History of the city of Kronach

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Coat of arms of the city of Kronach

The history of the town of Kronach probably begins in the eighth or ninth century AD; it has been documented since the place was first mentioned in a document in 1003 . The city's history is clearly shaped by centuries of membership in the Catholic monastery of Bamberg and the associated border location with the Protestant Electorate of Saxony . As a northern bulwark in the dominion of the Bamberg prince-bishops , Rosenberg Castle above the city , which was first mentioned in the middle of the 13th century, was expanded into an early modern castle fortress.

prehistory

Heunischenburg

Rubble tools from the gravel of the Haßlach and Rodach , which were found mainly north-east of Hummendorf , a district of the Weißenbrunn municipality , south-west of the Wachtersmühle and on the Kreuzberg east of the Kronach core town, prove the settlement of today's Kronach district as early as the Middle Paleolithic . The finds are among the oldest stone tools in the area. About four kilometers west of the town center, near the Gehülz district , is the Heunischenburg , a stone fortification from the late Urnfield period . With the heyday in the ninth century BC It is the oldest stone fortification north of the Alps , which is known and archaeologically examined today.

middle Ages

Kronach probably originated in the eighth or ninth century AD. It is unclear whether this settlement was actually in the area of ​​today's core city, as the oldest finds made there only date from the 13th or 14th century. Research that became known to a wider public in 2019 suggests that the town of Kronach may have originally developed around three kilometers further north between the present-day districts of Birkach and Friesen . In 1989 the remains of a settlement were discovered there that were dated to the eighth or ninth century. This settlement, which presumably took its name from the water flowing past it, was first mentioned by name in a document as "cranaha" in 772. Kronach would be one of the oldest archaeologically verifiable places in Germany.

So far, however, the mention of the "urbs crana" in the year 1003 in the chronicle of Thietmar von Merseburg is still considered to be the first documentary mention of Kronach: Margrave Heinrich von Schweinfurt , who owned the place, had it in the course of a dispute with King Heinrich II . , the so-called Schweinfurt feud , burn down a central castle built here before he fled to his ally Bolesław Chrobry in Bohemia . The destroyed castle possibly stood on the mountain spur between the rivers Haßlach and Kronach , on which the old town of Kronach is located today; However, this has not yet been proven archaeologically. The settlement belonging to the fortification was probably not destroyed.

After the male line of the Schweinfurt family died out in 1057, the areas around Kronach were initially owned by the Bohemian Duke Břetislav I , who was married to Judith , a daughter of Margrave Heinrich. Their grandson Udalrich ceded the territories to Emperor Heinrich IV in 1099 , as they were too far from his actual domain. In 1122 Heinrich V , the son of Heinrich IV., Gave Kronach and the surrounding areas the so-called "praedium crana" to the diocese of Bamberg. This was done in gratitude for the mediation work of Bishop Otto I of Bamberg in the Worms Concordat , with which the investiture dispute between the emperor and Pope Calixt II was settled.

A few years later, under Otto I, the beginnings of Rosenberg Castle, located above the city and expanded into a baroque fortress in the following centuries, possibly arose: According to the register of Michelsberg Monastery in Bamberg , the bishop left a "stone house and a tower" near Kronach around 1130 erect. Whether these structures actually stood on the Rosenberg in the area of ​​today's fortress has not yet been archaeologically proven. Possibly they were also in the area of ​​the settlement discovered in 1989, where stone foundations of a tower castle dating from the twelfth century were found.

Kronach at its current location thus possibly emerged as a planned town during the founding of the city in the Middle Ages , when the original settlement, which probably already had market rights, was abandoned and relocated about three kilometers to the south on the mountain spur of the Rosenberg. The Bamberg prince-bishops retained rulership over Kronach until the secularization of the Bamberg monastery in 1802/03, which from 1500 was also part of the Franconian Empire .

City elevation

The exact time of Kronach's elevation to the city is not known. However, the residents were referred to as "citizens" (Latin cives ) in the so-called Langenstadt Treaty of December 14, 1260, which regulates the return of the town, which was temporarily pledged to Otto II von Schaumberg , and its surrounding area to the bishopric of Bamberg . This wording suggests that Kronach was already in possession of the town charter at this point in time. Since it was not mentioned in the contract that the status of the Kronacher had changed in the recent past, the granting of the corresponding rights should have already taken place around the year 1250.

