku earthquake .

“Fukushima” is now the main topic in the international media and scares many people. In Germany, Geiger counters are largely sold out, while US pharmaceutical manufacturers can no longer meet the demand for iodine tablets.

In the meantime, reactors 1 to 3 in the power plant are to be stabilized by the necessary cooling at least to such an extent that there is no further core meltdown. Because of their enormous temperatures, melted fuel rods could penetrate the concrete floor of the reactor building and trigger steam explosions in the damp underground, which hurl additional radioactive material outwards.

In addition to the reactors, the cooling tanks also overheat. The still very active fuel elements from the reactor core (last in use in November 2010) are stored in the basin of Unit 4 , and in Unit 3 there may have been damage and loss of cooling water due to the violent explosion. If the fuel rods get too hot, they can burst and release radioactive fission products , of which there is a particularly large amount in the spent elements. Block 3 no longer has a roof and Block 4 only has remnants of it, so that the radioactive substances there would get directly into the atmosphere.

They are working flat out to lay a new power line to the power plant from a neighboring high-voltage line, in the hope that individual cooling circuits can be put back into operation despite the explosion damage.

March 16

Condition of reactor blocks 1 to 4 (from right to left) after several explosions and fires (satellite photo from March 16)
  • 5:45 a.m .: An employee observes a fire in the northwest area of ​​reactor building 4.
  • 6:15 a.m .: When we check Block 4 again, no fire can be seen.
  • approx. 7 am to 9 am: Large amounts of steam rise from reactor building 3; NISA reports it for 8:30 a.m.
  • 08:47 a.m .: Still radiation of approx. 400 millisieverts per hour (mSv / h) at Block 3.
  • 10:00 to 12:00 : Increase in pressure in reactor 1, larger amounts of steam over block 1 and temporarily very strong increase in radiation at the boundary of the site up to 10 mSv / h.
  • 10:45 a.m .: The control center of blocks 3 and 4 is evacuated because there is a risk that the containment of reactor 3 will be damaged. The water injection in reactor 3 is interrupted.
  • The radiation goes back again.
  • 11:30 a.m .: Work on blocks 3 and 4 will resume.
  • The power plant operator Tepco uses measured values ​​to calculate that the fuel rods in reactor 1 are 70 percent damaged. In reactor 2 it is 30 percent and in reactor 3 25 percent.
  • Tepco is building a new access road to Block 4 in order to be able to cool the cooling pool with water cannons.
  • Tests of milk in Ibaraki Prefecture reveal radioactive contamination of 1,510 becquerels per kilogram, which is roughly five times the legal limit in Japan.
  • First publication of measured values ​​from blocks 5 and 6: The water in the cooling pool has heated to 63 and 60 ° C, respectively, well above the normal value of below 40 ° C. The water temperature in the reactors has risen to 196 and 150 ° C, respectively, with normal values ​​below 100 ° C.
  • According to press reports, now helicopter water pouring from the top of the reactor building 3, the fuel rods in cooling ponds to cool. However, a first attempt is canceled because the radiation risks are too high.
  • A study commissioned by the Japanese government comes to the conclusion that dangerous radiation dose rates of over 100 millisieverts per day will occur even at distances of more than 30 kilometers from the power station. The government will keep the study under wraps for a week.
  • Other people up to the age of 40 who have been evacuated from the 20-kilometer zone are now supposed to take iodine tablets.
  • The People's Republic of China freezes permits for all new nuclear power plants.
  • Germany and Austria are temporarily moving their embassies from Tokyo to Osaka .
  • 18 bis 24 h: The damage to the condensing chamber 2 of the reactor is widening; the overpressure in the chamber drops to zero.
Radiation readings from the first drone flight from March 17 to 19, 2011

17. March

  • The United States Air Force uses unmanned reconnaissance aircraft (drones) to measure radiation exposure in the vicinity of the power plant.
  • 6:15 am: Due to a pressure increase in the condensation chamber of reactor 3, another pressure release is being considered.
  • 09:48 a.m .: With Chinook helicopters of the Japanese armed forces, four water tanks of 7.5 tons each are emptied partly over and partly next to reactor block 3 in the flyby. The attempt is canceled; actually it was planned to drop several dozen water loads.
  • The new power line is to be connected to Block 2 shortly. Tepco hopes to be able to put parts of the regular cooling system back into operation.
  • 7:05 p.m.: An attempt is now being made to cool the cooling pool in Block 3 with water cannons from the police and the Japanese armed forces . On the first day they sprayed 30 tons of water on the ruins of the reactor building.
  • Tepco considers the use of the water cannon to be a success: Steam rose, so the cooling pool was hit.
  • The US Atomic Energy Agency (NRC) and Tepco are arguing about whether there is still water in the cooling pool of Block 4. If the basin were empty, its cooling would possibly be more important than that of Block 3. US experts suspect a leak. Three months later, the NRC will admit it was wrong.
  • IAEA chief Yukiya Amano calls the situation "very serious" and announces his visit to Japan.
Boron delivered by the United States Air Force on March 19th
  • South Korea delivers 52 tons of its boron reserves to Japan, France another 95 tons. The boron is required as an admixture to the reactor cooling water.
  • Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu wants to stop plans for Israel's first nuclear power plant.
  • France urged its citizens in Tokyo to leave Japan or to go to the south of the country.
  • The NRC chairman Gregory Jaczko also criticizes the Japanese government for the 20-kilometer evacuation zone and recommends an extension to 80 kilometers. This would affect another 1.8 million people. The US recommends that its citizens stay at least 50 miles away from Fukushima I or leave Japan. Also, Australia and South Korea recommended 80 km safe distance.
  • In the USA - in the ventilation system of the University of Washington in Seattle - radioactive particles from Fukushima are detected for the first time.

March 18 (second week)

  • Japan introduces radiation testing for food.
  • As a precautionary measure against hydrogen explosions, ventilation holes are being drilled in the roofs of reactor buildings 5 ​​and 6.
  • 2:45 p.m.: Armed forces' water cannons sprayed around 40 tons of water on Block 3 today.
  • 3:55 p.m .: Tepco officially reports the uncontrolled leakage of radioactive materials within reactor buildings 1 to 4 to NISA. The radiation on the site then increases from around 3.3 to 5 millisieverts per hour.
Calculated spread of the “radioactive cloud” on March 18th
  • approx. 6:30 pm: NISA upgrades the accidents in blocks 1 to 3 on the INES scale from level 4 to 5 ("serious accident").
  • 6:54 p.m .: The first of two units of the only functioning diesel emergency power generator (in block 6) is put back into operation and supplies parts of the cooling system of the cooling pool.
  • 8:00 pm: Prime Minister Naoto Kan speaks to the population: The situation in the power plant is still "very serious", but will be brought under control "in the near future".
  • 11:30 p.m .: 30 fire engines of the Tokyo fire brigade with a crew of 140 are ready at the power plant to take part in the water spraying operations. According to Governor Shintaro Ishihara , Minister of Economic Affairs Banri Kaieda forced her to do this job under threat of punishment.

19th March

  • 04:22 am: The second unit of the still functional emergency power generator from Block 6 is put back into operation and supplies the cooling system (RHR) of the cooling basin in Block 5 from 05:00. The temperature in the two cooling basins has now reached maximums of around 67 ° C reached.
  • 9:00 am: The new, 1.5-kilometer-long power line has arrived at the emergency power transformer in Unit 2.
  • 1:27 p.m.: The Japanese Prime Minister's office sends a document on Twitter that shows the radiation doses people are exposed to during X-rays or long-haul flights - this is how the news about Fukushima I can be put in relation.
  • 3:00 p.m .: Seawater begins to be injected at the cooling pool in Block 2.
  • 4 p.m .: Investigations of spinach in the prefecture of Ibaraki showed that the legal limit values ​​for the radioactivity of food were exceeded.
  • 4:30 p.m.: Local authorities have detected increased radioactivity in the tap water near the nuclear power plant. You shouldn't drink the water anymore.
  • 7:20 p.m.: Japan's nuclear regulatory authority NISA warns of radioactive rain for the next two days.
  • 10:24 p.m .: The cooling of the cooling pool is also fully operational again in Block 6.

March, 20th

  • 03:40 a.m .: Starting today, the Tokyo fire brigade will take over the cooling of the cooling basin of Block 3 with its water cannons, with several hundred tons of water daily.
Japanese armed forces water cannons
  • 7:00 a.m .: The temperature in the cooling pool of Block 5 has fallen back to the normal range below 40 ° C.
  • 9:43 a.m .: The armed forces' water cannons are now taking care of the cooling of the cooling pool in Block 4.
  • 12:40 p.m .: The Ministry of Culture and Technology MEXT takes soil samples at various locations. The village of Iitate has by far the highest level of radioactive contamination measured outside the power station during the entire Fukushima disaster.
  • 2:30 p.m .: Reactor block 5 reaches a stable, shutdown state (cold shutdown) after the water temperature in the reactor has fallen back into the normal range.
  • 3:46 p.m .: Reactor block 2 is reconnected to the power grid via a new, temporary power distributor.
  • 4:00 p.m .: The temperature in the cooling pool has also returned to normal in Block 6.
  • The Japanese government announces that it is aiming for a complete shutdown of the entire Fukushima I plant, whose reactor blocks 5 and 6 are still operational. This is the first official statement on the future fate of the power plant.
131 Iodine concentrations in tap water in Fukushima Prefecture, March 16 to April 4
  • In addition to the Fukushima prefecture , radionuclides have also been detected in the tap water of the neighboring prefectures of Tochigi , Gunma , Niigata and the southern prefectures of Tokyo , Chiba and Saitama , each below the legal limit values.
  • 7:27 p.m .: Reactor block 6 has reached a stable, shutdown state (cold shutdown) .
  • 7:52 p.m .: Reactor blocks 5 and 6 are reconnected to the power grid.

March 21st

  • At the initiative of the USA, a daily crisis meeting is now taking place in the office of the Japanese Prime Minister , with the participation of Japanese government and authorities, members of the US nuclear regulatory authority , American diplomats and the military, and the power plant operator Tepco.
  • The farmers around Fukushima I should voluntarily refrain from bringing contaminated food onto the market.
  • The 131 I concentrations in tap water in the cities of Kawamata , Minamisōma and Iwaki in Fukushima Prefecture exceed the limit value for young children by 3 to 74 percent. A greatly increased concentration in tap water is reported for Iitate.
  • 3:30 p.m .: Tepco takes a soil sample on the power plant site, about 500 meters west-northwest of reactor block 2, which is to be examined for plutonium .
  • 3:55 p.m .: Gray smoke rises from the southeastern area of ​​reactor block 3. As a precaution, the workers from Block 3 are temporarily withdrawn. The radiation at the western boundary then increases tenfold to 2 millisieverts per hour.
  • 5:50 p.m .: The operations centers in the prefectures of Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi and Gunma have been instructed by NISA to issue a suspension of shipment for spinach, kakina and raw milk.
  • 9:30 p.m .: Tepco takes a seawater sample near the cooling water outlet of units 1 to 4 (at the southern end of the power plant) and determines a 131 iodine concentration of around 5000 Becquerel per liter (Bq / l); this is 125 times the legal limit of 40 Bq / l. The 137 Cs concentration is around 1500 Bq / l, 17 times the limit value (90 Bq / l).
Remarks
  1. ↑ JAIF reports this event in its 25th report (with reference to NHK ) for March 23rd. The coincidence with the increase in radiation speaks for the Tepco dating March 21st.

March 22

131 I concentrations in Tokyo tap water, March 22-27
The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan, contaminated on March 13 and 14, is being decontaminated again .
  • 7:10 am to 7:45 am: Tepco takes four more soil samples at various points on the power plant site in order to have them examined for plutonium.
  • In a water treatment plant in Tokyo, the radioactive contamination of the water exceeds the limit value for small children.
  • 10:35 am: The distributor of reactor block 4 is also reconnected to the power grid. In block 2 one works on the connection of individual electrical systems.
  • 5:17 p.m .: The cooling pool in Block 4 is now being cooled with a truck-mounted concrete pump . It pumps around 150 tons of water onto the reactor building every day.
  • 10:45 p.m .: Tepco reports that the lighting in the control room of reactor block 3 has been restored. A photo released by Tepco shows working ceiling lights, but dark screens and dead warning lights. In between there is a piece of paper with the inscription "SBO 3/11 15 ° 39 '", which could stand for " station blackout (power failure) on March 11th at 3:39 pm".
  • The insurance industry does not expect any significant burdens from the nuclear accidents. Damage caused by radioactive contamination is generally not covered.

March 23

  • 02:33 a.m .: In addition to the fire extinguishing line, water is also fed into reactor 1 through a regular feed water line .
  • 09:00 a.m .: The feed through the fire extinguishing line is ended. The amount of water introduced is now around 11 cubic meters per hour.
  • 10:00 am: There are ongoing problems with the cooling of reactor 1. The temperature of the reactor pressure vessel temporarily reaches almost 400 ° C, with a maximum permissible value of 300 ° C.
Radiation readings in Shinjuku , Tokyo
  • The Japanese Ministry of Health issues a ban on the sale and consumption of various vegetables from Fukushima Prefecture and a ban on the sale of fresh raw milk and herbs from Ibaraki Prefecture .
  • The radiation levels in the air in Tokyo reached a temporary high of 0.15 microsievert per hour on this day . This corresponds to two to four times the normal radiation in Tokyo and is harmless to humans.
  • The Tōkyō Shimbun newspaper estimates the damage caused by the nuclear accidents at one trillion yen (around € 8.5 billion at the time). The rating agencies Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s downgrade Tepco 's creditworthiness.
  • In Iceland and Norway , the first radioactive particles from Fukushima reach mainland Europe. However, the concentration of radioactive substances is too low to have any effect on people.
  • Italy decides to suspend the planned re-entry into nuclear energy for a year.

March 24th

Part of a control room in the Fukushima I power plant (photo from 1999)
  • 11:30 a.m .: The lighting in the control room of Block 1 is restored. Here, too, many instruments have no function.
  • Two employees are exposed to high levels of radiation from radioactive water when cables are being laid in the basement of the turbine building in Block 3 . They hadn't worn protective boots. Work on the electrical systems must be stopped.
  • 3:37 p.m .: The power supply to the cooling pumps at the central cooling pool next to Blocks 3 and 4 is restored.
  • 6:05 p.m .: The cooling of the central cooling pool is restarted. The temperature in the pool had risen to a maximum of 73 ° C by this time.
131 I-contamination in drinking water in Tochigi prefecture
  • In the drinking water of 12 of 47 prefectures in Japan is 131 detected I, but only in Tochigi Prefecture with a risky for infants value of 110 becquerels per liter (Bq / l); in the other prefectures it is well below 100 Bq / l. 137 Cs was found in the drinking water of six prefectures, but only in traces of less than 10 Bq / l.
  • A 64-year-old vegetable farmer in Sukagawa City , Fukushima Prefecture, committed suicide after he became convinced that his vegetables were unsaleable because of radioactive contamination.
  • Singapore and Australia prohibit imports of vegetables from four Japanese prefectures.
  • The first high-resolution photos are appearing on the Internet showing the full extent of the destruction on reactor buildings 1, 3 and 4.

March 25th to 31st (third week)

25th March

American barge on the way from Yokosuka to Fukushima I
  • 03:37 am: The cooling of reactor 1 is switched from sea to fresh water. This is intended to prevent further damage from salt deposits and corrosion in the reactor pressure vessels. The water is of barges of the United States Navy to be pulled or pushed by vessels of the Japanese forces brought in.
  • 06:02: The cooling of reactor 3 is also switched to fresh water.
  • As a result of the ongoing cooling work, white steam now rises from all three reactor blocks (1 to 3).
  • In the basement of turbine building 1 there is highly radioactive water.
  • The tap water in Tokyo is safe for small children again.
  • The European Union has declared a “radiological emergency”. As a result, higher limit values ​​for radioactivity in food come into force. It also notes that all nuclear power plants in the EU should be checked for risks such as earthquakes, floods and terrorist attacks by the end of 2011.

26th of March

Japanese and U.S. Air Force soldiers rehearse connecting a water hose at Yokota Air Base (March 26).
  • 10:10 a.m .: Now fresh water instead of sea water is also injected into reactor 2.
  • In the meantime, radioactive water has been found in all four turbine buildings from Block 1 to 4. The water level in the basement of the turbine building in Unit 1 is 0.4 meters; in blocks 2 to 4 it is 1 meter, 1.5 meters and 0.8 meters respectively. Because of the highly contaminated water, work to restore the cooling systems cannot continue. The water is also in connected maintenance tunnels and could get into the sea from there.
  • 4:46 p.m .: The lighting in the control room of Block 2 has been restored. In a photo published by Tepco, three men in protective suits are looking at instruments between dead screens and warning lights.
  • Several large shipping companies are no longer calling at the ports of Tokyo and Yokohama due to concerns about radioactive contamination .

27th of March

  • 8:00 a.m .: The temperature in the central cooling pool has fallen back to the normal range below 40 ° C.
  • The cooling pool in reactor building 3 is now also cooled with a truck-mounted concrete pump , with 50 to 100 tons of water per day. The cooling pool of Block 4 is no longer cooled daily, but every several days.
  • The radiation dose rate at reactor 2 is so greatly increased that work there is temporarily interrupted.
  • Nuclear opponents demonstrate in front of the Tepco headquarters in Tokyo, also in the following days and weeks.

28th March

Government spokesman Yukio Edano was quoted frequently during the Fukushima disaster. (Photo from 2010)
  • The Japanese government admits a core meltdown in reactor 2. This probably started shortly after the tsunami hit.
  • Government spokesman Yukio Edano also criticizes false information from the operator about high levels of radioactivity. The NISA warned Tepco very clearly. The radioactive contamination of the water in the turbine building of Unit 2 was initially given as extremely high values. Tepco withdrew this information on March 28th because it was implausible and, after reevaluating it, corrected the measured concentrations of some radionuclides downwards, which resulted in the radioactivity of the water being 100 times lower (but still very high) . According to Tepco, a mistake was initially made in the computer-aided data analysis.
  • Tepco published the analysis results of the soil samples from March 21st and 22nd and found unusually high 238 Pu concentrations that could result from the accidents. The total concentration of the detected plutonium is within the usual and harmless range for Japanese soils (→ see analysis results of the soil samples from the power plant site ). The uranium concentration in the samples is normal.

March 29

  • 11:50 a.m .: Block 4 was the last to be reconnected to the power supply, and there is light again in the control room. Tepco also publishes a photo here; Numerous - apparently unusual - instruments are covered with notes on it.
  • The cooling basins in blocks 2 and 3 are now also cooled with fresh water instead of sea water.
  • Traces of radioactive particles from Fukushima are now detectable all over the world.