Hussite Wars

During the Hussite Wars , Kronach was attacked and besieged by a Hussite army detachment in 1430 . In order to drive away the attackers, the citizens of the so-called Upper City, today's old town, set fire to their own suburbs around the hospital . This was probably not discussed with their residents and led to long-lasting disputes between the two parts of the city, which was only brought about by the Bamberg sovereign Friedrich III. von Aufseß were settled by granting the residents of the suburbs tax breaks in 1431 and an unspecified participation in the city council. With a further document from the bishop from 1439, the suburbs who had not previously been considered citizens were legally equated with the residents of the Upper City; the three suburbs officially became part of the city of Kronach. However, the Upper City retained numerous privileges that were still denied to the suburbs, such as the right to brew beer and to serve beer and wine.

16th Century

Peasants' War

During the German Peasant War in 1525 , Kronach was in the hands of the rebellious peasants for some time: the council and citizens under the leadership of Prince- Bishop Kunz Dietmann took part in the riot and handed over the town and castle without a fight in the absence of the castle captain. The rebellion of the Kronach was directed primarily against the knighthood and not against the Bamberg sovereign, Weigand von Redwitz , who negotiated with the rebels in his dominion until the end. The condition for the handover of town and castle was that Rosenberg Castle should be spared; However, numerous castles, palaces and monasteries in the area were plundered and destroyed - with the participation of the insurgents from Kronach.

After the army of the Swabian Federation had already taken the city of Bamberg on June 19, 1525 and put down the uprising there, Kronach and Rosenberg Castle were finally occupied on June 25. Prince-Bishop Weigand von Redwitz had four leaders of the uprising in Kronach executed, and the city was fined 2,000 guilders as compensation for the damage caused  . Dietmann was also to be executed, but the penalty was reduced to the payment of 800 guilders after numerous Kronach nobles had campaigned for the Kastner at von Redwitz.

Second Margrave War

Contemporary representation of the Margrave Albrecht II Alcibiades

Just a few decades after the Peasants' War, the town of Kronach had to defend itself again from attackers in the Second Margrave War . Albrecht II. Alcibiades , Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach , tried to enlarge his sphere of influence in Franconia and fought his Franconian neighbors, especially the two Catholic monasteries of Bamberg and Würzburg . Among other things, the margrave succeeded in taking the city of Forchheim in the south of the bishopric of Bamberg. He then threatened the episcopal city of Bamberg , which was not protected by city fortifications , and which finally had to surrender on May 19, 1552.

After the margrave's troops had attacked and robbed villages in the Kronach area as early as September 1552, they invaded the north of today's Kronach district in June 1553 and threatened, among other things, the city of Teuschnitz , which was repeatedly forced to pay higher sums of money Prevent looting. From Teuschnitz Alcibiades moved south in October 1553 with an army of 300 to 400 men in the Haßlach valley, marched on October 10, 1553 in front of Kronach and demanded the surrender of the city. Since the Kronach refused and a siege of the fortified city with his relatively small troop was not possible, the margrave had to leave without having achieved anything.

A few months later, Alcibiades was crushed by the so-called Federal Armed Forces, which arose from the amalgamation of several German princes. His residence town Kulmbach was completely destroyed after a brief siege on November 26, 1553; the remaining troops in the city withdrew to the Plassenburg and surrendered after several months of siege on June 21, 1554. The war ended with the margrave's flight to France .

Reformation and Counter Reformation

With the beginning of the Reformation in the 16th century, clergy and population in the areas of the Bamberg Monastery increasingly turned to the Protestant faith. In addition to several places in the Kronach area, which are still predominantly evangelical today, this also affected the city of Kronach itself, where the parish remained Catholic, but the majority of the population followed the new doctrine of the faith. After this development had initially been tolerated in the bishopric for a long time, the Catholic Church pushed ahead with the re-Catholicization of its own areas as part of the Counter Reformation from the end of the 16th century . According to the formula cuius regio, eius religio , a short form of the legal principle laid down in the Augsburg Religious Peace , the Protestant population was asked to profess the Catholic faith of their sovereign again or to emigrate to one of the neighboring Protestant areas. In 1616 the citizens of Kronach were - with a few exceptions - Catholic again and remained so until the secularization of the bishopric in 1802/03. Protestants could not acquire civil rights in Kronach during this time.