March 30

Because of the failed nuclear power plants, electricity must be saved. Here a switched off escalator in a Tokyo administration building
  • Prime Minister Naoto Kan wants to spin off the Japanese nuclear regulatory agency NISA from the Ministry of Economic Affairs (METI). METI actively promoted the use of nuclear energy in Japan.
  • Tepco chairman Tsunehisa Katsumata admits that the company ran into financial difficulties as a result of the series of accidents. He also confirms that reactor units 1 to 4 will have to be abandoned because of their severe damage. He does not want to commit to the still functional blocks 5 and 6.
  • 1:55 p.m .: The contamination of the seawater at the southern water outlet of Fukushima I reaches a maximum value of 180,000 Becquerel per liter (Bq / l) 131 I and 47,000 Bq / l 137 Cs. This corresponds approximately to 4000 or 500 times the legal limit values ​​for sea water.
  • Chinese authorities deny entry to the port of Xiamen for a Japanese container ship because it is too highly radioactive.
  • To date, 110,340 people in Fukushima Prefecture have been tested for radioactive contamination. In 102 of them, values ​​above the limit of 100,000 Becquerel were measured when they were clothed. None of the people examined exceeded this limit when they were undressed.

March 31

  • 1:03 p.m.: A truck-mounted concrete pump sprays 90 tons of fresh water onto the cooling pool in Block 1.
  • 3:42 p.m.: At least six days after the first freshwater barge made its way to the power plant at the US naval base in Yokosuka (see picture description here ), NISA reports the arrival of the first United States Navy barge with fresh water at the power plant. The travel time is about one and a half days.
  • Japan's government wants to examine plans to build new nuclear power plants. Prime Minister Naoto Kan suggested that the project be “fundamentally rethought”. 14 reactors in Japan are under construction or in the planning stage.
  • It is known that there is a lack of basic safety equipment for workers in the power plant, for example a sufficient number of dosimeters and safety boots .
  • NISA assumes that the pressure vessels of reactors 2 and 3 are leaking. Presumably, gases would escape from the containers through tired seals.
  • According to estimates by the Institut de Radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire , the fuel elements in reactor 1 have a thermal output of 2.5 megawatts and in reactors 2 and 3 of 4.2 megawatts. This would be sufficient to allow 95 or 160 tons of water to evaporate per day and requires constant cooling with around 150 to 200 tons of water per reactor and day .
  • The number of foreign visitors to Japan fell in the second half of March by 75 percent compared to the previous year.

April 2011

With the restoration of the power supply, a bit of normality has returned to the power plant. The workers are no longer out and about in the dark or in poor emergency lighting, and individual systems are again in a stable state. However, the cooling circuits of the reactors and decay basins from Units 1 to 4 could not be repaired as hoped because the radioactive wastewater in the turbine houses is in the way. Instead, makeshift cooling becomes routine, only occasionally interrupted by aftershocks or minor repairs to the pump technology. Parts of the highly contaminated water seep into the sea.

Radiation readings from Fukushima Prefecture, March 2011

The reactor cores of Units 2 and 3 now seem to gradually subside and cool down, but this will take a long time. Only reactor 1, in which the cooling failed first, is still unstable (→ see radiation readings in the reactors ).

The emission of radioactive substances into the air has decreased, but the places around Fukushima I are too highly contaminated for residents to return. On the contrary: observers such as the International Atomic Energy Agency and Greenpeace advise Japan to expand the evacuation zone around the power plant.

The workers and auxiliaries in the power plant are still working under difficult conditions. Highly radioactive debris was distributed on the site, especially as a result of the explosion in Block 3, creating dangerous hot spots . The air on the site is contaminated. Despite protective clothing and respirators , at least 102 workers have received radiation doses and contamination with an equivalent of over 100 millisievert (mSv), eight of them over 250 mSv. 100 mSv per year was the old limit for workers in Japanese nuclear power plants in emergency situations, until it was increased to 250 mSv on March 15, 2011 .

Outside of working hours, the employees and assistants are now housed in J-Village , a sports and training center financed by Tepco in Naraha , 20 kilometers south of Fukushima I. The power plant operator has set up its headquarters for disaster management there.

April 1st to 7th (fourth week)

April 1st

  • The makeshift cooling will continue in April - now only with fresh water, after the cooling of the cooling basin from Block 1 was switched to fresh water on April 1st. 133 liters of water per minute are pumped into the pressure vessel of reactor 1; in reactor 2 and 3 it is 150 and 116 liters per minute, respectively. The amounts of water are chosen so that a little more is fed in than is required for complete heat dissipation through evaporation . Almost every day around 150 tons of water are sprayed onto the cooling pool in Block 4 with a concrete pump . The cooling basins in Units 1 and 3 each have around 100 tons of water at intervals of several days. At intervals of several days, water is injected into the basin of block 2 via the regular cooling line with a makeshift pump.
  • The power plant operator is looking for new employees who will work for a short time in highly contaminated areas and offers the equivalent of up to 3,500 euros per shift.

2nd of April

Possible path for the water from the reactor building (1) through the turbine house (2) to the cable duct (3)
  • Heavily radioactively contaminated water flows into the sea from an approximately 20 centimeter long crack in a cable duct on reactor block 2 . Radiation of over 1000 millisieverts per hour was measured in the cable duct (1000 mSv / h is the upper limit of the existing measuring devices). The radioactivity in the water of the nearby water inlet of Unit 2 is now 7.5 million times the legal limit values ​​for seawater. A first attempt to close the leak with concrete fails.
  • According to the Ministry of Health, tap water is safe to drink again in all Japanese communities. The water contamination in Iitate must, however, be monitored further.
  • The city of Shizuoka is providing Tepco with a floating platform that can store 18,000 tons of water. It was originally built for an experimental seaplane base and is now intended to be used to store radioactive waste water.

3rd of April

  • The two workers missing since the earthquake (see March 11 ) were found dead in the basement of the turbine building in Block 4.
  • Even with a mixture of superabsorbent (which is mainly used in diapers because of its water absorption capacity ), sawdust and shredded newspaper, Tepco is unable to close the leak at Block 2.

4. April

  • Due to the constant makeshift cooling, an estimated 60,000 tons of radioactive wastewater have accumulated in the basement of the turbine buildings from Blocks 1 to 4. The floor of the power plant site is now so saturated with contaminated water that it penetrates into the buildings of reactor units 5 and 6, one kilometer away.
  • Tepco begins to pump 11,500 tons of contaminated water with a radioactivity of about 14,000 Becquerel per liter into the sea in order to create space in the waste storage facility for the much more polluted water from the turbine buildings and to dry up blocks 5 and 6 again.
  • For the first time, Tepco is taking measurements in seawater 15 kilometers in front of the power plant (so far measurements have only been made along the coast) and finds a concentration of radioactive 131 I there that is five times the legal limit. The 137 Cs concentration is slightly below the limit value.
  • The Japanese Ministry of Health is beginning to differentiate food sales bans. Only sales from urban areas with high levels of radiation exposure and of products with limit values ​​should remain restricted.
  • The Fukushima Prefecture can be tested, in order to dispel the concerns of buyers industrial exports for radioactive contamination.
Buddhist monks of Nipponzan-Myōhōji protest behind the Japanese parliament against nuclear power.

April 5th

  • The Ibaraki prefecture shall issue a prohibition of fishing for sand eels after in captured off the coast of Ibaraki Sandeels a higher was detected radioactive cesium in a legally allowable concentration.
  • According to estimates by the Japanese Government's Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC), the release of radioactive substances has decreased from an average of tens of thousands of terabecquerels ( trillion Becquerels, TBq) per day in March to 154 TBq per day.

April 6th

Nuclide concentrations in the water inlet of Unit 2, April 2 to June 15, 2011
  • With a waterglass- based sealant , the leak in reactor block 2 can finally be closed. To be on the safe side, another six cubic meters of it is injected into the ground around the shaft. The leakage of contaminated water into the sea is now falling significantly, but the readings for the next day in the water inlet of Unit 2 are still 63,000 times ( 131 I) and 17,000 times ( 137 Cs) the limit values. An estimated 520 tons of contaminated water with a radioactivity of 4700 terabecquerels has spilled into the sea since April 1st.
  • The introduction of nitrogen into the containment of reactor 1 is being prepared. This is to prevent a possible oxyhydrogen explosion.
  • Government spokesman Edano explains that professional fishermen should receive their first compensation payments.
  • Japanese authorities have requested the special ship Landisch (Japanese Suzuran ) in Russia , which can decontaminate radioactive wastewater .
  • A trial spraying of 600 m² of the power plant site with synthetic resin begins. This is intended to bind radioactive substances on the ground.
  • Japanese fishermen protest against the pumping of radioactive waste water into the sea. Most of the fishermen in Ibaraki Prefecture have now stopped working.
  • Russia bans the import of Japanese fish.
  • France delivers unmanned helicopters for aerial surveillance from Fukushima I to Japan.
  • According to a confidential report by the US Nuclear Safety Authority (NRC) available to the New York Times , the containment of reactors 1 to 3, some of which are filled with water, could no longer be stable enough to withstand a strong aftershock . In addition, there would be the risk of hydrogen explosions in the containment, and the cooling of the reactors, especially in reactor 1, would be impeded by salt deposits. The makeshift cooling must be maintained for months. The NRC also believes that some of the molten core of Reactor 2 has flowed out of the pressure vessel and has accumulated in the bottom of the containment vessel.
Structure of the system: water inlets shown in dark blue; Block 5 and 6 in the upper (northern) area

7th of April

  • 01:31 pm: beginning of the introduction of nitrogen into the containment vessel of reactor first
  • 8:50 am: The contamination of the seawater at the water inlet of reactor units 5 and 6 (in the northern part of the power plant site) reaches a maximum value of 110,000 Becquerel per liter (Bq / l) 131 I and 68,000 Bq / l 137 Cs. This corresponds to roughly 3,000 or 750 times the legal limit values ​​for seawater.
  • Japan's Foreign Minister Takeaki Matsumoto criticizes the foreign media reports on the nuclear accidents in Fukushima as exaggerated and excessive.
  • South Korea is closing some schools for fear of radioactive rain. Authorities also recommend abstaining from outdoor activities.

April 8-14 (fifth week)

April 8th

  • Toshiba submits an offer to operator Tepco to remove radioactive waste from the Fukushima-1 site. This work should take 10 years to complete.
  • After protests from South Korea, Russia and China, Tepco wants to stop pumping so-called low-level radioactive water from the power plant's waste storage facility into the Pacific.
  • The European Commission is aligning the limit values ​​for food imports from Japan with the Japanese limit value of 500 Becquerel per kilogram 134 Cs and 137 Cs. In doing so, it is partially lowering the limit values ​​that were only raised on March 25th.
  • The radiation sensor on the pressure vessel of block 1 shows an extreme increase and then fails (see table of radiation values ​​in reactors 1 to 3 ).

9th April

  • The removal of radioactive debris from the power plant site begins. Remote-controlled special vehicles are used for this. Several containers of rubble are cleared away every day.
  • Tepco starts building a steel wall in front of the water inlet of Block 2 in order to contain the discharge of contaminated water into the sea (for example through drainage and shafts). In addition, mud walls ( "silt curtains" or "silt fences" ) will be raised in front of the water inlets in blocks 1 to 4 .
  • China extends its ban on imports of Japanese food from five to eleven prefectures, including Tokyo.

10th of April

  • The dumping of radioactive water from waste storage and drainage pits will end after around 10,400 of the planned 11,500 tons have been pumped out.
  • Agriculture Minister Michihiko Kano announces that rice farmers who cannot replant because of the contamination will be fully compensated.
  • 17,500 people demonstrate against nuclear energy in Tokyo.

11 April

  • The Japanese government has announced that the communities of Katsurao , Namie and Iitate will also be evacuated because of the radiation exposure. Instead of the previous limit of 50 millisieverts per year, 20 millisieverts per year are now set for the disaster area.
  • A 7.0 magnitude aftershock shook the region around 3 p.m. The tremor interrupts the power supply for cooling reactors 1 to 3 for 50 minutes, but there is no further damage to the power plant.

12. April

Abandoned downtown Namie on April 12th
  • The Japanese government is preparing the evacuation of the places Katsurao, Namie and Iitate as well as parts of Kawamata and Minamisōma , which are particularly highly radioactive.
  • A Japanese bank consortium is providing the power plant operator Tepco with around 17 billion euros. The Japanese government is thinking about nationalizing the Fukushima I nuclear power plant because Tepco cannot bear the follow-up costs of the disaster on its own.
  • The Japanese power plant operator Kyushu Electric freezes its plans to build a new nuclear power plant in Kagoshima Prefecture .
  • The Philippine government orders the repatriation of all of its citizens from within 50 kilometers of Fukushima I. Only Filipinos married to Japanese were allowed to stay there if they wished.

April 13th

Staff at the main gate of Fukushima 1
  • The Japanese Ministry of Culture and Technology MEXT , which is responsible for environmental monitoring, measures a 131 I concentration in seawater 30 kilometers in front of the power plant , which is 2.2 times the legal limit.
  • Japan's Prime Minister is quoted as saying that the evacuated areas around the power plant will remain uninhabitable for the next 20 years. After creating a great stir, Kan denies saying so.
  • A fish caught in the prefecture of Ibaraki was found to be exposed to radioactive cesium at 25 times the legal limit.
  • With an extension arm on a concrete pump, Tepco takes measurements in the cooling pool of block 4. Unusually high concentrations of 131 I, 134 Cs and 137 Cs are found (→ see water measurements in the decay basins ), which indicates some damaged fuel rods. The water temperature is 90 ° C.
  • Pumping of the highly contaminated water from the turbine building of Unit 2 begins. First, water is pumped from a connected tunnel into a condenser tank in the turbine building.

April 14th

  • 12:20 p.m .: The mud wall in front of the water inlet of Block 2 is completed.
  • Tepco deposited ten sandbags, each filled with 100 kilograms of zeolites, at the seawater inlets of the power plant. They are supposed to bind some of the radioactive substances released.
  • The Japanese government bans the sale of shiitake mushrooms from the eastern part of Fukushima Prefecture.
  • South Korea imposes an import ban on all food from 13 of the 47 Japanese prefectures .
  • The United States Department of Energy is delivering stainless steel tanks to Fukushima I so that more radioactive water can be stored there.

Mid-April

The focus in Fukushima is now on the fight against radioactive waste water. In the basement of the turbine houses it still prevents work on the electrical systems; in the sea it endangers living beings and pollutes Japanese fisheries and even shipping. Tepco tries to get the problems under control with a number of technical measures. At the same time, the first security measures against the contamination of the site are started.

On the land side, the situation is now clear enough to make more precise decisions on radiation risks in the vicinity of the power plant. In some places warnings and bans on food or protective measures are lifted, in others they are extended.

The subject of “Fukushima” has now disappeared from the international headlines. Only the upgrade to INES 7 draws attention again briefly. China is complaining about the Japanese information policy, and government spokesman Edano even feels compelled to point out that the classification as a "catastrophic accident" has not changed the situation or how it is handled.

April 15-21 (sixth week)

April 15th

  • Tepco is obliged to pay advance compensation to the evacuated people. One-person households receive the equivalent of € 6,350, multi-person households € 8,300.
  • The US investment bank JP Morgan estimates the expected compensation payments to be around 24 billion US dollars (18 billion euros), Merrill Lynch in the event of an ongoing crisis even at 130 billion dollars (90 billion euros).
  • The US confirms its 80-kilometer safety zone around the power plant, but withdraws its general exit recommendation from March 17th.
Anti-nuclear demonstration in Tokyo on April 16

April 16

  • New cooling systems are to be built at the Fukushima-1 reactors and decay basins that work with a closed circuit and filter out radioactive substances. This would mean that no more radioactive wastewater would arise.
  • The European Union sets a radiation limit for cargo ships. According to this, ships are to be decontaminated if a dose rate above 0.0003 millisievert per hour has been determined.

17th April

  • Tepco announces a " roadmap ": within three to six months the aim is to get the release of radioactivity under control; afterwards the decontamination of residential areas in the evacuation zone is to begin.
  • Tepco measures a very high concentration of radioactive 137 Cs in the decay basin of reactor block 2 . It is approximately 500,000 times the normal value and initially indicates severely damaged fuel rods . Later investigations conclude that the fuel elements are likely intact and the radioactive material came from emissions from the reactor.

April 18

  • The mud wall and the steel wall in front of the water inlet of Unit 2 reduce the leakage of radioactive substances into the sea by a quarter. The permissible limit values ​​are still exceeded outside the barrier by a factor of 200 ( 137 Cs) to 6,500 ( 131 I).
  • 24 cubic meters of water glass sealant are poured into a cable duct at Block 2 in order to further contain the seepage of contaminated water into the sea.
  • NISA is now officially assuming that a partial core meltdown has taken place in reactors 1, 2 and 3 .
  • The Japanese government bans the sale of shiitake mushrooms from the area around the city ​​of Fukushima .
  • Tepco explores parts of the reactor buildings 1 to 3 with remote-controlled robots of the PackBot type , as it is too dangerous for people to enter because of the still very high radiation values ​​(approx. 10 to 60 millisieverts per hour). The robots were converted for this purpose by the US nuclear research center Idaho National Laboratory .
  • The power plant operator takes soil samples near the reactor blocks that are to be examined for radioactive strontium .

April 19th

  • In the basement of the turbine building of reactor block 2, 25,000 tons of extremely highly contaminated water have accumulated. Tepco begins to pump 10 cubic meters per hour into the waste store.
  • Tepco commissions the French nuclear technology group Areva to build a plant for the chemical decontamination of water in Fukushima I. The plant will process 1,200 tons of wastewater per day.
  • The polling group Gallup International Association publishes the results of a series of surveys on the topic of nuclear energy, which was carried out from March 20 to April 9 in 47 countries. Accordingly, the global share of nuclear energy supporters has decreased from 57 to 49 percent, while the share of those who oppose nuclear power has increased from 32 to 43 percent. In Japan, approval fell from 62 to 39 percent - more than in any other country - while opposition rose from 28 to 47 percent.

20th of April

  • Since, despite warnings from the government, people still live within the 20-kilometer evacuation zone or return to their homes there, entering the zone should be prohibited by law.
  • The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has announced that it will send a team of experts to Fukushima to investigate the causes of the nuclear accidents and the subsequent safety measures.
  • In the breast milk of a woman in Kashiwa in Chiba Prefecture was a 131 measured kg I concentration of 36 Bq /. Radioactive cesium was not detectable. The 131 I concentration in the milk of three other women examined was lower. The Japanese limit value for baby food is 100 Bq / kg.

April 21

  • 11:00 am: The Japanese Prime Minister orders the establishment of the 20-kilometer exclusion zone around Fukushima I.
  • According to a Tepco official, a core meltdown could be in progress in reactor 1 .