17th century

Witch hunt

From the end of the 16th century until the 1630s, the Bamberg Monastery was a core area of witch persecution . Especially under the reign of the prince-bishops Johann Gottfried I von Aschhausen (r. 1609–1622) and Johann Georg II. Fuchs von Dornheim (r. 1623–1633), countless women and men were imprisoned, tortured and executed. The first actual witchcraft trial in Kronach took place in 1580 and ended relatively mildly with the expulsion of the two accused men from the country. However, many of the accused were also sentenced to death at the stake here . The persecution did not end until the Thirty Years' War when Swedish troops marched into Bamberg.

Thirty Years' War

"Sweden breach" in the city wall
Feline von der Fortress, the city's mascot

The city of Kronach and its fortress were besieged several times by the Swedes and their German allies during the Thirty Years' War from 1632 to 1634 . However, thanks to the strategically favorable structure of the city and the resolute resistance of its residents, the attackers were successfully repulsed.

In the first years of the war, the fighting in the Kronach area was initially limited to comparatively small skirmishes with the Protestant neighbors, especially the city of Coburg . Troops on both sides raided, looted and pillaged villages in the neighboring area. With the victory of the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf in the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631 and his subsequent advance towards Franconia, a direct threat to the city of Kronach emerged. After the episcopal city of Bamberg had surrendered to Gustav's army, the Protestant troops invaded the area around Kronach in the spring of 1632.

The first major attack on the city, in which Coburg troops were also involved, took place on May 17, 1632 under the leadership of the Swedish Colonel Claus Hastver. After this attack was unsuccessful and a second attack by the troops of Margrave Christian von Brandenburg-Bayreuth on May 19 also failed to take the city, Kronach was enclosed and besieged. Among other things, guns were positioned on the ridge of the Rosenberg north of the city and fortress , with which the fortress was fired. The impact of the Swedish cannonballs can still be seen on the north side of the keep . The siege was abandoned on June 12, 1632, as the Protestant troops awaited the announced arrival of reinforcements for the town of Kronach.

On June 13, 1633, Kronach was enclosed and briefly besieged by eight regiments of the dukes Bernhard and Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar . After an attack on the city on June 15 was unsuccessful, the siege was ended on June 17, 1633, as the Protestants again feared the arrival of reinforcements for Kronach.

Kronach was attacked and besieged for the last time in 1634 by the troops of Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar. On March 13, 1634, the city was enclosed by an advance command under Johann Philipp Cratz von Scharffenstein , the actual siege began with the arrival of the main army on March 18. The Protestant troops camped here mainly south of today's old town, where they were largely protected from cannons from the fortress north of Kronach by their buildings, especially by the parish church of St. John the Baptist towering in the south of the city . The largest attack on the city took place on March 21, 1634. The besiegers succeeded in shooting a breach in the city wall next to the Bamberg Gate on the southwest side of the city . Due to the determined resistance of its residents - especially the women - this did not lead to the capture of the city and the attackers had to withdraw with great losses. The extent of the destruction at that time can be recognized by the deviating reddish color of the sandstone used to close the gap. No further attacks took place as the Protestant troops expected reinforcements for Kronach and withdrew.

In a document dated February 25, 1639, Prince-Bishop Franz von Hatzfeld gave the town of Kronach the two manors Haßlach and Stockheim as compensation for the material losses suffered in the war. The city therefore still owns numerous properties in the area of ​​today's Stockheim municipality .

In order to successfully ward off the attacks, the Kronachers were awarded a new city ​​coat of arms and various privileges for mayors and city councilors by Prince-Bishop Melchior Otto Voit of Salzburg in 1651 . The shield holders of the new coat of arms - two men with their peeled skin under their arms - testify to the cruelty of the fighting at the time: They are reminiscent of four Kronach who were killed in a failure on June 7, 1632, when they nailed several of the besiegers' cannons who made ignition holes unusable, were captured and tortured by the Swedes . In gratitude for the honors, the citizens of Kronach erected an honorary pillar for Melchior Otto in 1654 and promised to hold a memorial day for the Prince-Bishop, who died in 1653, every year. This Melchior Otto Day is still celebrated in January with a praise office in the parish church and a subsequent salute at the column of honor.