April 22nd to 28th (seventh week)

April 22

Evacuation zones around the power plant
  • 00:00 a.m .: The 20-kilometer exclusion zone around the power plant comes into force. 27,000 households in nine municipalities are affected. Only one person per household is allowed to return to their place of residence for a maximum of five hours.
  • The government orders the evacuation of Katsurao, Namie and Iitate, as well as parts of Kawamata and Minamisōma. The residents must have left the towns by the end of May at the latest.
  • 9:44 a.m .: The Prime Minister is revoking the instruction to other residents within 20 to 30 kilometers of the power plant to stay in their homes. Instead, it should be decided how the residents should behave depending on the local situation.
  • The suspension of shipment for vegetables from various locations in Chiba Prefecture has been lifted.
  • The trial spraying of parts of the power plant site with synthetic resin to bind radioactive particles will be expanded to a total of 6400 square meters. This corresponds to approximately 0.2 percent of the entire power plant site.
  • The governor of Fukushima prefecture, Yūhei Satō , does not want to allow Tepco to restart the Fukushima I power plant.

April 23

  • The containment of reactor 1 and later also of reactor 3 should gradually be completely filled with water in order to be able to cool the reactor core better. NISA is concerned that this will make the containment more unstable and more prone to further earthquakes. The safety containers are not intended to be filled with water.
  • According to media reports, Tepco is considering building a wall in the ground around the damaged power station in order to contain the leakage of contaminated water. The wall would have to be 15 (or 46?) Meters deep in order to end with the rock layer under the power plant site.
  • Now the particularly highly contaminated debris around reactor block 3 is being removed with unmanned clearing vehicles. There are hot spots with loads of up to 900 millisieverts per hour (mSv / h).
Cow released in Namie (April 12th)
  • The government intends to support Tepco financially if the company cannot bear the costs of the nuclear disaster on its own.
  • When the area around Fukushima I was evacuated, around 3,000 cows, 30,000 pigs and 600,000 chickens were left unattended on farms. A veterinarian has inspected various stalls and found that almost all chickens and most pigs and dairy cows died in stalls without automatic feeding systems.

April 24th

  • Tepco plans to build tanks with 31,400 tons of storage capacity for radioactive wastewater on the site by the beginning of June . If necessary, tanks for a further 20,000 tons are to be added in each of the following months.
  • The power plant operator notices that on March 16 he miscalculated the proportion of damaged fuel rods in the reactor core from units 1 to 3.

April 25

  • According to estimates by the NSC, the release of radioactive substances has decreased by one sixth (now around 24 terabecquerel per day) within the last three weeks .
  • Tepco has published radioactivity maps from the time since March 23, which show in detail the local dose rate at various points on the power plant site. Above all, they serve to orient the workers.

26th of April

  • Conversion of the water feed into the cooling pool of block 3 from a concrete pump to a regular injection line (fuel pool coolant clean-up system)
  • The water level in the turbine cellar of units 3 and 4 continues to rise.
  • Robots measure dose rates of up to 1120 millisieverts per hour at individual points in reactor building 1.
  • In the past few weeks, rescue units had also searched the evacuation zone around the power plant for earthquake victims piece by piece. Now police have arrived with their search in Futaba , the place that was the first to be partially evacuated and whose housing estates are closest to the power plant.

April 27

  • Tepco did the math again: The fuel rods in reactor 1 were not 70 percent, but 55 percent damaged. In reactor 2 it is 35 instead of 30 percent, and in reactor 3 30 instead of 25 percent. Both the old and new numbers will soon prove to be way too low.
Kōriyama City Center (2007)
  • The spraying of the soil with synthetic resin was able to bind radioactive dust as hoped and is now being extended to an area of ​​half a square kilometer, one seventh of the entire power plant site. One million cubic meters of the chemical are now to be distributed using remote-controlled vehicles.
  • In the 340,000-inhabitant city of Kōriyama , 60 kilometers west of the power plant, the contaminated surface of the soil is removed in schools and kindergartens.
  • Bans on the sale and consumption of vegetables from certain districts in Fukushima Prefecture and Tochigi Prefecture will be lifted.

April 28

  • In blocks 1 to 4 there are now 87,500 tons of radioactive water; According to Tepco estimates, by the end of the year it could be 200,000 tons. From the beginning of June, 1,200 tons per day are to be processed with the Areva plant (see April 19 ).
  • Tepco has thought again and now says that the cooling pool of Block 4 probably has no leak.
  • The legal limit of 500 Becquerel per kilogram (Bq / kg) is still exceeded in food in the Fukushima Prefecture. Spinach from the village of Ōtama , 60 kilometers west of Fukushima I, emits 900 Bq / kg; in Tamura , 40 kilometers west of the power plant, it is 510 Bq / kg.
The Rainbow Warrior II of Greenpeace (Photo 2009) meets on March 28, one in Japan to investigate the sea.
  • The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture has denied the environmental protection organization Greenpeace measurements of radioactive contamination of sea and marine animals within the twelve-mile zone off the Japanese coast. Greenpeace may operate outside this zone.

April 29th to 30th (eighth week)

April 29

  • Tepco is trying to temporarily protect the power plant against possible further tsunamis triggered by aftershocks with a several meter high dam made of sandbags . By mid-June it is to be replaced by an equally provisional twelve meter high breakwater dam made of gabions .
  • A government commission confirms that Tepco has to bear the evacuation costs and the economic losses from bans and voluntary restrictions on the sale of agricultural and fishery products.
  • Toshiso Kosako , professor in the Department of Nuclear Technology at the University of Tokyo , is stepping down from his position as scientific advisor to the Japanese government on nuclear issues after six weeks. The government ignored his advice, saved itself from the nuclear crisis only with emergency solutions and makeshift solutions over time and in some cases did not adhere to the applicable laws. The government continues to hold back the results of the computerized contamination forecasts (see March 16 ). Kosako is particularly critical of the Ministry of Education's intention not to set a lower limit for kindergartens and schools in the Fukushima prefecture than the 20 millisieverts per year applicable in the entire disaster area. According to the Prime Minister, there had been differences of opinion between Kosako and other scientists.
  • The Fukushima Prefecture authorities are collecting abandoned pets from the evacuation zone. Your photos and data are posted on the Internet to find their owners.
  • The German embassy has returned to Tokyo from Osaka .

April, 30th

  • According to Tepco Vice President Norio Tsuzumi, the nuclear disaster was essentially caused by humans and not by the force of nature.

May 2011

Seawater contamination with 137 Cs from March 21st to May 5th (source: GRS )

The most pressing problem - the leakage of contaminated water into the sea - seems to have been largely solved: In the sea in the southern and northern areas of the power plant, exceeding the legal limit for 137 Cs went from about 100 to 500 times as simple within one month or less (see graphic), although the corresponding values ​​of the wastewater produced in blocks 1 to 3 continued to increase (→ see measured values ​​in the drainage shafts ). The 134 Cs and 131 I concentrations have also approached the limit values. Apparently the sealing and containment measures are successful.

Step by step, water is pumped out of the cellars and tunnels of the turbine buildings into tanks and into the waste storage facility, with moderate success.

The condition of reactor 1 still seems to be unstable: the measuring devices have been showing a steady and uncontrolled increase for parts of the pressure vessel for a month. It is therefore now necessary to take riskier measures to better cool the reactor. In addition, the installation of a new cooling circuit is being prepared.

For those injured by the disaster, the wait for financial compensation begins. Tepco has set up a department to advise those affected, but they are still working on a call center for telephone inquiries. It will be months before actual negotiations on the amount of the payments begin. The government insists that Tepco cannot invoke force majeure because the company was aware of the inadequate protection of the plant against tsunamis.

May 1st to 5th

1st of May

  • 1000 workers from Tepco and other companies are now active on the power plant site; more are to be added.
  • After Tepco has slightly reduced the amount of water fed into reactor 3, the reactor temperature suddenly begins to rise. Now the amount of water is increased again step by step (→ see amounts of cooling water fed in ).
  • The connection shafts to the maintenance tunnels on turbine building 2 are sealed with concrete in order to further contain the waste water outlet.
  • 220 Tepco shareholders [size of the shares?] Want to demand the shutdown of all Tepco nuclear power plants at the general meeting at the end of June. Of the three nuclear facilities Fukushima I , Fukushima II and Kashiwazaki Kariwa , only the latter is currently in operation.

2.May

  • An air filter system is installed on the reactor building 1 to remove radioactive particles. So the building should be permanently accessible again for human workers instead of just robots .

May 3rd

  • Another 180 Tepco shareholders join the demand for power plant shutdowns. Shareholders of four other Japanese nuclear power plant operators have made similar proposals.
  • The radioactivity in the condensation chamber of reactor 2 begins to rise again (→ see radiation readings in the reactors ).
  • A first investigation of the sea floor, three kilometers from Minamisōma, shows concentrations of 190 Bq / kg 131 I, 1,300 Bq / kg 134 Cs and 1400 Bq / kg 137 Cs. These are 100 to 1000 times the normal values. There are no legal limit values ​​for seabeds in Japan.
  • Following criticism from its ex-advisor Kosako , the Japanese government has published detailed forecasts and calculations for radioactive contamination from March 11th. [Evaluation?]
Outside of working hours, the employees live in the “ J-Village ”, Naraha . (Photo from 2008)

May 4th

5th of May

  • In the event of an unplanned cooling interruption, reactor 1 could heat up quickly and get completely out of control. Therefore, the power plant operator wants to fill the safety and pressure vessel with water for better cooling. The resulting risks are under control.
  • The temperature at the feed water connection of reactor 3 reached 157 ° C, the highest value since March 24th. Elsewhere, around 240 ° C are measured, with a maximum permissible temperature of 280 ° C.
  • The Japanese government wants to decide in 2012 whether residents of the evacuation zone can return.

May 6th to May 12th (ninth week)

May 6th

May 7th

8th of May

  • The air in reactor building 1 is adequately decontaminated; now the installation of a new cooling system for the reactor is to begin. This should consist of a closed circuit, the heat of which is dissipated via an additional cooling tower .

May 9

  • Tepco publishes the strontium readings of the soil samples from April 18th . The concentrations of short-lived strontium-89 (50 days half-life ) are up to 570 Bq / kg. This is 130 times the previous record recorded in Fukushima Prefecture after surface nuclear weapons tests in the 20th century. An expert from the Japan Chemical Analysis Center believes this contamination is safe for workers in the power plant as long as they wear respirators. High doses of strontium can cause various bone diseases and even bone cancer .
  • The Hamaoka nuclear power plant will be shut down until further notice. 1,000 people had previously demonstrated in the vicinity of the Chūbu Denryoku headquarters.
  • In reactor building 1, workers encounter radioactive hotspots with local dose rates of up to 700 millisieverts per hour. These are covered with leaded radiation protection mats, but this does not help much.
  • The sale of bamboo shoots and ostrich fern from various mountain regions in Fukushima Prefecture is banned because they are contaminated above the limit values.

10th of May

  • The situation in reactor 2 relaxes again, while temperatures of up to 300 ° C. now prevail in reactor 3. The additional water supply through another line should provide a remedy.
  • Tepco is officially asking the Japanese government for financial support. The government had already promised such support on April 23 .
  • The city ​​of Fukushima is also removing contaminated soil from its schools.
  • The first residents of the exclusion zone are allowed to return there for two hours to take things from their apartments or to look after pets. They wear protective clothing and a dosimeter and are given a 70 by 70 centimeter plastic bag to pack their belongings .

May 11th

  • Tepco is falling behind the schedule of the “Roadmap” of April 17th because work on the reactors is progressing too slowly.
  • The connection shafts to the maintenance tunnels at Block 3 are now also sealed with concrete. It is found that - similar to April 2nd at Block 2 - highly contaminated water flows through a cable duct into the sea.
  • Emperor Akihito and his wife visit shelters in Fukushima Prefecture to encourage them.

12th of May

  • After calibrating the water level measuring devices on reactor 1, Tepco determines that the fuel assemblies (or the area in which they were once located) are not half covered with water, as previously indicated, but not at all . Presumably the pressure and containment vessels are leaking and significant parts of the cooling water are running out of the reactor. Most of the molten reactor core has accumulated at the bottom of the pressure vessel. The planned, new cooling measures for reactor 1 are thus called into question.

May 13th to 19th (tenth week)

May 13th

  • First preparations to enclose the reactor building 1 with a new shell; this should curb radioactive emissions from June onwards.
  • In various places in Kanagawa Prefecture (near Tokyo), tea leaves have been discovered that are contaminated with radioactive cesium above the legal limits.

May 14th

PackBot, here defusing an explosive device in Iraq
  • While carrying material in the waste disposal building of the power plant, a 60-year-old worker passed out and died. It is not radioactively contaminated; he probably had a heart attack.
  • The PackBot robots measure dose rates of up to 2000 millisieverts per hour on the first floor of reactor building 1. Such radiation would cause acute radiation sickness in a person within a quarter of an hour .

May 15

  • Tepco confirms for the first time that there has been a meltdown. The entire core of reactor 1 melted from March 11th to March 12th.
  • Over 5,000 tons of radioactive wastewater ran out of reactor 1 and almost half filled the 11 meter high basement of the reactor building.

May 16

Cooling water quantities from March 13th to May 28th
Reactor temperatures block 3
  • Tepco also confirms the core meltdowns in reactors 2 and 3; the reactors there could be in a similar condition as in Unit 1 .
  • Despite the presumably leaking reactor, the power plant operator increases the amount of water fed into Unit 1 in the hope that at least some of the water will somehow remain in the containment (see graphic).
  • After doubling the amount of water introduced into reactor 3, the temperature is now falling again - the situation has been regained.

17th of May

  • Contaminated water is temporarily pumped from the turbine building in Unit 3 into the unit's wastewater processing building in order to remove the inflow from the leak into the sea .
  • From now on, hydrazine will be added to the cooling pool cooling water from Block 4 as a corrosion protection agent.
  • Contaminated tea is also found in Ibaraki Prefecture. It would actually be harvest time now, but now you are thinking about how to best destroy the harvest.
  • 73 percent of Japanese are dissatisfied with their government's nuclear crisis management.

May 18

  • Tepco gives up the attempt to fill up the containment of reactor 1 with water (see also: amounts of cooling water fed in ). Instead, people are thinking about systems that decontaminate the wastewater from the basement levels of the reactor blocks and inject it back into the reactors.
  • Nitrogen is also to be introduced into the containment of reactors 2 and 3. In preparation, workers explore reactor buildings 2 and 3. In Block 2 the humidity is very high, which among other things hinders the use of robots because their camera lenses fog up. In block 3, radiation of 160 to 170 millisieverts per hour, which is too risky, is measured at the point where workers are supposed to introduce the nitrogen.
  • The first claims for damages in the millions of euros from fishermen and farmers are received by Tepco or are in preparation.

May 20th to 26th (eleventh week)

  • May 20: Tepco cancels its shareholders the dividend for the second half of 2010.
  • Tepco President Masataka Shimizu and three other directors of the company announce their resignation. Toshio Nishizawa is to become the new president .
  • The power plant operator officially decides to give up the destroyed reactor blocks 1 to 4 and the planned, new reactor blocks 7 and 8. As before , the company does not commit itself to blocks 5 and 6 .
  • 69 out of 72 schools in Fukushima city prohibit or restrict sporting activities in their outdoor areas because of the radiation risks. Swimming lessons in outdoor pools are now banned completely.
  • May 21: The floating platform called "Mega Float" arrives at the port of the power plant. Contrary to earlier statements , it cannot store 18,000, but “only” 10,000 tons of radioactive water. A few more weeks will pass before they can be used, while the storage capacities in the power plant are almost exhausted.
  • May 23: A reinforced concrete column is erected under the cooling pool of Block 4 to strengthen the building damaged by the earthquake.
  • May 25: Greenpeace publishes first laboratory results of the marine survey . The 137 Cs contamination of marine algae within a radius of up to 65 kilometers from the power plant is between almost zero and three times the legal limit value (on average a little below), the 131 I contamination between almost zero and 64 times the limit value ( on average at eleven times).
  • The NRC measures local dose rates of almost 100 microsieverts per hour in trenches in the Fukushima prefecture.
  • The European Union introduces so-called stress tests . All nuclear power plants in the 27 member states will be checked for risks from natural disasters and accidents such as B. Aircraft crashes checked. A review with regard to terrorist attacks is not taking place for the time being.
  • May 26th: After the pumping out of water in Block 3 was interrupted, it was discovered that the temporary waste water storage facility had a leak. 57 tons of highly contaminated water were lost within 20 hours.
  • In the meantime, in most of the prefectures around Tokyo, 100 to 300 kilometers south-southwest of the power plant, cesium contamination of tea leaves in the range between 500 (legal limit) and 780 Becquerel per kilogram has been found. The authorities are urging tea growers to voluntarily stop sales, but not all are sticking to them.

May 27th to 31st (twelfth week)

Graffito in Saint-Romain-au-Mont-d'Or , France (May 2011)
  • May 27th: The buildings of reactor blocks 1 to 4 are also sprayed with synthetic resin to bind radioactive dust. A special fire brigade vehicle and a truck-mounted concrete pump are used here.
  • The IEAO observers arrive in Fukushima I. 18 experts from different countries are on site, under the direction of the British nuclear safety advisor Mike Weightman .
  • In response to pressure from the population, the Japanese Ministry of Culture promises to have the soil surface removed in schools with a local dose rate of more than 0.001 millisievert per hour - corresponding to around 9 millisievert per year.
  • 1,170 teachers in Fukushima Prefecture and 1,500 children in Kawamata are given dosimeters to examine radiation exposure.
  • May 28: The power plant operator publishes an extensive list of corrected radiation readings from the first ten days. Because of the initial hectic pace and unreliable communication channels, there were errors in data transmission at the time.
  • From now on, hydrazine will also be introduced into the decay basin of block 3 as corrosion protection.
  • May 29th: After Block 3 was converted on April 26th, the cooling pool of Block 1 is now also cooled via a direct line instead of a concrete pump.
  • According to its own statements, Tepco can no longer estimate how long it will take until the reactors are stabilized. The “roadmap” from April 17th is now nothing more than waste.
The typhoon washes a lot of 137 Cs from the roofless blocks 1, 3 and 4.
  • The decontamination of an estimated 250,000 tons of radioactive wastewater will cost the equivalent of around 500 million euros.
  • May 30th: The rainy season begins in Japan with the typhoon "Songda" . The water levels in the basement of the power plant buildings are now rising even faster, while the storage capacities are practically exhausted.
  • May 31: In Block 2, a new cooling pool cooling system with a closed circuit and heat exchanger goes into operation. The aim is to lower the water temperature from 70 to 40 ° C and reduce the relative humidity from 99.9%.
  • The Japanese government is considering buying up the entire 20-kilometer exclusion zone. The costs for this are estimated at around 50 billion euros.
  • So far, 13,630 m³ of water have been pumped into reactor 1, 2,842 m³ of which is seawater. Reactor 2 has 20,911 m³ of water, 9,197 m² of which is seawater, and Reactor 3 has 20,625 m³, of which 4,495 m³ is sea water.

June 2011

Example of reactor data recording: Fluctuating water level due to emergency cooling of reactor 3 on March 11, 2011

The stabilization of the reactors is more difficult than expected - the core meltdown damage is too great. Tepco is working on new cooling systems, and until they are commissioned, they continue to save themselves over time with temporary measures; always with the risk that the situation could escalate again, as was the case with reactor 3. Other buildings are being used for interim storage of radioactive wastewater because the shafts on the turbine buildings are about to overflow.

For outside observers, the situation is now more manageable because the power plant operator has published extensive information material on earthquakes and tsunami, the condition of the reactors and the records of employees during the accidents under pressure from the supervisory authority. The core meltdowns were calculated using computer simulations . The authorities are now assuming that there was a "melt-through" in reactors 1 to 3, i.e. parts of the reactor core escaping into the containment.

The employees in the power plant continue to work under difficult conditions. In addition to the radioactive hot spots on the site and in the reactor buildings, protective clothing also becomes a risk in the warm season. At least eleven workers have already received treatment for heat stroke or dehydration . High levels of 131 I in the thyroid gland were found in two employees ; They received radiation doses of 540 and 590 millisieverts respectively. Only now does Tepco ensure constant medical care on site.

June 1st to 2nd

  • June 1: In 14 of 31 snow samples from seven mountain peaks in the Fukushima prefecture, radioactivity above the drinking water limit of 200 Becquerel per kilogram is measured. The highest single measured value is 3000 Bq / kg.
  • The IAEA has already completed its inspection and is publishing a preliminary report in which it expressly praises the crisis management of the government and power plant operators. With diplomatic formulations and non-binding recommendations, she also points out the causes of the disaster: the underestimation of the tsunami risk, the lack of independence of the Japanese nuclear regulator, the possibility of inadequate safety design of the reactors and operating processes, a lack of emergency equipment and planning and the leakage of hydrogen from the reactors.
  • June 2: Another five concrete tunnels and 39 shafts around the reactor blocks are closed with concrete and other materials in order to contain the discharge of sewage into the sea. In addition, cracks in the quay walls are sealed.

June 3rd to 9th (thirteenth week)

  • June 3: Around 100,000 tons of highly contaminated water have now accumulated on the site, with a total radioactivity of 720,000 terabecquerels (for comparison, see total release of radioactive substances ).
  • JUNE 4: A robot measuring in an area of the ground floor of the reactor building 1 dose rates of 3000 to 4000 mSv / h - the highest ever outside the containment measured radiation. Nearby, steam emerges from an opening in the floor.
  • June 5: The 134 Cs and 137 Cs concentrations in the seawater at the power plant fall permanently below the legal limit values. 131 I has not been detectable since the beginning of June.
  • The NSC chairman Haruki Madarame continues the criticism of the IAEA and calls for longer lasting power failures to be taken into account in the construction guidelines for nuclear power plants.
  • June 6th: The new water decontamination system goes into trial operation. It should process 1,200 tons of wastewater per day, while several hundred tons are added every day. The filtered water is then stored in new tanks.
  • June 7th: A commission set up by the Japanese government and designated as "independent" under the leadership of Yotaro Hatamura begins investigating the nuclear disaster. A first report is planned for the end of 2011.
  • June 8th: In the southern part of the power plant, the power fails for three and a half hours. As a result, the control stations in Units 1 and 2 are temporarily out of operation, as are the nitrogen introduction into reactor 1, the pumping out of water from turbine building 2 and two radiation measuring stations.

June 10-16 (fourteenth week)

  • June 10th: When testing the water decontamination system, technical problems arise. It will not be able to go live on June 15th as planned.
  • June 11: After Block 1 , the air in the reactor building of Block 2 is now also being decontaminated in order to enable further work.
  • June 12: 2,500 people now work on the power plant site.
  • The power plant operator Tepco is the first to publish strontium measurements from water samples taken on May 16 and 18 in drainage shafts and water inlets. The values ​​are between 0.26 and 300 times the legal limit values ​​for seawater and generate a lot of media coverage.
  • June 13th: Another decontamination system goes into operation at the water inlets of the power plant to reduce the discharge of pollutants into the sea.
  • In parts of the 66,000-inhabitant city of Date , 60 kilometers northwest of the power plant, and in areas of Minamisōma that have not yet been evacuated , the expected radiation exposure exceeds the "crisis limit" of 20 millisieverts per year. The government wants to support a voluntary evacuation of the affected areas.
  • June 14: Shortly after midnight, there is a violent burst of steam from Block 3.
  • In the port of Onahama , a district of Iwaki , the new protective cover for reactor building 1 is being set up on a trial basis. It is 47 by 42 by 54 meters ( W × D × H ) and consists of a steel frame and an outer skin made of PVC- coated polyester fabric . The largest crawler crane available in Japan with a lifting capacity of 750 tons is used for assembly . The envelope is to be attached to Block 1 together with a new ventilation system by October and then prevent the escape of radioactive steam and dust and the ingress of rainwater.
  • After the upcoming summer vacation, the city ​​of Fukushima will equip 34,000 school children with dosimeters .
  • June 16: After Block 2 , a new, closed cooling circuit is now also being installed in the cooling pool of Block 3.

June 17th to 23rd (fifteenth week)

Reactor cooling water volumes from March 12th to July 2nd
  • June 18: The Japanese Ministry of Economic Affairs , which critics believe is intertwined with the nuclear industry, urges the prefectural authorities to allow the nuclear power plants that have been shut down since the earthquake to be restarted.
  • June 21: The amount of cooling water for reactors 1 to 3 is reduced because the water in the buildings threatens to overflow.
  • June 22nd: After the humidity in reactor building 2 has been reduced and the air has been adequately decontaminated, work on the adjustment of measuring devices and the introduction of nitrogen begins here too . The radioactive waste water is six meters high in the basement.

June 24th to 30th (sixteenth week)

  • June 24: Fukushima Prefecture will issue dosimeters to 280,000 children.
  • June 27th: Reactors 1 to 3 are now mainly cooled with " recycling water " from the decontamination plant so that less wastewater is produced. The new system is still immature and occasionally fails.
  • June 28: Start of nitrogen introduction into reactor 2. The corresponding devices on the containment were installed by robots because of the high radiation.
The Genkai nuclear power plant in southwestern Japan is set to be the first to go back into operation.
  • June 29: Economics Minister Banri Kaieda continues to push for the shutdown of nuclear power plants to be restarted. All the necessary safety precautions have been taken. The local administrations and the population are skeptical; only 21 percent of the affected city administrations can imagine a short-term restart.
  • The motion of 400 Tepco shareholders to shut down all Tepco nuclear power plants does not find a majority in the general meeting.
  • June 30th: The “ Mega Float ” is ready for use. The power plant operator starts pumping 8,000 tons of low-level contaminated water from tanks in Block 6 into the floating platform.

July 2011

The new water decontamination system went into operation with many interruptions due to technical problems such as incorrectly set valves and various leaks . The feared overflow of the shafts on the turbine buildings could be prevented. There are now more or less closed cooling circuits for the reactors and cooling pools in Units 1 to 3. Only at the cooling pool of block 4 is a concrete pump still in operation as a water pump.

Tepco has bought cooling gel vests for the workers , and there is a new medical treatment room at Block 5/6, which is manned around the clock and equipped for emergencies. Spread over the site, eleven contamination-protected rest rooms equipped with water dispensers were set up; seven more are to be added.

Further course

  • July 3: Reactors 1 to 3 are now completely cooled with recycled water. In this way, some of the accumulated wastewater is disposed of as it evaporates in the reactors.
  • After block 1 and 2, the reactor building of block 3 is decontaminated with various measures to further operations such as introduction of nitrogen into the containment vessel to allow.
  • July 6th: The water decontamination plant was put into operation; around 15,000 tons of water have already been processed. The flow is now 42 tons per hour, a little below the original plan of 50 tons per hour.
  • Prime Minister Kan instructs the Ministry of Economic Affairs to only allow shutdown power plants to be reconnected to the grid under strict safety requirements. The previous procedure, in which the nuclear supervisory authority (NISA), which belongs to the Ministry of Economics, and the industry alone decide on restarting, is no longer tenable. There are "stress tests" on the model of the European Union be introduced. The independence of NISA has been questioned by the International Atomic Energy Agency for years .
  • July 7: Kyūshū Denryoku , operating company of the Genkai nuclear power plant, admits to having manipulated the public discussion about the planned restart . At a meeting of the competent authorities, which was broadcast live on June 26 , shortly before the Minister of Economic Affairs visited Genkai, viewers were able to contribute their opinions by e-mail and fax . The power plant operator had around 140 of its own employees and other employees from external companies send e-mails to support the restart. A total of 286 e-mails were received with votes for and 163 against a restart.
  • The mayor of Genkai withdraws his approval for the power plant to be restarted and the Minister for Economic Affairs Kaieda offers to resign.
  • July 8: In beef Minamisoma are cesium Contaminants 1530-3200 Bq found / kg. The cattle were fed on hay that was contaminated with up to 97,000 Bq / kg of radioactive cesium - 73 times the legal limit.
  • July 10th: The workers in the power plant now also receive psychological support.
  • July 14th: Start of nitrogen introduction into the containment of reactor 3 to prevent possible oxyhydrogen gas explosions .
  • Toshiba has developed another water decontamination system for Fukushima I. It consists of 14 zeolite filter units and is scheduled to go into operation in August, in addition to the plant that is already running . The latter has proven to be unreliable and only processes an average of 27 tons of water per hour instead of the planned 50 tons this week.
Radiation in the containment of reactor 3, March to July 2011
  • July 22nd: For the first time since the accidents in March, radiation in reactor 3 rises again (graphic).
  • At least 1400 cattle in eleven prefectures were fed with hay contaminated above the limit values ​​- in one individual case up to 690,000 Bq / kg. Parts of the meat have already been sold to end customers.
  • July 29: Almost 50,000 tons of contaminated sewage sludge have accumulated in sewage treatment plants in various prefectures; another 54,000 tons are still to be examined. A quarter of the waste is too radioactive to dispose of in the usual ways.
  • The water decontamination plant has frequent interruptions in operation and the planned flow rate is not achieved.
  • July 31: In Block 4, too, a new, closed cooling pool cooling system is now in (trial) operation.

August 2011

  • August 1st: NISA considers the access controls to the power plant site to be inadequate.
Pipe between reactor and chimney, here at Block 5 (1999)
  • At the connection of the reactor ventilation pipe from blocks 1 and 2 to the chimney, Tepco measures a local dose rate of at least 10,000 millisieverts per hour (mSv / h; this is the limit of the measuring device used), the highest value measured outside the containment so far. At a distance of three meters there are still 40 mSv / h. The radiation is probably caused by deposits caused by the pressure relief during the first week of the accident. The pipe should be shielded with lead mats.
  • August 2nd: The news of August 1st causes a lot of press coverage in Germany. Die Zeit has the headline: "Again fatal radiation levels measured in Fukushima", and n-tv reports: "Fukushima fatality: radiation goes beyond measurement scale". The Handelsblatt concludes that "Japan's nuclear crisis (has) by no means been overcome" and the Süddeutsche speaks of a "shock". The news received little attention in the Japanese media.
  • The chairman of the Green Group, Jürgen Trittin , concludes from the radiation reading that the situation in the Fukushima I nuclear power plant is out of control. He calls on the Japanese government to act; it must also draw on international support.
  • The Japanese government urgently recommends that compost with a radioactivity above 400 Bq / kg no longer be used for fertilization and that limit values ​​of 300 and 100 Bq / kg for livestock and fish feed are observed.
  • August 3: Tepco has so far paid the equivalent of 616 million euros in compensation, the majority of which to the residents of the evacuation area.
  • After high levels of radiation were found in other parts of Minamisōma on June 13, 72 households are now to be evacuated.
  • August 4: The Japanese Ministry of Economic Affairs announces the dismissal of NISA director Katsuo Matsunaga and two other senior officials responsible for nuclear safety. After the scandal surrounding the Genkai nuclear power plant , the nuclear supervisory authority and the nuclear power plant operators Chūbu Denryoku and Shikoku Denryoku are now suspected of manipulating public debates in favor of the operators.
  • August 8: A new evaporation system reduces the amount of contaminated salt water on the power plant site. About 21,000 tons of it are left. The steam is condensed and used as cooling water.
  • August 10th: After blocks 2, 3 and 4, a new cooling system for the fountain goes into operation in block 1. This means that all the cooling basins in the power plant are now cooled again using closed water cycles.
  • August 12: In addition to the sewage treatment plants (see July 29 ), radioactive waste also accumulates in waste incineration plants . The radiation is sometimes far above the permissible limit values ​​for landfill; disposal is unclear.
  • August 14: According to a study by the Japanese Society for Pediatrics , about half of the children in Fukushima Prefecture have low levels of 131 I in the thyroid gland . The highest dose measured in 1149 children studied was 35 millisieverts; According to the company, values ​​up to 100 are considered harmless.
Tomari nuclear power plant, block 3 on the right in the picture
  • August 17: Unit 3 of the Tomari nuclear power plant in northern Japan is the first of the nuclear reactors shut down during the Tōhoku earthquake to go back into operation.
  • August 20: The meat of a wild boar in Kakuda , Miyagi Prefecture , is contaminated with 2,200 Bq / kg of radioactive cesium, with a legal limit of 500 Bq / kg.
  • August 25: During the ongoing accident investigation, it turns out that Tepco was already expecting a more than ten meter high tsunami in 2008 in the event of an earthquake of historic proportions.
  • August 26: Since May 10, residents of the evacuation zone can gradually return to their apartments briefly to take important things with them. Now the residents of the highly polluted places Ōkuma and Futaba - in the immediate vicinity of the power plant - are allowed brief access to the restricted zone.
  • August 28: A central interim storage facility for radioactive waste from the disaster is to be built in Fukushima prefecture.
  • August 31: A geological survey in the vicinity of the Fukushima I power plant provides indications of five suspected active faults that pose a risk of earthquakes.
  • 33,181 people from 19,683 households have so far visited their home within the exclusion zone. 3,844 of them brought out their cars.

September 2011

  • September 6th: Tepco plans to build an 800 meter long steel wall to protect the sea from radioactive "underground water". It is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2013 and will consist of thousands of 22-meter-long steel pipes that will be driven into the seabed immediately in front of the power plant. The structure is designed for a service life of 30 years.
  • September 11th: The temperatures in reactors 1 to 3 have fallen to around 100 ° C.
  • September 13th: Kawauchi plans - as the first of the evacuated places - to repatriate its residents by March 2012. The community area is to be decontaminated beforehand.
  • September 16: The Japanese authorities lower the limit value for external contamination of people in the disaster area from 100,000 to 13,000 Becquerel .
  • September 29th: High concentrations of hydrogen are discovered in pipes at reactor 1, presumably residues from the initial phase of the accidents.
  • September 30: The conditional evacuation zone at a distance of 20 to 30 km from the power plant and the evacuation orders for Minamisōma, Tamura, Kawauchi, Hirono and parts of Naraha are lifted.

October 2011

  • October 7th: Tepco starts spraying marginally radioactive water, which had been pumped out of the buildings of Units 5 and 6, on the power plant site (approx. 100 tons per day). This is intended to keep felled trees moist in order to prevent fires and to relieve the 90 percent full waste water storage facility.
  • October 8th: The hydrogen discovered on September 29th is removed from the tubes of reactor 1 by pumping in nitrogen.
  • October 9: No more visible steam escapes from the cooled reactors. For months, 1 to 3 clouds of steam had been seen above the reactors.
  • The temperature of all reactors is now permanently below 100 ° C. Those responsible are confident of achieving a so-called “cold shutdown” for the entire Fukushima I power plant by the end of the year. To do this, the temperature of the reactors must be stable below 100 ° C.
  • October 13: 128,000 tons of contaminated water have been processed so far.
  • October 29th: The new shell of reactor building 1 is completed. It had been under construction since the end of June and is equipped with a ventilation and filter system that holds back over 90 percent of radioactive emissions . Tepco plans to install similar covers for blocks 3 and 4 from autumn 2012, when the explosion debris has been cleared away.

November 2011

  • November 1: Tepco discovers evidence of traces of 133 Xe and 135 Xe, fission products of 235 U , in the containment of Block 2. However, temperature, pressure and radiation measurements show no changes. It is possible that chain reactions have taken place to a small extent.
  • November 2, around 3 a.m.: As a precaution, the power plant operator introduces boric acid mixed water into reactor 2 for one hour.
0.5 µSv / h in Minamisōma , November 4, 2011
  • November 3: Tepco rules out the possibility of a chain reaction in reactor 2 on the basis of further investigations. The xenon traces were said to have resulted from uncritical and expected nuclear fission of radioactive curium isotopes. This is confirmed by NISA.
  • November 6th: The water in the cooling pool of reactor 2 is now being decontaminated.
  • November 13: For the first time since the accidents, journalists are given access to the power plant. You will be driven through the facility in a bus.
  • November 30: New calculations by Tepco confirm the May 16 publication on the core melts in reactors 2 and 3. In Unit 1, it is now assumed that the majority of the melted core will leave the pressure vessel and be up to 65 centimeters deep into the Has buried the concrete floor of the containment. Underneath there is another nine meters of concrete.

December 2011

  • December 2: In addition to the containments, nitrogen is now also introduced into the pressure vessels of reactors 1 to 3 in order to prevent hydrogen explosions.
  • December 3: The majority of a total of approx. 1 billion euros in compensation for farmers has now been paid out.
  • A major leak occurs in a heat exchanger in the evaporation system for contaminated salt water and initially goes unnoticed. Highly contaminated water with a concentration of approx. 170 million Becquerel per liter (Bq / l) of radioactive strontium and 4500 Bq / l cesium accumulates in the building. Parts of it flow through a leaky joint on the floor to the outside, into the drainage system and from there into the sea.
  • December 4th: Around noon the leaks are discovered and closed. The building is pumped dry. Tepco estimates that at least 45 tons of water leaked from the system and 145 liters of it ran into the drainage. This results in a pollution of the sea of ​​up to 0.026 terabecquerel (for comparison, see total release into the sea ).
  • The Japanese armed forces begin decontamination of administrative buildings in Naraha, Tomioka, Namie and Iitate. You use pressure washers for this .
  • December 9th: Tepco expects that the 160,000 m³ of available or planned wastewater storage capacities will be exhausted by March 2012. Therefore parts of the water should be decontaminated below the legal limit values ​​and discharged into the sea. Fisheries associations and Yukio Edano , who has meanwhile been promoted to Minister of Economy, protest.
  • DECEMBER 16: As planned for months explained Japan's new Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda , the power plant Fukushima I shut down for stable ( cold shutdown , cold shutdown ). This is one of the requirements for the evacuated residents to return. Critics and experts doubt that one can speak of a cold shutdown if the state of the reactor core is unclear.
  • DEC 21: The Japanese Ministry of the Environment announces that it 25,000 newborn children in Fukushima Prefecture monitored for 13 years and will examine for possible damage to health due to the radiation exposure of their mothers.
  • December 26th: The expert commission set up on June 7th presents a first report. In it she criticizes the crisis management of the government and the power plant operator. In many cases, prescribed procedures were not followed; there was a lack of communication and competence in handling the accidents and their consequences.
  • The Japanese legislature has set up a second commission of experts to re-examine the accidents and their handling by Tepco and the government. It has to submit a report by mid-2012.