In addition, the Swedish procession , which has been taking place annually on the Sunday after Corpus Christi since 1633, commemorates the events of the Thirty Years War. A peculiarity of the procession is that the women have been advancing towards the holy of holies and men since 1634 as an honor for their bravery in defending the city .

The nickname of the Kronachers as "Kroniche Housnküh" (Kronacher rabbit cows) also goes back to the time of the sieges : According to legend, the Kronachers let the last living animal, a female hare, roam freely on the city wall to get a large food supply to pretend in town. The Swedes are said to have broken off the siege, which was considered pointless, and withdrew. The "Kroniche Housnkuh" - Feline from the fortress - is the town's mascot today .

18th century

Seven Years War

Kronach was attacked and besieged again in the Seven Years' War : On May 10, 1759, Prussian troops under Major General Karl Gottfried von Knobloch approached the city and camped on Kreuzberg to the east. After an attack by the Prussians on the Strauer city gate, which no longer exists today , remained unsuccessful, the city and the Rosenberg fortress further north were to be forced to give up by cannon fire. However, the field artillery deployed was not strong enough to reach the fortress and the projectiles did little damage in the city itself. In return, the guns of the Rosenberg Fortress were able to reach the Prussian positions, so that von Knobloch had the siege broken and his troops moved south on May 13th.

19th century

Connection to Bavaria

Seal of the royal Bavarian city of Kronach without a shield holder

With the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss the Bamberg Monastery was forcibly dissolved in 1803 and its territories transferred to the Electorate of Bavaria . The year before, the residential city of Bamberg and the two Bamberg state fortresses, Forchheim and Kronach, had been occupied by Bavarian troops, with the result that the last prince-bishop of the monastery, Christoph Franz von Buseck , was de facto disempowered. The actual transfer of power to Bavaria probably took place in the population and in the administration without any particular incident. The previous administrative structures were initially retained and the former prince-bishop officials continued their service under the new sovereign.

In the following years, however, the former prince-bishop's markets and cities lost a large part of their former self-government rights and privileges, as the administration was reformed and centralized . Kronach also lost other privileges that had been granted to the mayor and city council in 1651 by Prince-Bishop Melchior Otto Voit of Salzburg together with the new city coat of arms. The official seal of the city also had to be changed: after District Councilor Felix Joseph von Lipowsky had declared the "battered men" serving as shield holders in 1812 to be unheraldic and tasteless and only allowed to have shield holders with the royal coat of arms, from 1819 these were no longer included in the seals. With the constitution of the Kingdom of Bavaria of 1818 , part of the municipal rights of self-government was granted to the cities again, and Kronach was given back the privileges for mayors and city councilors in 1823. The two shield holders were not included in the city's official seal until 1938.

The annexation to Bavaria brought about great changes for people of Protestant faith who were unable to acquire civil rights in Kronach during the high penal era: with an edict by the Bavarian elector, all Christians, regardless of their denomination, were granted the same rights. The first two Protestants who made use of this in 1803 and acquired citizenship in Kronach were two traders from Kulmbach. By 1850 the number of Protestant residents grew to around 400.

Impact there was also in the military field: The fortress Rosenberg lost by the new political situation and changes in the type of warfare with the departure of sieges and the turn to mobile warfare largely important. Only because of its strategically excellent location on the edge of the Bavarian dominion area it was initially retained as a garrison site. Already in 1805 practically the entire equipment of the fortress was transferred to Würzburg or sold. At the beginning of October 1806, the city and fortress served as a warehouse for the army of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte . Napoleon started his campaign against Prussia from here , which culminated in the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt on October 14, 1806 , and wanted to use the Rosenberg Fortress as cover for the retreat if his plans for attack failed. After the fortress had been put under arms several times in the following decades, Rosenberg's status as a fortress was officially revoked on May 10, 1867 by the War Ministry. The city of Kronach acquired the facility, which had meanwhile been used as a prison, on May 14, 1888 for 32,000 marks and thus saved it from being razed . Even the city's former fortifications were no longer considered necessary after the annexation to Bavaria and were partially demolished or reused in the following decades.

Construction of the Frankenwaldbahn

Entrance building of the station. The building was built on a smaller scale in 1861 and expanded to its present size around 1930.

As early as the 1840s, the operators of the coal mine in Stockheim, north of Kronach, had tried in vain for a connection to the existing Bavarian railway network. From Hochstadt am Main , which was connected to the rail network with the construction of the Ludwig-Süd-Nord-Bahn in 1846, the Bamberg – Hof line was initially used to continue the railway line via Kulmbach and Neuenmarkt to Hof .