2012

Important information is missing from this article or section. Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

  • In January 2012 , there was a one-hour malfunction in the cooling water circuit of 3 cooling pools.
  • In June 2012 , a defective pump interrupted the cooling water supply to cooling pool 4 for 30 hours.
  • August 14, 2012 : Radioactive water was found in a room belonging to Block 4. It had leaked from a pipe carrying contaminated water from Block 3 to a collection facility. In addition, a pump belonging to a filter system caught fire; the fire was put out with a fire extinguisher.
  • October 12, 2012 : TEPCO's internal investigation committee headed by company president Naomi Hirose admits for the first time that the company failed to take more decisive measures to avoid disasters like that of Fukushima, as it was feared that this would indirectly lead to (1) Protests or legal actions could lead to (2) encourage anti-nuclear attitudes in the population and (3) could have a negative impact on power plant operations.
In the commission report, TEPCO states that the consequences of the accident could have been reduced if the plant's energy supply and cooling systems had been designed to be more redundant, as stipulated by international standards.
In addition, the report admits that TEPCO should not have allowed the emergency drills to be completed as a mandatory formality rather than as practical crisis management exercises.
TEPCO writes in the internal report: "There were fears that if new measures were taken against serious accidents - the host communities (the reactors) would worry about the safety problems of the current power plants."
TEPCO also writes that measures were taken against serious accidents as early as 2002, which concerned pressure relief in an emergency and the interconnection of the energy supply systems, but that further measures were never implemented, as these “lead to public uncertainty and strengthen the anti-nuclear movement could ".

2013

  • March 18, 2013: A power failure interrupted the cooling systems for the cooling pools of reactors 1, 3 and 4 as well as for another cooling pool. According to the operator, the cooling for the cooling pool of reactor 1 could be restored in the afternoon of the following day. According to Tepco, the cooling systems for the other basins could be put back into operation until the night of March 19-20 without reaching critical values. The short circuit is said to have been caused by a rat.
  • April 5, 2013: The cooling system of a cooling pool next to reactor 3 failed for three hours. Work on technical protection mechanisms is held responsible for this.
  • In the night of April 6, 2013 , Tepco reported that up to 120 tons of radioactive water had leaked from an underground cooling water tank. This was found during level measurements on April 4th and 5th. A total of 270,000 tons of highly radioactive water are now stored in hundreds of tanks on the site.
  • April 9, 2013: The national nuclear regulatory authority again reported the leakage of radioactive water. The underground basin number 1, into which contaminated water from the also defective basin number 2 was channeled, is defective.
  • July 9, 2013: A spokesman for Tepco reported that again greatly increased radioactive contamination had been measured in the groundwater near the plant.
  • At the beginning of August 2013 it became known that around 300 tons of radioactively contaminated groundwater have been flowing into the sea every day since 2011.
  • August 20, 2013: Tepco announced that 300 tons of moderately radioactive water had leaked from a storage tank on the power plant site. The local dose rate was initially given as around 100 millisieverts per hour, but a few days later it was clearly corrected upwards (see below). The incident was classified as a level 3 incident on the INES scale.
  • August 26, 2013: Tepco presented the planned measures against the ingress of groundwater into the reactor buildings and to stop the runoff of contaminated water into the sea. Three measures are planned for this purpose: On the one hand, the installation of a waterproof wall in the water directly in front of the coast. Construction began in May 2012 and the work should be completed by September 2014. As a second measure, the soil around the reactor building is to be frozen deep into the ground in order to prevent the runoff of contaminated water. The estimated cost of the ice sheet under the power plant is estimated at 360 million euros. Finally, the groundwater is to be pumped out of shafts so that it can no longer penetrate the reactor buildings.
  • September 1, 2013: It became known that the day before, during the daily test, lethal radiation levels were measured on at least three storage tanks on the power plant site. They were up to 1.8 sieverts per hour (1800 millisieverts per hour). According to a Tepco spokesman, this was only noticed now, because new measuring devices were used that can measure more than 100 millisieverts per hour. Tepco acknowledged that there may be more than one leak.
  • September 4, 2013: It became known that the local dose rate at the storage tanks on the power plant site had jumped by 20%. At the time of measurement it is 2.2 sieverts per hour (2200 millisieverts per hour). Since Tepco says it has not measured regularly there so far, it can be assumed that some of these leaks have existed for a long time. Currently, 335,000 tons of heavily contaminated reactor cooling water are stored in around 1,000 storage tanks. Water keeps leaking from some tanks. A local dose rate of two Sv / h usually leads to death from radiation sickness in humans after about four hours. The capacity of the tanks is to be increased from over 300,000 tons to around 700,000 tons within two years, and dumping the cooling water in the Pacific is also being considered.
  • October 1, 2013: Tepco announced that four tons of radioactive water may have leaked. The incident occurred during the transfer of contaminated water between different collection tanks.
  • October 3, 2013: It became known that about 430 liters of contaminated water from a tank had run into the Pacific the evening before. The tank stands on a sloping surface. However, the inclined position of the container was not taken into account when filling. According to the operator, there is water in the tanks, which is contaminated with up to 580,000 Becquerel per liter.
  • October 12, 2013: With reference to the UN, the media reported that the workers who were deployed in the disaster were probably exposed to significantly more radiation than initially stated. The reason for this is that many of the 25,000 or so workers were examined with a time delay, so that in particular the radiation exposure of the short-lived iodine isotopes could no longer be recorded. It was also announced that the pollution of the sea by construction work had increased significantly. Also at the beginning of October, workers cut a pipe carrying water, and about 7 tons of contaminated water leaked out. 6 workers were contaminated.
  • October 25, 2013: A 7.1 magnitude earthquake shook the area around the Fukushima nuclear power plant. Since a tsunami wave of up to one meter in height was expected, the workers in the power plant were briefly asked to leave the coastal strip. No damage to the plant caused by the earthquake was found.

2014

  • January 3, 2014: There is an unforeseen escape of water vapor in reactor block 3.
  • February 20, 2014: Tepco announces that due to incorrect operation of a valve on a cooling water storage tank, contaminated water escaped and from which it assumes that “the entire amount has seeped into the ground”. The radiation exposure of the leaked water reached 230 million Becquerel per liter.
  • April 9, 2014: Beginning of the lowering of the groundwater level by 1 meter in order to limit further pollution of the sea.
  • May 16, 2014: A leak in reactor 3 is discovered by cameras.
  • July 15, 2014: A fire breaks out in a generator powering the air conditioning system on the construction site, nobody is injured.
  • August 27, 2014: In an official announcement from Tepco it is said that the attempts to stop the highly radioactive water that flows into the connecting tunnels between reactors 2 and 3 have failed. The water now seeps into the ground through leaks.
  • September 2, 2014: It became known that several workers were planning to sue Tepco for the payment of hazardous bonuses. These had been agreed beforehand, but only partially reached the workers. Tepco employs around 6000 workers for the clean-up work, most of whom are provided by subcontractors , while only a few Tepco employees are employed on the power plant site.
  • October 21, 2014: The company informs that a new water treatment system with a capacity of 500 tons of water per day has been installed and is now ready for use.
  • December 22, 2014: Tepco reports that all fuel rods have now been removed from reactor block 4.

2015

  • February 3, 2015: After the accidental death of two workers on January 19 and 20 - one each on a construction site of the two Fukushima nuclear power plants (this Daiichi plant and the second Daini plant ) - the work on these two plants was interrupted after improvements resumed safety for workers.
  • February 24, 2015: Increased radiation values ​​of the isotope cesium-137 of 23,000 Becquerel per liter are measured on the roof of reactor 2. Zeolites were built into the rainwater drainage from reactor 2 to filter the radioactive cesium from the water.
  • March 10, 2015: Around 750 tons of rainwater, which was heavily contaminated by the isotope strontium 90, seeped into the ground. A related contamination of the ocean could not be determined.
  • April 17, 2015: For the first time, two remote-controlled robots provide data and images from inside the reactor. They measure radiation values ​​between 4 and 10 Sievert per hour and the temperature values ​​they measure are below normal room temperature, which indicates that the cooling system is working well.
  • June 30, 2015: Start of the decontamination of highly radioactive waste water on the site.
  • August 2, 2015: The largest part of the debris was removed from the building of reactor 3, so that the removal of the used fuel rods from the spent fuel can begin.

2016

  • March 2, 2016: Structural measures on the reactor building, which should prevent the contaminated wastewater from seeping away, as well as the pumping out and cleaning of it, show the first noticeable reduction in the radioactive pollution of the groundwater.
  • September 13, 2016: Start of dismantling of the Fukushima I-1 building and reactor with removal of the cladding and fuel rods.

2017

  • January 30, 2017: When a camera was used in the containment of reactor 2, it was found that the molten material had broken through from the pressure vessel into the containment and the dose rate in the container was 530 sieverts per hour. This radiation would kill a person within a minute.
  • February 9, 2017: The use of a robot, which was supposed to free an access leading to under the pressure vessel of reactor 2 for another exploration robot, had to be stopped after 2 hours because the camera had failed due to the high radiation. Based on the image noise of the camera and its design for 1000 Sieverts, the radiation was estimated at 650 Sieverts per hour with a possible inaccuracy of 30%.
  • March 27, 2017: During a multi-day exploration of reactor 1, no major damage was discovered.
  • July 19, 2017: During a multi-day exploration of reactor block 3, the molten fuel rods were found in the base area of ​​the reactor on July 19.
  • November 1, 2017: Completion of the dome roof and the assembly of the cooling system around reactor block 3, inspection of the ventilation system and start of preparations for the dismantling of block 3.

2018

  • February 9, 2018: Recovery of the fuel rods in the Fukushima I-3 reactor.
  • April 23, 2018: Measures to reduce the penetration of contaminated substances into the groundwater show the first significant reduction in pollution.
  • August 10, 2018: Start of dismantling of the building complex around reactor 2, installation of a crane on the building of reactor block 3.

2019

  • March 28, 2019: Fully welded instead of riveted tanks are now used to store the contaminated water.
  • April 15, 2019: Start of the recovery of the fuel rods from reactor block 3.
  • 15 October 2019: The Typhoon Hagibis taught at no additional damage other than minor water leaks at some points of the reactor ruins.

2020

  • April 7, 2020: On April 1, 2020, a TEPCO worker tested positive for Covid-19 for the first time and then withdrew from the clearance measures. As a measure, the health of the workers is now monitored even more closely so that further cases can be identified and isolated more quickly.
  • April 25, 2020 By April 24, 2020, a total of 10 employees tested positive for Covid-19 and transferred to the home office.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Mission Report: The Great East Japan Earthquake Expert Mission ( Memento from June 26, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). IAEA, June 16, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 2.8 MB), accessed June 25, 2011.
  2. ^ A b Result of the investigation on Tsunami at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento of April 24, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, April 9, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 395 kB) on April 11, 2011, accessed on April 24, 2011.
  3. ↑ a b c Damage to inhouse power supply facilities at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (after Tsunami) ( Memento from May 25, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, May 16, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 44 kB), accessed on May 25, 2011.
  4. ↑ Fukushima No. 1 plant designed on a trial-and-error basis ( memento April 13, 2011 on WebCite ). Asahi Shimbun , April 7, 2011, archived from the original ( April 9, 2011 memento in the Internet Archive ) on April 13, 2011, retrieved on May 7, 2011.
  5. ↑ a b c d Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log (March 15, 2011, 18:00 UTC) ( Memento from April 9, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). IAEA , March 15, 2011, archived from the original on April 8, 2011, retrieved on March 24, 2011.
  6. ↑ Integrity Inspection of Dry Storage Casks and Spent Fuel at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (English, pdf; 1.9 MB). November 16, 2010, accessed on March 16, 2011: “Approx. 700 spent fuel assemblies are generated every year. "
  7. ↑ Proof of plutonium on the site of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant . ( Memento from April 9, 2011 on WebCite ) GRS, archived from the original ( Memento from April 9, 2011 on WebCite ) on April 9, 2011, accessed on April 4, 2011.
  8. ↑ Magnitude 7.2 - NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN; 2011 March 09 02:45:20 UTC ( Memento from June 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). United States Geological Survey , March 9, 2011, accessed June 14, 2011.
  9. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 106 ( Memento from June 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 8, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 91 kB), accessed June 14, 2011, p. 3.
  10. ↑ Magnitude 9.0 - NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). United States Geological Survey , March 14, 2011, archived from the original on April 11, 2011, retrieved on March 24, 2011.
  11. ↑ The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake ~ first report ~ ( Memento from April 1, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Japan Meteorological Agency, March 13, 2011, archived from the original on April 1, 2011, retrieved on March 13, 2011.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Occurrence of a Specific Incident Stipulated in Article 15, Clause 1 of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness (Fukushima Daiichi) ( Memento from April 25, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, March 11, 2011, archived from the original on April 3, 2011, retrieved on April 25, 2011.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g TEPCO documents reveal chaos at Fukushima nuke plant after quake, tsunami ( Memento from May 19, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). The Mainichi Daily News, May 17, 2011, archived from the original ( May 19, 2011 memento on the Internet Archive ), accessed May 19, 2011.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 3:00 pm, April 28) ( Memento from April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, April 28, 2011, archived from the original on April 29, 2011, retrieved on April 29, 2011.
  15. ↑ Summary of the Report on the Analysis of Observed Seismic Data Collected at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station and Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Station pertaining to the Tohoku-Taiheiyou-Oki Earthquake ( Memento from May 20, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, May 16, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 544 kB) on May 20, 2011, accessed on May 20, 2011.
  16. ↑ Terror at N-plant during quake ( Memento from May 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, March 17, 2011, archived from the original ( May 14, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on May 14, 2011, retrieved May 14, 2011.
  17. ↑ a b c Fukushima-Insider: Not a tsunami, but an earthquake is said to have ruined nuclear power plants. Spiegel Online , May 16, 2011.
  18. ↑ a b c d e Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 93 ( Memento from May 26, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 26, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 130 kB), retrieved on May 26, 2011.
  19. ↑ a b Damages to Electric Facilities at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (after Tsunami) ( Memento from May 17, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, May 16, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 47 kB) on May 17, 2011, accessed on May 16, 2011.
  20. ↑ 過渡 現象 記録 装置 デ ー タ 1 号 機 (Short-term data recording block 1) ( Memento from May 19, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese). Tepco, May 16, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 908 kB), accessed on May 19, 2011.
  21. ↑ NUCLEAR CRISIS: HOW IT HAPPENED / Safety vows forgotten, 'safety myth' created ( Memento from June 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, June 15, 2011, archived from [Original yomiuri.co.jp , accessed June 29, 2011.
  22. ↑ a b Occurrence of a Specific Incident Stipulated in Article 10, Clause 1 of the Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness (Fukushima Daiichi) ( Memento from April 3, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, March 11, 2011, archived from the original on April 3, 2011, retrieved on March 29, 2011.
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Report of Japanese Government to the IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety - The Accident at TEPCO's Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations - IV. Occurrence and Development of the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations ( Memento June 13, 2011 on WebCite ). Kantei / NISA, June 7, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 4.3 MB), accessed June 14, 2011.
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Additional Report of the Japanese Government to the IAEA ( Memento from December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf, 31 MB). Kantei , September 15, 2011, archived from the original , accessed December 17, 2011.
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g Joseph Shepherd: The Crisis at Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant ( Memento from April 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). California Institute of Technology , April 24, 2011, archived from the original on April 27, 2011, retrieved April 27, 2011. Photos of emergency lighting work starting on page 102
  26. ^ Seismic Damage Information (the 48th Release, As of 12:30 March 24th, 2011) ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA , March 24, 2011, archived from the original on April 11, 2011, retrieved on March 24, 2011.
  27. ↑ a b N-reactor cooling failed before tsunami ( Memento from May 19, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, May 18, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved May 19, 2011.
  28. ^ Oyster Creek The World's Reactor No. 40. (PDF) January 12, 2010, archived from the original on April 2, 2011 ; Retrieved November 10, 2012 . , archived by Oyster Creek The World's Reactor No. 40. (PDF) January 12, 2010, archived from the original on April 28, 2011 ; Retrieved November 10, 2012 . The two containers on the top left are the isolation condenser.
  29. ↑ Dave Lochbaum: Anatomy of a Tragedy: Fukushima Dai-Ichi ( Memento from April 26, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, PowerPoint). April 14, 2011, archived from the original ( MS PowerPoint ; 5.0 MB) on April 26, 2011, accessed on April 26, 2011. Functionality of the RCICS on pages 18–19 and the Isolation Condenser on page 20
  30. ↑ Dave Lochbaum: Fukushima Dai-Ichi Unit 1: The First 30 Minutes ( Memento from May 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Union of Concerned Scientists, May 25, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 1.4 MB), accessed on May 27, 2011.
  31. ↑ a b c d Analysis and evaluation of the operation record and accident record of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station at the time of Tohoku-Chihou-Taiheiyou-Oki-Earthquake (summary) ( Memento from May 25, 2011 on WebCite ) (English) . Tepco, May 24, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 47 kB), accessed on May 25, 2011.
  32. ↑ 過渡 現象 記録 装置 デ ー タ 2 号 機 (Short-term data recording block 2) ( Memento from May 19, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese). Tepco, May 16, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 761 kB), accessed on May 19, 2011.
  33. ↑ 過渡 現象 記録 装置 デ ー タ 2 号 機 (Short-term data recording block 3) ( Memento from May 19, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese). Tepco, May 16, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 285 kB), accessed on May 19, 2011.
  34. ↑ a b Nuclear Crisis at Fukushima ( Memento from April 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). In: All Things Nuclear. Union of Concerned Scientists , March 11, 2011, archived from the original on April 28, 2011, retrieved on April 28, 2011.
  35. ↑ a b c Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 0AM March 12th) . ( Memento from May 10, 2011 on WebCite ) Tepco, March 12, 2011, archived from the original on May 10, 2011, accessed on May 10, 2011: "reactor coolant level can be monitored by a temporary power supply"
  36. ↑ Boiling Water Reactor Simulator with Passive Safety Systems ( Memento from April 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). IAEA, 2009, archived from the original (PDF; 11.6 MB) on April 28, 2011, accessed on April 28, 2011: "(HPCI) pump ... This pump provides inventory makeup for small breaks with the vessel at operating pressure." (Page 20)
  37. ↑ News from Fukushima: Japanese government publishes radiation forecast . ( Memento from May 12, 2011 on WebCite ) Online press portal, May 3, 2011, archived from the original on May 12, 2011, accessed on May 12, 2011.
  38. ↑ a b c d e Results of Calculations by the System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information (SPEEDI) ( Memento from May 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, May 3, 2011, archived from the original on May 12, 2011, and retrieved on May 12, 2011.
  39. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Seismic Damage Information (the 57th Release ) (As of 15:30 March 27th, 2011) ( Memento from April 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, March 27, 2011, archived from the original on April 23, 2011, retrieved on April 23, 2011.
  40. ↑ a b c d e Sequence of Developments at Nuclear Power Stations Affected by the Earthquake ( Memento from March 20, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF, March 18, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of July 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 38 kB) on March 20, 2011, accessed on March 20, 2011.
  41. ↑ a b c d e f g h Reactor Core Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 1 ( Memento from May 17, 2011 on WebCite ) (pdf). Tepco, May 15, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 95 kB) on May 17, 2011, accessed on May 15, 2011.
  42. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Pacific Earthquake and the seismic damage to the NPPs ( Memento vom 13. April 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 4, 2011, archived from the original ( April 13, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 13, 2011, retrieved on April 13, 2011. Diagram showing the location and flooding of the diesel generators ("D / G") on page 12 (Document numbering, different from the PDF page numbers); Flooding of the emergency batteries from Unit 1 on page 17; Course in reactor 1 on page 15, in reactor 2 on page 24, in reactor 3 on page 29; Emergency cooling systems block 1 on page 17f
  43. ↑ a b c d e f g The Status of Alternative Water Injection into Units 1 Through 3, Using the Fire Extinguishing System ( Memento from December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, September 16, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved December 12, 2011.
  44. ↑ Naoto Kan: Statement by Prime Minister Naoto Kan on Tohoku district - off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake ( Memento from May 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kantei, March 11, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved May 27, 2011.
  45. ↑ a b c d e TEPCO tardy on N-plant emergency ( Memento from May 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun , April 12, 2011, archived from the original on May 14, 2011, retrieved on May 14, 2011.
  46. ↑ a b c d Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 79 ( Memento from May 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 12, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 101 kB) on May 12, 2011, accessed on May 12, 2011.
  47. ↑ Earthquake Report - No. 123 ( Memento from June 25, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 25, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 276 kB) on June 25, 2011.
  48. ↑ a b c The Results of a Safety Investigation into the Accident at Tokyo Electric Power Co.'s Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, September 16, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved December 12, 2011.
  49. ↑ Declaration of Nuclear Emergency ( Memento of May 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kantei, March 11, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 8 kB), accessed on May 27, 2011.
  50. ↑ Disastrous earthquake and tsunami in Japan - Onagawa nuclear power plant on fire. ( Memento from May 19, 2011 on WebCite ) Online press portal, March 11, 2011, archived from the original , accessed on May 19, 2011.
  51. ↑ a b c d e Seismic Damage Information (the 26th Release) ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). In: nisa.meti.go.jp. NISA , March 16, 2011, archived from the original ( April 11, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 11, 2011, retrieved May 7, 2011.
  52. ↑ a b Map of the area around the Fukushima I power plant (Japanese / English). In: Google Maps. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  53. ↑ Venting simulation ( Memento from May 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese, pdf). March 11, 2011, archived from the original on May 12, 2011, retrieved on May 12, 2011.
  54. ↑ a b c d Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 84 ( Memento of May 17, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 17, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 113 kB) on May 17, 2011, accessed on May 17, 2011: “Generator trucks proved useless at Fukushima plant. "
  55. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kohta Juraku: Chronological outline of the nuclear accidents in Japan ( Memento from April 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). University of Tokyo / Berkeley Nuclear Research Center, archived from the original ( March 23, 2011 memento on the Internet Archive ) on April 28, 2011, retrieved on April 28, 2011.
  56. ^ Story of TEPCO's thermal power plant on the day of earthquake and tsunami ( Memento from April 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). The Denki Shimbun, March 29, 2011, archived from the original on April 28, 2011, retrieved on April 28, 2011.
  57. ↑ a b The Status of Units 1 Through 3 Venting ( Memento from December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, September 16, 2011, archived from the Archived Copy ( January 3, 2012 memento on the Internet Archive ), accessed December 12, 2011.
  58. ↑ a b c d チ ャ ー ト 3 号 機 (analog data recording from block 3) ( Memento from May 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese). Tepco, May 16, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 18.5 MB), accessed on May 20, 2011. Water level and pressure curve on page 11ff, further pressure measurements on page 17ff; automatic pressure relief from the pressure vessel into the safety container can be recognized as peaks in the green line. Reactor temperatures on page 53f.
  59. ↑ NUCLEAR CRISIS: HOW IT HAPPENED / Hydrogen blasts at plant surprised experts ( memento June 11, 2011 on WebCite ). Yomiuri Shimbun, June 10, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved June 12, 2011.
  60. ↑ a b c d e f Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 64: 20:00, April 26 ( Memento from April 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 26, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from April 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 91 kB) on April 27, 2011, accessed on April 27, 2011.
  61. ↑ a b c d e f Seismic Damage Information (the 11th Release) (As of 7:00 March 12, 2011) ( Memento from April 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, March 12, 2011, archived from the original on April 27, 2011, retrieved on April 27, 2011.
  62. ↑ a b c Conditions of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station (As of 6:00 May 8, 2011) ( Memento from May 8, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, May 8, 2011, archived from the original on May 8, 2011, and retrieved on May 8, 2011.
  63. ↑ a b TEPCO workers 'frantic' over vents ( Memento from June 23, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuru Shimbun, June 20, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved June 23, 2011.
  64. ↑ a b c Dave Lochbaum: Possible Cause of Reactor Building Explosions ( Memento from May 8, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). In: All Things Nuclear. Union of Concerned Scientists, March 18, 2011, archived from the original on May 8, 2011, retrieved May 8, 2011.
  65. ↑ Implementation of Measures to Reduce the Pressure of Reactor Containment Vessel of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from May 10, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, March 12, 2011, archived from the original on May 10, 2011, retrieved on May 10, 2011.
  66. ↑ FAZ.NET chronology . ( Memento of March 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), FAZ, March 12, 2011, accessed on April 29, 2011.
  67. ↑ Dose rate values ​​of Fukushima Daiichi before the accident ( memento of March 24, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese). Tepco, archived from the original ( memento of April 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on March 24, 2011, accessed on March 24, 2011.
  68. ↑ Reiji Yoshida: Tepco report reveals lack of preparedness ( Memento from June 20, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Japan Times, June 20, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved June 20, 2011.
  69. ↑ a b NUCLEAR CRISIS: HOW IT HAPPENED / Kan's visit 'wasted time' ( Memento from June 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, June 9, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved June 11, 2011.
  70. ↑ TEPCO failures multiply / Compounding of missteps exacerbated nuclear crisis ( Memento from May 17, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, April 2, 2011, archived from the original on May 17, 2011, retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  71. ↑ a b c Radiation exposure levels near limit for 2 Fukushima nuke workers ( Memento from May 1, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). The Mainichi Daily News, May 1, 2011, archived from the original ( May 3, 2011 memento on the Internet Archive ) on May 1, 2011, retrieved May 7, 2011.
  72. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 46: 20:00, April 8 ( memento of April 23, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). April 8, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 146 kB) on April 23, 2011, accessed on April 23, 2011: “… the water level inside the No. 1 reactor dropped to 45 centimeters above the fuel rods… nearly 7 hours after the March 11th earthquake and tsunami. The fuel rods become exposed 11 hours later. "
  73. ↑ a b Families want answers after 45 people die following evacuation from Fukushima hospital ( Memento from December 20, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). The Mainichi Daily News, April 26, 2011, archived from the original ( September 30, 2011 memento on the Internet Archive ), accessed December 20, 2011.
  74. ↑ Diaries of Failure . Spiegel Online , May 23, 2011.
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  175. ↑ Military water cannons end their use in Fukushim . In: stern.de. March 17, 2011.
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  202. ↑ Japan's government warns against contaminated drinking water . Spiegel Online, March 20, 2011.
  203. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 35th Release) (As of 07:30 March 20th, 2011) ( Memento from April 16, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA , March 20, 2011, archived from the original ( May 1, 2011 memento on the Internet Archive ) on April 16, 2011, retrieved on March 20, 2011.
  204. ↑ Readings of dust sampling ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ). MEXT, March 23, 2011, archived from the original ( April 11, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 11, 2011, retrieved on April 11, 2011.
  205. ↑ a b c d e Seismic Damage Information (the 37th Release) ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, March 20, 2011, archived from the original ( April 12, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 12, 2011, retrieved April 20, 2011.
  206. ↑ プ ラ ン ト 関 連 パ ラ メ ー タ (March 22, 2011, 5:00 p.m.) ( Memento from April 16, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese, pdf). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, March 22, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 90 kB) on April 16, 201, accessed on April 16, 2011.
  207. ↑ Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 0:00 PM Mar 19th) ( Memento from May 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, March 19, 2011, archived from the original on May 15, 2011, retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  208. ↑ Fukushima nuclear plant to be decommissioned: Gov't ( Memento of April 10, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, March 20, 2011, archived from the original on April 10, 2011, retrieved on March 21, 2011.
  209. ↑ Radioactive iodine beyond limit detected in tap water in Fukushima ( Memento from April 20, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, March 20, 2011, archived from the original on April 20, 2011, retrieved on March 19, 2011.
  210. ↑ 6 Times More than Allowed Radioiodine Detected at Fukushima N-Plant ( Memento from August 8, 2019 in the Internet Archive )
  211. ↑ Detection of radioactive materials in tap water in Fukushima Prefecture and Tokyo ( Memento of April 7, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Japanese Ministry of Health, March 23, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 195 kB) on April 7, 2011, retrieved on April 7, 2011.
  212. ↑ a b c Result of Plutonium measurement in the soul in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, March 28, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 83 kB) on April 21, 2011, accessed on April 7, 2011.
  213. ↑ Result of Plutonium measurement in the soul in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, April 6, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 13 kB) on April 21, 2011, accessed on April 7, 2011.
  214. ↑ Smoke from the Southeast Side of the Rooftop of the Unit 3 Building in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from May 10, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, March 21, 2011, archived from the original on May 10, 2011, retrieved on May 10, 2011.
  215. ↑ Хронология вебкамеры на японскую АЭС "Фукусима-1" (webcam) ( memento from November 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (Russian). libres, March 21, 2011, accessed May 16, 2011.
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  217. ↑ The result of the nuclide analysis of the seawater around the discharge canal (south) of Fukushima Daiichi ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, March 21, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 30 kB) on April 21, 2011, accessed on March 31, 2011.
  218. ↑ 東京 都 乳 児 の 家庭 に 水 配 布 へ ( Memento from March 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (Japanese). In: NHK News. March 23, 2011, accessed March 24, 2011.
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  220. ↑ Fukushima nuclear power plant: control room in reactor 3 has light again . March 22, 2011.
  221. ↑ a b c d e f Seismic Damage Information (the 93rd Release) ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 14, 2011, archived from the original ( April 21, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 21, 2011, retrieved on April 16, 2011.
  222. ↑ Control room for Unit 3 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (pictured on March 22, 2011) . ( Memento of April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) Tepco, March 24, 2011, archived from the original on April 29, 2011, retrieved on April 29, 2011.
  223. ↑ a b c d Photos For Press ( Memento from April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, archived from the original ( Memento of April 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on April 29, 2011, accessed on April 29, 2011.
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  225. ↑ Munich Re estimates claim burden from earthquake in Japan at around € 1.5bn ( Memento from May 15, 2011 on WebCite ). Munich Re, 22 March 2011, archived from the original ( memento from 15 May 2011 on WebCite ) on 15 May 2011, accessed on 15 May 2011.
  226. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 24 ( Memento from April 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, March 23, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 62 kB) on April 27, 2011, accessed on April 27, 2011.
  227. ↑ Information on the situation in Japan: As of March 25, 2011, 1:00 p.m. (CET) . ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ) GRS, March 25, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ) on April 11, 2011, retrieved on March 25, 2011.
  228. ↑ 都 内 の 環境 放射線 量 調査 1 日 単 位 の 測定 結果 (Environmental Radiation Measurement Result in Tokyo) ( Memento from April 15, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese / English). Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, April 13, 2011, archived from the original on April 15, 2011, retrieved on April 15, 2011.
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  230. ↑ Natalie Obiko Pearson and Carolyn Bandel: Atomic Cleanup Cost Goes to Japan's Taxpayers, May Spur Liability Shift ( Memento April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). In: bloomberg.com. March 23, 2011, archived from the original on April 12, 2011, retrieved on May 7, 2011.
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  232. ↑ Traces of radiation . In: sueddeutsche.de. March 22, 2011, accessed April 21, 2011. Archived print version. ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite )
  233. ↑ Liam Moloney: Italy Approves Nuclear break (English). In: online.wsj.com. The Wall Street Journal , March 23, 2011, accessed May 7, 2011.
  234. ↑ Control room for Unit 1 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (pictured on March 24, 2011) . ( Memento of April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) Tepco, March 24, 2011, archived from the original on April 29, 2011, retrieved on April 29, 2011.
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  236. ↑ a b Seismic Damage Information (the 53rd Release) (As of 08:00 March 26th, 2011) ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA , March 26, 2011, archived from the original ( April 12, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 12, 2011, retrieved March 26, 2011.
  237. ^ Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log ( April 21, 2011 memento on WebCite ). IAEA, March 26, 2011, archived from the original on April 21, 2011, retrieved on April 21, 2011.
  238. ↑ 西 堀 岳 路: 福島 の 野菜 農家 が 自殺 摂 取 制 限 指示 に 「も う だ め だ」 ( Memento from April 19, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese). asahi.com, March 29, 2011, archived from the original ( July 4, 2011 memento in the Internet Archive ) on April 19, 2011, retrieved on April 19, 2011.
  239. ↑ Live Ticker
  240. ↑ Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant Hi-Res Photos ( Memento April 9, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). archived from the original on April 9, 2011, accessed on April 9, 2011. with red truck-mounted concrete pump for water cooling of block 4; Image 3 reversed
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  242. ↑ US Naval Barges Bring Fresh Water To Assist With Cooling At Japan Nuclear Plant ( Memento April 11, 2011 on WebCite ). Huffington Post, March 26, 2011, archived from the original on April 11, 2011, retrieved on March 26, 2011.
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  245. ↑ Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 297/2011 of the Commission March 25, 2011 , accessed on April 5, 2011 .
  246. ↑ Tests for more safety: EU tests nuclear power plants . In: focus.de. , March 25, 2011, accessed April 1, 2011.
  247. ^ Fears of radioactive seawater grow near nuke plant despite efforts ( Memento April 21, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, March 26, 2011, archived from the original on April 21, 2011, retrieved on April 21, 2011.
  248. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 36 ( Memento of April 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). March 29, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 91 kB) on April 27, 2011, accessed on April 27, 2011: “Machines and equipment to restore automatic cooling systems for the reactors are installed inside the turbine buildings. But the delay in draining contaminated water is blocking restoration. "
  249. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 60th Release) ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, March 27, 2011, archived from the original on April 12, 2011, retrieved on April 29, 2011.
  250. ↑ a b For the first time heavily contaminated water discovered outside of a nuclear reactor .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Ärzteblatt, March 28, 2011.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.aerzteblatt.de
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  252. ↑ Fear of radiation slows shipping traffic . Spiegel Online, March 26, 2011.
  253. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 57th Release) ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, March 27, 2011, archived from the original ( April 12, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 12, 2011, retrieved April 1, 2011.
  254. ↑ Nuclear disaster in Japan: radioactivity at the Fukushima nuclear power plant increased ten million times . Spiegel Online, March 27, 2011.
  255. ↑ As a lone warrior against nuclear power . Spiegel Online, March 31, 2011.