With a resolution of the Kronach city council on April 12, 1853, the Bavarian King Maximilian II was asked for the first permission to build a leased railway from Hochstadt to Gundelsdorf, with which the city was to be connected to the railway network in Bavaria. In October 1853, the Stockheim colliery operators also campaigned for the construction of a railway line. They argued that the productivity of the coal mines could be significantly increased if the extracted coal were to be transported by rail. In the same way, the slate quarries in Lehesten in southern Thuringia could benefit from closing the gap between the Bavarian and Thuringian railway networks.

The approval for the construction of the railway line to Stockheim was finally officially granted on March 27, 1860 after the mayor of Kronach, Carl Mertel, had visited Munich several times . In the months before, various contracts had been concluded between the city of Kronach, the royal transport authorities, the royal bank management and Theodor Freiherr von Cramer-Klett , who invested 1.2 million guilders in the project, on financing and building the railway line.

There were initially disagreements with the choice of location for the train station . For strategic reasons, the royal ministries had planned the Hofwiesen located on the north-western edge of today's core city and at that time still outside the actual urban area: The station should be fully visible from the Rosenberg Fortress so that there was a clear field of fire if necessary. At the location favored by the city, directly on the southwest side of the former city area, the Ziegelanger, the view from the fortress was restricted by several buildings in the city in between. Only after Mayor Mertel made another visit to Munich, where he was allowed to speak to King Maximilian in person, was the city's choice of location approved.

The first passenger train reached Kronach on December 15, 1860, the line between Hochstadt and Gundelsdorf was officially inaugurated on February 20, 1861. The continuation to Stockheim was delayed until mid-1862, as Baron von Würtzburg refused to take over the properties he needed for the construction for sale north of Gundelsdorf, which is why the railway line was relocated to Haßlacher Flur. After the expropriation of the property owners in Haßlach, the route was officially opened on March 1, 1863. On October 1, 1885, with the completion of the Loquitztalbahn from Stockheim via Ludwigsstadt to Probstzella, which had already been built as a state railway, it was connected to the existing route network in Thuringia . The section from Hochstadt to Stockheim, built as a leased railway, passed into the ownership of the Royal Bavarian State Railways in 1918 after the agreed lease term had expired . The route, known in its entirety as the Frankenwaldbahn , is now part of the main route from Munich to Berlin .

Connection to the telephone network

The new post office on Bahnhofsplatz, built from 1926 onwards

At the end of 1897, Kronach was connected to the telephone network in Bavaria and in large parts of the Kingdom of Saxony . This happened primarily on the initiative of the Kronach commercial councilor Melchior Voitländer, who recognized the advantages of the telephone for business operations and had endeavored to do so privately and in his function as chairman of the trade committee since the beginning of the 1890s. However, he first had to fight against major reservations in the population about the new technology. In 1894, only nine companies committed to participating in a telephone system; However, at least twelve participants were required for the investment. The establishment of a telephone system in Kronach was finally approved by the responsible ministry in 1896. When it was officially put into operation on December 1, 1897, it had 13 participants. In 1903 the system already had 50 subscribers, and by 1912 the number had tripled to almost 150 connections. These were mainly companies, authorities and other important institutions; Telephone connections in private households were the exception until the middle of the 20th century.

The exchange with the “ Fräulein vom Amt ”, which was manned from 7 am to 9 pm, was initially located in the old post office directly south of the train station on Bahnhofsplatz. With the completion of the first construction phase of today's post office building in 1927, the exchange was relocated to the new building. On June 3, 1927, a modern self-connection office went into operation there, the first of its kind in Upper Franconia; it made it possible for up to 500 participants to choose the desired interlocutor without having to go through the office staff.