  256. ↑ Plutonium finds in several places in Fukushima nuclear power plant . ( Memento of April 22, 2011 on WebCite ) Reuters, March 28, 2011, archived from the original on April 23, 2011, retrieved on May 7, 2011.
  257. ↑ Plutonium found in the soil near Fukushima . ( Memento from April 22, 2011 on WebCite ) FAZ.NET, March 29, 2011, archived from the original on April 23, 2011, accessed on April 23, 2011: “On Monday in Tokyo, Edano criticized the false information about high levels of radioactivity from Sunday . ... ".
  258. ↑ a b Improvement plan for the exact nuclide analysis at the site of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station under instruction of NISA ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, April 4, 2011, archived from the original on April 21, 2011, retrieved on April 21, 2011.
  259. ↑ a b Woes deepen over radioactive water at nuke plant, sea contamination ( Memento from March 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, March 28, 2011, archived from the original on March 28, 2011, retrieved on March 27, 2011.
  260. ↑ The results of the measurement of puddle of water in the basement of the turbine building of Unit 2 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from March 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, March 27, 2011, archived from the original on March 29, 2011, retrieved on March 29, 2011.
  261. ↑ Result of Contamination Check of Water in the Basement At the Turbine Building of Each Unit 2 of Fukushima Daiichi Power Station ( Memento from March 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, March 27, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 15 kB) on March 28, 2011, accessed on March 28, 2011.
  262. ↑ Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: Uranium analysis result in the soil ( Memento from April 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, April 14, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 14 kB) on April 14, 2011, accessed on April 14, 2011.
  263. ↑ Control room for Unit 4 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (pictured on March 29, 2011) . ( Memento of April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) Tepco, March 29, 2011, archived from the original ( April 21, 2011 memento in the Internet Archive ) on April 30, 2011, retrieved on April 30, 2011.
  264. ↑ Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 8:00 PM Mar 29th) ( Memento of May 10, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, March 29, 2011, archived from the original on May 10, 2011, retrieved on May 10, 2011.
  265. ↑ Current situation after the accident in Fukushima (Update: April 2, 2011 12:00) . ( Memento from April 20, 2011 on WebCite ) Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics, April 2, 2011, archived from the original ( April 20, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 20, 2011, accessed on April 2, 2011.
  266. ↑ Kan looks at separating nuclear safety agency from industry ministry ( Memento of April 10, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, March 30, 2011, archived from the original on April 10, 2011, retrieved on May 7, 2011.
  267. ↑ Tokyo Electric to scrap 4 reactors at crippled nuclear plant ( Memento April 9, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, March 30, 2011, archived from the original on April 9, 2011, retrieved on April 9, 2011.
  268. ↑ The result of the nuclide analysis of the seawater around the discharge canal (south) of Fukushima Daiichi ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, March 31, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 8 kB) on April 21, 2011, accessed on March 31, 2011.
  269. ↑ Fukushima excites shipping . ( Memento from April 16, 2011 on WebCite ) Handelsblatt, March 30, 2011, archived from the original on April 16, 2011, accessed on April 16, 2011.
  270. ↑ a b Seismic Damage Information (the 67th Release) ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 1, 2011, archived from the original ( April 21, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 21, 2011, retrieved on April 3, 2011.
  271. ↑ a b Seismic Damage Information (the 95th Release) ( Memento from April 20, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). April 15, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from May 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on April 20, 2011, retrieved on April 20, 2011: "removal of rubble".
  272. ↑ US Navy to Provide 500,000 Gallons of Fresh Water to Fukushima Power Plant ( Memento June 6, 2011 on WebCite ). US Navy, March 25, 2011, archived from the original , accessed June 6, 2011.
  273. ↑ Live ticker: GAU in Japan, two missing workers found dead . Frankfurter Rundschau, April 3, 2011.
  274. ↑ Radiation monitors not given to each worker ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). In: .nhk.or.jp. NKH World, March 31, 2011, archived from the original ( April 4, 2011 memento in the Internet Archive ) on April 11, 2011, retrieved on May 7, 2011.
  275. ↑ Crack in the floor of reactor 2 - The events of Saturday . ( Memento from April 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Financial Times Deutschland, April 2, 2011.
  276. ↑ Air may be leaking from reactors No. 2 and 3 ( Memento from May 15, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). NHK, March 30, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of May 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on May 15, 2011, retrieved on May 15, 2011.
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  278. ↑ a b Chronicle of the catastrophe in Japan . ( Memento from April 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Financial Times Deutschland, April 6, 2011.
  279. ↑ a b Roadmap towards Restoration from the Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from April 17, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, April 17, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 115 kB) on April 17, 2011, accessed on May 7, 2011.
  280. ↑ IAEA advises Japan to expand the exclusion zone . ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ) In: Welt Online. Axel Springer AG, March 30, 2011, archived from the original on April 11, 2011, retrieved on March 30, 2011.
  281. ↑ Greenpeace radiation experts present findings, announce further Fukushima contamination work ( Memento of May 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). Greenpeace, March 29, 2011.
  282. ↑ a b c d Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 61: 18:00, April 23 ( memento of April 23, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 23, 2011, archived from the original on April 23, 2011, retrieved on April 23, 2011.
  283. ↑ Site Workers' Exposure Doses during Emergency Work at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento June 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, June 13, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 83 kB), accessed on June 14, 2011.
  284. ↑ Eric Talmadge: Japan's nuclear workers get respite from radiation at athletes' village-turned-base camp ( Memento of May 2, 2011 on WebCite ). Associated Press, April 1, 2011
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  286. ↑ a b Report regarding the implementation of a measure to flood primary containment vessel to the upper area of ​​fuel reange in Unit 1 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (summary) ( Memento from May 5, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, May 5, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 119 kB) on May 5, 2011, accessed on May 5, 2011: “Currently, the flow rate of water injected to the reactor is slightly more than that is necessary to remove decay heat. "
  287. ↑ Japan PM to visit nuclear disaster zone ( Memento of May 2, 2011 on WebCite ). Global News, Canada, April 1, 2011, archived from the original on May 2, 2011, retrieved on May 2, 2011.
  288. ↑ Out flow of fluid containing radioactive materials to the ocean from areas near intake channel of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 2 ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, April 2, 2011, archived from the original on April 12, 2011, retrieved on April 2, 2011.
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  290. ↑ Workers struggle to plug leak at Japan nuclear plant ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ). CNN, April 2, 2011, archived from the original on April 12, 2011, retrieved on April 3, 2011.
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  295. ↑ a b c Discharge of low level radioactive accumulated water in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station to the sea (2nd Release) ( Memento from April 9, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, April 4, 2011, archived from the original on April 9, 2011, retrieved on April 4, 2011.
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  309. ^ Regarding a letter of protest from the National Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations ( Memento of April 9, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, April 6, 2011, archived from the original on April 9, 2011, retrieved on April 9, 2011.
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  311. ↑ French unmanned helicopters to be used to monitor Fukushima plant ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 6, 2011, archived from the original on April 12, 2011, retrieved on April 6, 2011.
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  316. ↑ Ticker on the disaster in Japan . ( Memento from August 31, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Financial Times Deutschland, April 7, 2011.
  317. ↑ Toshiba proposes decommissioning 4 reactors in 10 years ( Memento from April 9, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 8, 2011, archived from the original on April 9, 2011, retrieved on April 8, 2011.
  318. ↑ China accuses Japan of deliberate deception . Spiegel Online, April 13, 2011.
  319. ↑ EU adopts stricter limits for Japanese food . ( Memento from August 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Financial Times Deutschland, April 8, 2011.
  320. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 49: 20:00, April 11 ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF, April 11, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 109 kB) on April 11, 2011, accessed on April 11, 2011.
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  322. ↑ TEPCO begins building steel wall, fence to prevent sea contamination ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 9, 2011, archived from the original on April 12, 2011, retrieved on April 9, 2011.
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  324. ↑ Radioactivity in water dumped from Fukushima plant lower than thought ( Memento from April 15, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 16, 2011, archived from the original on April 15, 2011, retrieved on April 15, 2011.
  325. ↑ 17,500 gather for Tokyo rallies against nuclear plants ( Memento April 10, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 10, 2011, archived from the original on April 10, 2011, retrieved on April 10, 2011.
  326. ↑ Japan's disaster area: "All the suffering, all these memories" . Spiegel Online, April 11, 2011.
  327. ↑ Water injection to troubled reactors temporarily stops in Mon. quake ( Memento from April 11, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, April 11, 2011, archived from the original on April 11, 2011, retrieved on April 11, 2011.
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  329. ↑ Japan expands evacuation areas around crippled nuclear plant ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 11, 2011, archived from the original on April 12, 2011, retrieved on April 12, 2011.
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  331. ↑ Live ticker on the disaster in Japan . ( Memento from January 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Financial Times Deutschland, April 12, 2011.
  332. ↑ Kyushu Electric shelves plan to build 3rd nuke reactor in Kagoshima ( Memento from April 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 12, 2011, archived from the original on April 12, 2011, retrieved on April 12, 2011.
  333. ↑ Live ticker on the disaster in Japan . ( Memento from January 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Financial Times Deutschland, April 12, 2011.
  334. ↑ a b c Earthquake Report - JAIF No. 51: 20:00, April 13 ( memento from April 13, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 13, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 124 kB) on April 13, 2011, accessed on April 13, 2011.
  335. ↑ Haphazardly in the crisis . Der Tagesspiegel, April 17, 2011.
  336. ↑ Excessive radioactive cesium found in fish caught off Fukushima ( Memento from April 13, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, April 13, 2011, archived from the original on April 13, 2011, retrieved on April 13, 2011.
  337. ↑ TEPCO confirms damage to part of No. 4 units spent nuke fuel . ( April 13, 2011 memento on WebCite ) Kyodo News, April 13, 2011, archived from the original on April 13, 2011, retrieved on April 13, 2011.
  338. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 52: 20:00, April 14 ( Memento from April 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 14, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 119 kB) on April 14, 2011, accessed on April 14, 2011.
  339. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 54: 18:00, April 16 ( Memento from April 16, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 16, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from April 16, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 280 kB) on April 16, 2011, accessed on April 16, 2011.
  340. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 98th Release), Extract ( Memento from April 17, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 17, 2011, archived from the original ( April 17, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 17, 2011, retrieved on April 17, 2011.
  341. ^ Chronicle of the catastrophe . ( Memento from January 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Financial Times Deutschland, April 14, 2011.
  342. ↑ US sends water storage tanks, trailer to Fukushima nuclear plant ( Memento from April 15, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 14, 2011, archived from the original on April 15, 2011, retrieved on April 15, 2011.
  343. ^ Payment of Temporary Compensation for damages caused by evacuation ( Memento from April 15, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, April 15, 2011, archived from the original on April 15, 2011, retrieved on April 15, 2011.
  344. ↑ Live ticker on the nuclear disaster in Japan . ( Memento from August 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Financial Times Deutschland, April 15, 2011.
  345. ↑ US lets embassy staff families to return to Japan after evacuation ( Memento from April 15, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, April 15, 2011, archived from the original on April 15, 2011, retrieved on April 15, 2011.
  346. ↑ New cooling systems may be installed outside Fukushima reactor buildings ( Memento from April 20, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, April 16, 2011, archived from the original on April 20, 2011, retrieved on April 20, 2011.
  347. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 50: 20:00, April 17 ( memento of April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 17, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 196 kB) on April 29, 2011, accessed on April 29, 2011: "TEPCO finalizes plan to cool down reactors" .
  348. ^ Result of Water Analysis in the Skimmer Surge Tank of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 2 ( Memento from April 18, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, April 17, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 8 kB) on April 18, 2011, accessed on April 18, 2011.
  349. ↑ The result of the nuclide analyzes of the seawater at the front of shallow draft quay and screen of Unit 2, 4 ( Memento from April 24, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, April 19, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 13 kB) on April 24, 2011, accessed on April 24, 2011.
  350. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 103rd Release) (As of 08:00 April 20th, 2011) ( Memento from May 8th 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 20, 2011, archived from the original on May 8, 2011, retrieved on May 8, 2011.
  351. ↑ Agency admits 'melting' of N-fuel ( Memento from May 17, 2011 on WebCite ). Yomiuri Shimbun, April 20, 2011, archived from the original ( April 25, 2011 memento in the Internet Archive ) on May 17, 2011, retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  352. ↑ Gov't bans shiitake mushroom shipment from Fukushima city ( Memento from April 18, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, archived from the original on April 18, 2011, retrieved on April 18, 2011.
  353. ↑ Up to 57 millisieverts measured at Nos. 1, 3 reactor buildings (first photo shows INL / PackBot robots) ( Memento from April 18, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, April 18, 2011, archived from the original on April 18, 2011, retrieved on April 18, 2011.
  354. ^ Robots Enter Fukushima Reactors, Detect High Radiation . ( Memento from May 17, 2011 on WebCite ) In: IEEE spectrum. IEEE April 18, 2011, archived from the original on May 17, 2011, retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  355. ↑ INL To Send Robot To Japan ( Memento from April 18, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Local8 News, Idaho , USA, March 30, 2011, archived from the original on April 18, 2011, retrieved on April 18, 2011.
  356. ↑ a b c Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 76 ( Memento of May 9, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 7, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 109 kB) on May 9, 2011, accessed on May 9, 2011.
  357. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 57: 20:00, April 19 ( Memento from April 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 19, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 162 kB) on April 22, 2011, accessed on April 20, 2011.
  358. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 59: 20:00, April 21 ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 21, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 79 kB) on April 21, 2011, accessed on April 21, 2011.
  359. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 58: 20:00, April 20 ( Memento from April 20, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 20, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 90 kB) on April 20, 2011, accessed on April 20, 2011.
  360. ↑ GLOBAL SNAP POLL ON EARTHQUAKE IN JAPAN AND ITS IMPACT ON VIEWS ABOUT NUCLEAR ENERGY ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). WIN-Gallup International, April 19, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 509 kB) on April 21, 2011, accessed on April 21, 2011.
  361. ↑ Fukushima nuclear power plant: Japan wants to completely cordon off the exclusion zone . Spiegel Online, April 20, 2011.
  362. ↑ Small amounts of radioactive iodine found in breast milk ( Memento from April 20, 2011 on WebCite ). April 20, 2011, archived from the original on April 20, 2011, retrieved on April 20, 2011.
  363. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 106th Release), Extract ( Memento from April 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 21, 2011, archived from the original on April 22, 2011, retrieved on April 22, 2011.
  364. ↑ Tokyo Electric admits fuel could be melting at Fukushima nuke plant ( Memento from April 21, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, April 21, 2011, archived from the original on April 21, 2011, retrieved on April 21, 2011.
  365. ↑ Gov't decides specifics of nuke crisis evacuees' brief hometown visits ( Memento from April 25, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 25, 2011, archived from the original on April 25, 2011, retrieved on April 25, 2011.
  366. ↑ Evacuation zone widened beyond 20 km from Fukushima nuclear plant ( Memento from April 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 22, 2011, archived from the original on April 22, 2011, retrieved on April 22, 2011.
  367. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 108th Release), Extract ( Memento from April 23, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 22, 2011, archived from the original on April 23, 2011, retrieved on April 23, 2011.
  368. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 109th Release), Extract ( Memento from April 26, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 23, 2011, archived from the original on April 23, 2011, retrieved on April 23, 2011.
  369. ^ Seismic Damage Information (the 107th Release), Extract ( Memento from April 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 22, 2011, archived from the original on April 22, 2011, retrieved on April 22, 2011.
  370. ↑ TEPCO must not be allowed to resume reactor operations: Fukushima gov. ( Memento from April 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 22, 2011, archived from the original on April 22, 2011, retrieved on April 22, 2011.
  371. ↑ Big tank may be set up under Fukushima plant to store tainted water ( Memento from April 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo news, April 27, 2011, archived from the original on April 27, 2011, retrieved on April 27, 2011.
  372. ↑ Water should be retained . ( Memento from April 23, 2011 on WebCite ) ORF, April 23, 2011, archived from the original on April 23, 2011, accessed on April 23, 2011.
  373. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 62: 18:00, April 24 ( memento of April 24, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 24, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 210 kB) on April 24, 2011, accessed on April 24, 2011.
  374. ↑ Gov't to help TEPCO pay for nuke crisis damages if survival at risk ( Memento from April 23, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Kyodo News, April 23, 2011, archived from the original on April 23, 2011, retrieved on April 23, 2011.
  375. ↑ Amendments to the estimate value of the core damage ratio of Unit 1 to 3 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station based on the measurement of the Containment Atmospheric Monitoring System ( Memento from April 27, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, April 27, 2011, archived from the original on April 27, 2011, retrieved on April 27, 2011.
  376. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 63: 20:00, April 25 ( Memento from April 25, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 25, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 81 kB) on April 25, 2011, accessed on April 25, 2011.
  377. ↑ Survey map of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from April 30, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, archived from the original on May 1, 2011, accessed May 1, 2011.
  378. ↑ Survey map of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station as of 17:20 on April 23, 2011 ( Memento from April 30, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). March 23, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 620 kB) on May 1, 2011, accessed on May 1, 2011.
  379. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 115th Release), Extract ( Memento from April 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 26, 2011, archived from the original on April 27, 2011, retrieved on April 27, 2011.
  380. ↑ Radiation Readings in Fukushima Reactor Rise to Highest Since Crisis Began ( Memento from May 17, 2011 on WebCite ). Bloomberg, April 27, 2011, archived from the original on May 17, 2011, retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  381. ↑ Status of cores at Units 2 and 3 in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from May 25, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, May 24, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 202 kB), accessed on May 25, 2011.
  382. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 118th Release), Extract ( Memento from April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, April 28, 2011, archived from the original ( April 29, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 29, 2011, retrieved on April 29, 2011.
  383. ↑ a b c Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 66 ( Memento of April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 28, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 117 kB) on April 29, 2011, accessed on April 29, 2011.
  384. ↑ Greenpeace marine radiation monitoring blocked by Japanese government ( Memento of April 29, 2011 on WebCite ). Greenpeace, April 28, 2011, archived from the original ( April 29, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on April 29, 2011, retrieved on April 28, 2011.
  385. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 67 ( Memento of April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, April 29, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 117 kB) on April 29, 2011, accessed on April 29, 2011.
  386. ↑ a b c d e f g Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 68 ( Memento from May 1, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 1, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 338 kB) on May 1, 2011, accessed on May 1, 2011.
  387. ↑ TEPCO urged to compensate farm and fishery producers, evacuees ( Memento of April 29, 2011 on WebCite ). Kyodo News, April 28, 2011, archived from the original on April 29, 2011, retrieved on April 29, 2011.
  388. ^ Nuclear Education and Research Initiative, Program Members . ( Memento April 29, 2011 on WebCite ) The University of Tokyo, archived from the original on April 29, 2011, retrieved on April 29, 2011.
  389. ↑ More robots soon to be deployed in Fukushima / Japan's head of government's nuclear advisor resigns . Hamburger Abendblatt, April 29, 2011.
  390. ^ Government Adviser Quits Post to Protest Japan's Policy on Radiation Exposure for Fukushima Schools . ( Memento dated May 1, 2011 on WebCite ) Science online, April 29, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento dated May 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on May 1, 2011, accessed on May 1, 2011.
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  392. ↑ German Embassy in Japan is again working from Tokyo ( Memento from April 30, 2011 on WebCite ). Stern, April 29, 2011.
  393. ↑ Water levels of stagnant water ( Memento from May 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, May 11, 2011, archived from the original on May 11, 2011, retrieved on May 11, 2011.
  394. ↑ Primary Parameters of Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 ( Memento from May 1, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Japan Nuclear Technology Institute, April 27, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 321 kB) on May 1, 2011, accessed on May 1, 2011.
  395. ↑ a b Improvement of the environment within the Reactor Building of Unit 1 ( Memento from May 5, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, May 4, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 350 kB) on May 5, 2011, accessed on May 5, 2011.
  396. ^ Regarding the establishment of "Fukushima Nuclear Compensation Office" and "Compensation Center (Call center)" . ( Memento from May 1, 2011 on WebCite ) Tepco, April 27, 2011, archived from the original on May 2, 2011, accessed May 2, 2011.
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  398. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 123rd Release), Extract ( Memento from May 2, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, May 2, 2011, archived from the original ( May 29, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on May 2, 2011, accessed May 2, 2011.
  399. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 69 ( Memento of May 2, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 2, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 108 kB) on May 2, 2011, accessed on May 2, 2011.
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  401. ↑ a b Seismic Damage Information (the 126rd Release), Extract ( Memento from May 5, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, May 5, 2011, archived from the original ( May 29, 2011 memento on WebCite ) on May 5, 2011, retrieved May 5, 2011.
  402. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 70 ( Memento from May 3, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 3, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of May 3, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 193 kB) on May 3, 2011, accessed on May 3, 2011.
  403. ↑ The results of nuclide analyzes of radioactive materials in the ocean soil ( Memento of May 3, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, May 3, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 13 kB) on May 3, 2011, accessed on May 3, 2011.
  404. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 71 ( Memento of May 4, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). May 4, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from May 4, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 211 kB) on May 4, 2011, accessed on May 4, 2011.
  405. ↑ 文 部 科学 省 緊急 時 迅速 放射 能 影響 予 測 ネ ッ ト ワ ー ク シ ス テ ム (SPEEDI) に よ る 計算 結果 . ( Memento dated May 3, 2011 on WebCite ) Nuclear Safety Commission, May 3, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento dated May 3, 2011 on WebCite ) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 3, 2011.
  406. ↑ Improvement of the living environment of the workers at Fukushima Daiichi and Daini Nuclear Power Stations ( Memento from May 5, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, May 4, 2011, archived from the original on May 5, 2011, retrieved on May 5, 2011.
  407. ↑ Primary Parameters of Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 ( Memento from May 7, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Japan Nuclear Technology Institute, archived from the original (PDF; 2.2 MB) on May 7, 2011, accessed on May 6, 2011.
  408. ↑ The temperature rises . In: sueddeutsche.de. May 6, 2011, accessed on May 7, 2011. Archived print version. ( Memento from May 7, 2011 on WebCite )
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  410. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 74 ( Memento of May 7, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 7, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from May 7, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 236 kB) on May 7, 2011, accessed on May 7, 2011.
  411. ↑ Earthquake Report - No. 75 ( Memento from January 2, 2012 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 8, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 214 kB), accessed on January 2, 2011.
  412. ↑ a b c d e f Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 77 ( Memento of May 10, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 10, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 134 kB) on May 10, 2011, accessed on May 10, 2011.
  413. ↑ a b (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 11, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 120 kB) on May 11, 2011, accessed on May 11, 2011.
  414. ↑ Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station - Unit3 Parameters Related to Temperature ( Memento from May 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, May 11, 2011, archived from the original ( May 22, 2011 memento in the Internet Archive ) on May 11, 2011.
  415. ↑ Evacuees enter no-entry zone / Given 2 hours, 1 plastic bag, residents grab supplies for uncertain future ( Memento from May 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, May 11, 2011, accessed May 15, 2011.
  416. ↑ Possibility of leakage of radioactive water off the site near the water intake canal of Unit 3 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (continued report) ( Memento from May 11, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, May 11, 2011, archived from the original on May 11, 2011, retrieved on May 11, 2011.
  417. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 80 ( Memento of May 13, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 13, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 130 kB) on May 13, 2011, accessed on May 13, 2011.
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  419. ↑ Bad Health of a Worker of a Sub-Contractor in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (Continued report) ( Memento from May 17, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, May 15, 2011, archived from the original on May 17, 2011, retrieved on May 15, 2011.
  420. ↑ Heart attack likely killed N-worker ( Memento from May 17, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, May 16, 2011, archived from the original ( May 19, 2011 memento in the Internet Archive ) on May 17, 2011, retrieved on May 16, 2011.
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  424. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 95 ( Memento from May 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 28, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 276 kB), accessed on May 28, 2011.
  425. ↑ 温度 に 関 す る パ ラ メ ー タ (temperature parameters ) ( Memento from May 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese). METI, May 20, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 1.0 MB), accessed on May 21, 2011, p. 3.
  426. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 140th Release) ( Memento from May 18, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, May 16, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of May 28, 2011 on WebCite ), accessed May 18, 2011.
  427. ↑ a b c d Seismic Damage Information (the 164th Release), Exctract ( Memento from June 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, June 9, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved June 14, 2011.
  428. ↑ 56% want govt to hike crisis funds / 59% unhappy with efforts since quake ( Memento from May 20, 2011 on WebCite ). Yomiuri Shimbun, May 17, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved May 20, 2011.
  429. ↑ a b c Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 85 ( Memento from May 20, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 18, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of October 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 90 kB) on May 20, 2011, accessed on May 20, 2011.
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  431. ↑ Notice Concerning Distribution of Year-end Dividend (no dividend to be paid) and Revision of Basic Dividend Policy ( Memento of May 20, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, May 20, 2011, archived from the original , accessed May 20, 2011.
  432. ^ Announcement of Changes of Directors ( Memento of May 25, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, May 20, 2011, archived from the original , accessed May 20, 2011.
  433. ↑ Decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Units 1 to 4 and Abolishment of Construction Plans for Units 7 and 8 ( Memento from May 20, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, May 20, 2011, archived from the original , accessed May 21, 2011.
  434. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 88 ( Memento of May 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 21, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 207 kB), accessed on May 21, 2011.
  435. ↑ Tainted water storage soon to reach capacity at Fukushima plant ( Memento from May 25, 2011 on WebCite ). Japan Times, May 23, 2011, archived from the original , accessed May 24, 2011.
  436. ↑ Earthquake Report - No. 90 ( Memento from May 23, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 23, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 100 kB), accessed on May 23, 2011.
  437. ↑ Marine testing lab results 1, published 25 May 2011 ( Memento from May 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Greenpeace, May 25, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 122 kB) on May 27, 2011, accessed on May 27, 2011.
  438. ↑ Marine testing lab results 2, published 25 May 2011 ( Memento from May 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Greenpeace, May 25, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 805 kB) on May 27, 2011, accessed on May 27, 2011.
  439. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 103 ( Memento from June 6, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 5, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 231 kB), accessed on June 6, 2011.
  440. ↑ Nuclear power plants are being scrutinized in the EU ( Memento from June 16, 2011 on WebCite ). Reuters, May 25, 2011, archived from the original , accessed June 16, 2011.
  441. ↑ Start of Spray of Dust Inhibitor to the Radioactive Materials around the Turbine Buildings and Reactor Buildings of Unit 1-4 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from May 26, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, May 26, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved on May 26, 2011; 福島 第一 原子 力 発 電 所 1 号 機 タ ー ビ ン 建 屋 へ の 飛散 防止 剤 散布 風景 等 ( Memento from May 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (photos of the fire department -Special vehicle in action), METI, May 28, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 189 kB), accessed on May 28, 2011.
  442. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 93 ( Memento of May 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 27, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 165 kB), accessed on May 27, 2011.
  443. ↑ Fukushima Pref. teachers get dosimeters ( Memento from May 28, 2011 on WebCite ). Yimiuri Shimbun, May 28, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved May 28, 2011.
  444. ↑ Additional monitoring data at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from May 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, May 28, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved May 29, 2011.
  445. ↑ Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from May 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, May 28, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved May 28, 2011.
  446. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 96 ( Memento of May 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). May 29, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from October 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 188 kB) on May 29, 2011, accessed on May 29, 2011.
  447. ↑ Stabilizing reactors by year's end may be impossible: Tepco ( Memento from May 29, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). The Japan Times, May 30, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved May 29, 2011.
  448. ↑ 53.1 billion yen needed to clean water ( Memento from May 30, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, May 29, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved May 30, 2011.
  449. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 98 ( Memento from May 31, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, May 31, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 120 kB), accessed on May 31, 2011.
  450. ↑ a b c d e Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 99 ( Memento from June 1, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 1, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 124 kB), accessed on June 1, 2011.
  451. ↑ a b c Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 104 ( Memento from June 6, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 6, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 110 kB), accessed on June 6, 2011.
  452. ↑ Status of Evaluation work of TEPCO employees' Exposure Dose at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (Continued Releases) ( Memento June 10, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, June 10, 2011, archived from the original , accessed June 11, 2011.
  453. ↑ Enhancement of medical system in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station by the cooperation of Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Continuous presence of medical doctor) ( Memento from June 11, 2011 on WebCite ). Tepco, May 27, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved June 11, 2011.
  454. ↑ IAEA international fact finding expert mission of the nuclear accident following the great east japan earthquake and tsunami ( Memento June 4, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). IAEA, June 1, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 37 kB), accessed on June 3, 2011.
  455. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 101 ( Memento from June 3, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 3, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 68 kB), accessed on June 3, 2011.
  456. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 102 ( Memento from June 5, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 4, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of July 23, 2012 on WebCite ) (PDF; 230 kB), accessed on June 5, 2011.
  457. ↑ Robots measure record levels of radioactivity , Spiegel Online, June 4, 2011.
  458. ↑ A list of press releases regarding Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station . Tepco, accessed on June 25, 2011: "Detection of Radioactive Materials from Seawater near Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station"
  459. ↑ Official probe begins into nuclear disaster ( Memento from June 7, 2011 on WebCite ). Japan Times, June 8, 2011, archived from the original , accessed June 8, 2011.
  460. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 109 ( Memento from June 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 11, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of November 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 196 kB), accessed on June 11, 2011.
  461. ↑ Result of Nuclide Analyzes of Sub-drains ( Memento of June 13, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, June 12, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 11 kB), accessed on June 13, 2011. The measurements took approx. 3 weeks.
  462. ↑ The Results of nuclides Analyzes of Radioactive Materials in Seawater the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station; the water intake canal of Units 1-4 and Unit 2-3 screen ( Memento from June 13, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, June 12, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 12 kB), accessed on June 13, 2011. The measurements took approx. 3 weeks.
  463. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 112 ( Memento from June 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 14, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 139 kB), accessed on June 14, 2011.
  464. ↑ Evacuation urged for radioactive hot spots ( Memento from June 16, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Japan Times, June 16, 2011, archived from the original , accessed June 16, 2011.
  465. ↑ 2011.06.14 00: 00-01: 00 / 福島 原 発 ラ イ ブ カ メ ラ (Live Fukushima Nuclear Plant Cam) (Video). In: Youtube. Tepco, June 14, 2011, accessed July 1, 2011.
  466. ↑ Outline of the reactor building covering plan of Unit 1 at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from June 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, June 14, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 164 kB), accessed on June 22, 2011.
  467. ↑ Regarding Installment of the Reactor Building Cover and Accessory Equipment at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 1 ( Memento from June 26, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, June 23, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 328 kB), accessed on June 26, 2011.
  468. ↑ 34,000 children in Fukushima to get dosimeters ( Memento June 15, 2011 on WebCite ). Japan Times, June 14, 2011, archived from the original , accessed June 15, 2011.
  469. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 114 ( Memento from June 16, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 16, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 90 kB), accessed on June 16, 2011.
  470. ↑ Nuclear crisis: How it happened / 'Nuclear power village' a cozy, closed community ( Memento from June 18, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, June 16, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved June 18, 2011.
  471. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 116 ( Memento from June 18, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 18, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 334 kB), accessed on June 18, 2011.
  472. ↑ Filtering system tested for full operation ( Memento from June 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). NHK, June 21, 2011, archived from the original ( August 10, 2011 memento in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 22, 2011.
  473. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 121 ( Memento from June 24, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 23, 2011, archived from the original ( memento from June 23, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 99 kB), accessed on June 24, 2011.
  474. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 122 ( Memento from June 24, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 24, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 119 kB), accessed June 24, 2011.
  475. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 125 ( Memento from June 27, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 27, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of October 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 109 kB), accessed on June 27, 2011.
  476. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 184th Release), Extract ( Memento from June 30, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, June 29, 2011, archived from [Seismic Damage Information (the 184th Release) original], retrieved June 30, 2011.
  477. ↑ a b c Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 128 ( Memento from June 30, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, June 30, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 110 kB), accessed June 30, 2011.
  478. ↑ Water levels of accumulated water ( Memento from July 2, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, June 28, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved July 2, 2011.
  479. ↑ Outline of Emergency Medical Treatment Room (English, pdf; 11 kB). Tepco, June 30, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 11 kB), accessed on July 2, 2011.
  480. ↑ Status of establishing rest area for workers ( Memento of July 2, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, July 2, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 715 kB), accessed on July 2, 2011.
  481. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 131 ( Memento of July 3, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 3, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of November 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 231 kB), accessed on July 3, 2011.
  482. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 132 ( Memento of July 5, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 4, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of October 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 89 kB), accessed on July 4, 2011.
  483. ↑ a b c Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 135 ( Memento of July 7, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 7, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 132 kB), accessed on July 7, 2011.
  484. ↑ a b c d Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 143 ( Memento from July 15, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 15, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of October 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 130 kB), accessed on July 15, 2011.
  485. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 136 ( Memento of July 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 8, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 132 kB), accessed on July 11, 2011.
  486. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 138 ( Memento of July 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 10, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of July 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 188 kB), accessed on July 11, 2011.
  487. ↑ Enhancement of mental health support for employees working at Fukushima Daiichi and Daini Nuclear Power Stations ( Memento from July 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, July 8, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved July 11, 2011.
  488. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 149 ( Memento from July 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 21, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 100 kB), accessed on July 22, 2011.
  489. ↑ Beef radiation scare recalls mad cow fiasco ( Memento from July 30, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). The Japan Times, July 20, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved July 30, 2011.
  490. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 150 ( Memento from July 30, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 22, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of August 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 90 kB), accessed on July 30, 2011.
  491. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 157 ( Memento of July 30, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 29, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 141 kB), accessed on July 30, 2011.
  492. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 176 ( Memento of August 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 17, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from August 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 79 kB), accessed on August 21, 2011.
  493. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 158 ( Memento from July 30, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 30, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 190 kB), accessed July 30, 2011.
  494. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 160 ( Memento from August 1, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, July 31, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 88 kB), accessed on August 1, 2011.
  495. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 218th Release), Extract ( Memento from August 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, August 2, 2011, archived from the original , accessed August 14, 2011.
  496. ↑ TEPCO Detects Highest Level of Radiation from Fukushima No. 1 Plant ( Memento from August 2, 2011 on WebCite ). Jiji Press, August 1, 2011, archived from the original , accessed August 2, 2011.
  497. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 162 ( Memento of August 3, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 3, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of November 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 100 kB), accessed on August 3, 2011.
  498. ↑ Once again fatal radiation levels measured in Fukushima , Die Zeit, August 2, 2011; Fukushima death trap: radiation bursts measuring scale , n-tv, August 2, 2011; Radioactivity in Fukushima: “What are you actually doing there?” , Handelsblatt, August 2, 2011; Fukushima nuclear disaster: On the trail of record radiation , Süddeutsche Zeitung, August 2, 2011; all accessed on August 2, 2011.
  499. ↑ News overviews from Japan Times ( memento of August 2, 2011 on WebCite ), Asahi Shimbun ( memento of August 2, 2011 on WebCite ) and Yomiuri Shimbun ( memento of August 2, 2011 on WebCite ), the three highest-circulation daily newspapers in the world, respectively Archived on August 2 (8:45 PM-9: 00 PM CET).
  500. ↑ Radiation levels in Fukushima: Trittin calls on Japanese government to act. ( Memento from August 3, 2011 on WebCite ) Berliner Umschau, August 3, 2011, archived from the original , accessed on August 3, 2011.
  501. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 163 ( Memento from August 6, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 4, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 111 kB), accessed on August 7, 2011.
  502. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 219th Release), Extract ( Memento from August 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, August 3, 2011, archived from the original , accessed August 14, 2011.
  503. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 164 ( Memento from August 6, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 5, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of November 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 118 kB), accessed on August 7, 2011.
  504. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 165 ( Memento from August 6, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 6, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of August 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 208 kB), accessed on August 7, 2011.
  505. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 167 ( Memento from August 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 8, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 67 kB), accessed on August 14, 2011.
  506. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 170 ( Memento from August 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 8, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of August 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 68 kB), accessed on August 14, 2011.
  507. ↑ Local govts worried by N-ash ( Memento from August 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, August 12, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved August 14, 2011.
  508. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 173 ( Memento from August 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 14, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from August 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 184 kB), accessed on August 14, 2011.
  509. ↑ Radioactive cesium detected in boar meat in Miyagi Pref. ( Memento from August 21, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). The Mainichi Daily News, August 20, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved August 21, 2011.
  510. ↑ TEPCO predicted 10-meter tsunami in '08 ( Memento from October 4, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Yomiuri Shimbun, August 25, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved September 4, 2011.
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  512. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 187 ( Memento of October 4, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 28, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of November 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 192 kB), accessed on September 4, 2011.
  513. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 190 ( Memento of October 4, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, August 31, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 77 kB), accessed on September 4, 2011.
  514. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 196 ( Memento of December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, September 6, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 56 kB), accessed on December 11, 2011.
  515. ↑ Basic Design of Water Shield Wall at the Seaside ( Memento from December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, August 31, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 1.2 MB), accessed on December 14, 2011.
  516. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 201 ( Memento from December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, September 11, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 86 kB), accessed on October 28, 2011.
  517. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 204 ( Memento of December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, September 14, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 69 kB), accessed on October 28, 2011.
  518. ↑ Seismic Damage Information (the 258th Release) ( Memento December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). NISA, September 16, 2011, archived from the original ( December 11, 2011 memento on WebCite ), accessed December 11, 2011.
  519. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 219 ( Memento of October 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, September 28, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of October 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 66 kB), retrieved on October 28, 2011.
  520. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 220 ( Memento of December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). JAIF / NHK, September 30, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 56 kB), accessed on December 11, 2011.
  521. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 203 ( Memento of December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). JAIF / NHK, September 27, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of December 11, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 78 kB), accessed on December 11, 2011.
  522. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 228 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, October 8, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 165 kB), accessed on December 14, 2011.
  523. ↑ Usage of the accumulated water in Unit 5 and 6 after the treatment ( Memento from December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, October 7, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved December 14, 2011.
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  525. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 237 ( Memento of October 28, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, October 17, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 91 kB), accessed on October 28, 2011.
  526. ↑ Almost 130,000 Cubic Meters of Water Already Treated at Fukushima Daiichi NPS, Making Cold Shutdown of Units 1 to 3 Likely by Year-end ( Memento from December 20, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). In: Atoms In Japan. JAIF, October 24, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 96 kB), retrieved on December 20, 2012.
  527. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 249 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, October 29, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from May 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 171 kB), accessed on December 14, 2011.
  528. ↑ a b Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 10:00 am, November 2) ( Memento from December 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Tepco, November 2, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved December 12, 2011.
  529. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 254 ( Memento of December 12, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, November 3, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from January 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 91 kB), accessed on December 12, 2011.
  530. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 255 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, November 4, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from January 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 66 kB), accessed on December 12, 2011.
  531. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 259 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, November 8, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 67 kB), accessed on December 12, 2011.
  532. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 258 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, November 7, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 67 kB), accessed on November 2, 2011.
  533. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 264 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, November 13, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 160 kB), accessed on December 14, 2011.
  534. ^ New analysis of Fukushima core status ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ). World Nuclear News, November 30, 2011, archived from the original , accessed December 14, 2011.
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  536. ↑ a b Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 281 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, December 4, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (PDF; 211 kB), retrieved on December 14, 2011.
  537. ↑ a b Regarding the steps to be taken regarding the leakage of water containing radioactive materials at the water desalination of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ( Memento from December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Tepco, December 8, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 1.2 MB), accessed on December 14, 2011.
  538. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 282 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, December 5, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 113 kB), accessed on December 14, 2011.
  539. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 286 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, December 9, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 88 kB), retrieved on December 14, 2011.
  540. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 289 ( Memento of December 14, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, December 13, 2011, archived from the original ( memento of January 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 86 kB), accessed on December 14, 2011.
  541. ↑ Japan gov't declares 'cold shutdown' of crippled Fukushima plant ( Memento from December 16, 2011 on WebCite ) (English). Mainichi Daily News, December 16, 2011, archived from the original , accessed December 16, 2011.
  542. ^ N-fuel conditions unclear ( Memento of December 16, 2011 on WebCite ). Yomiuri Shimbun, November 19, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved December 16, 2011.
  543. ↑ Nice for Tepco, regardless of the population Spiegel Online, December 16, 2011: “Experts from the German Society for Reactor Safety (GRS) criticize the use of the term cold shutdown. This is intended for normal operation - and not in the event of a disaster ... "
  544. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 297 ( Memento from December 22, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, December 21, 2011, archived from the original ( Memento from January 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 75 kB), accessed on December 22, 2011.
  545. ↑ Executive Summary of the Interim Report ( Memento of December 30, 2011 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). Investigation Committee on the Accidents at Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company, December 26, 2011, archived from the original , retrieved December 30, 2011.
  546. ↑ Earthquake Report - JAIF, No. 305 ( Memento from January 1, 2012 on WebCite ) (English, pdf). JAIF / NHK, December 31, 2011, archived from the original (PDF; 184 kB), accessed on January 1, 2012.
  547. ↑ a b Tagesschau: Fuel elements in Fukushima cooled again ( Memento from March 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  548. ↑ NHK: Water leak found at Fukushima Daiichi plant  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www3.nhk.or.jp
  549. ^ Martin Fackler: Japan Power Company Admits Failings on Plant Precautions. In: The New York Times. October 12, 2012, accessed October 13, 2012 .
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Coordinates: 37 ° 25 '17 "  N , 141 ° 1' 57"  E