20th century

First World War

Charles de Gaulle (1942)

During the First World War , the Bavarian Army maintained a prisoner-of-war camp for officers in the Rosenberg Fortress. For this purpose, a comprehensive repair of the now largely empty rooms and the equipping with new facilities for the accommodation of around 90 prisoners and their guards were necessary. In the four years in which the camp existed, a total of 98 French officers and 24 soldiers, 206 Russian officers and 64 soldiers, 29 English officers, as well as a Belgian officer and eight soldiers were housed in the fortress. In comparison to the simple crew ranks, the officers enjoyed various discounts in terms of accommodation and food. In addition, they were allowed to take walks outside the fortress walls if they gave their word of honor not to attempt any escape. Breach of this word of honor was punishable by death under the Military Penal Act . From July 20 to November 21, 1917, the captured officers also included the French captain Charles de Gaulle , who later became General and President of France . De Gaulle did not give the required word of honor and after two escape attempts, for which he was each punished with 60 days of stricter arrest, he was first transferred to a camp in the fortress of Ingolstadt and later to the Wülzburg near Weißenburg in Bavaria .

time of the nationalsocialism

Former green tree inn

Favored by the proximity to the city of Coburg , where the national movement and the ideology of National Socialism already found numerous supporters at the beginning of the 1920s, the first official activities of the National Socialists in the Kronach area took place in 1923; A local NSDAP group is said to have been formed in the city as early as March of that year . After the re-establishment of the after the Hitler putsch of 8./9. The NSDAP , which was temporarily banned from November 1923 in February 1925, rose significantly in popularity in the Kronach region over the course of 1925. On July 28, 1925, the first National Socialist parliamentary group was founded in the presence of Adolf Hitler at a general meeting of the NSDAP in the Gasthaus zum green Baum , at which more than 150 of the people present were said to have spontaneously joined the party . In September of the same year, the Kronach SS was formed , making it one of the oldest in the German Empire . In 1927, the Kronach district together with Kulmbach, each with ten local groups, took second place behind Coburg among the eight Upper Franconian Nazi districts with the most local groups.

Mainly due to the aggressive advertising and propaganda activities of the Kronach NSDAP local group, which often resulted in defamation of the political opponent and in some cases in attacks on dissenters, the party was initially able to achieve election results in the city, some of which were well above the Upper Franconian average. In the 1928 Reichstag elections in Kronach, for example, the NSDAP received 16% of the vote, compared to an average of 10.8% in Upper Franconia as a whole. With the Reichstag election in July 1932 , however, this changed fundamentally: While the NSDAP regularly achieved results above 40% in this and the following elections in the Upper Franconian average, it only received around 33% of the votes in the city of Kronach, but still provided the The strongest party. During the entire period, the absolute voter numbers of the two large established parties BVP and SPD remained largely stable, which suggests that the NSDAP hardly succeeded in luring their regular voters away. Instead, it was mainly voters who had not yet made use of their right to vote and politically indecisive people who gave the NS party their votes. The NSDAP thus benefited above all from high voter turnout and the plight of the population as a result of the global economic crisis that had intensified since the end of the 1920s , which the National Socialists exploited for their own purposes.

Former so-called Ostmarkhaus

After the “ seizure of power ” by the National Socialists, in Kronach, as everywhere in the German Reich, the so-called “ synchronization ” of public and private life took place. In March 1933, leaders of the SPD and KPD were arrested, later also those of Bayernwacht , an organization belonging to the BVP . The latter were released after a few days, but members of the left-wing parties remained in custody for several weeks. In the city council, the members of other parties were ousted from their posts by massive obstacles, threats and bans and these were filled with NSDAP members; the First Mayor, who belonged to the BVP, was also removed from office and replaced by a Nazi party member. With the “ Law against the Formation of New Parties ” in July 1933, all parties except the NSDAP were finally banned. Local clubs and associations were infiltrated with party members and realigned or dissolved according to the Führer principle if this did not succeed. In addition, numerous NS-owned organizations were founded, in which membership was more or less mandatory in order to bind the population to the NS regime from childhood on. The regional press was also brought under the control of the National Socialists by threats and other means of pressure or - if this did not succeed - it was driven into economic ruin. The implementation of the traditional Swedish procession was massively hindered in 1935 by bans on flags and marches for various associations. From 1936, officials were forbidden to participate, and in 1941 the procession was banned completely.

After the start of the National Socialist dictatorship , several streets were renamed Kronach. Today's Amtsgerichtsstrasse in the old town was named " Adolf-Hitler-Strasse " in honor of Adolf Hitler . In the street is the so-called Floßherrenhaus , which was the seat of the NS district leadership from March 1936 and was referred to by the National Socialists as the "Ostmarkhaus". Today's Adolf-Kolping-Straße, located on the west bank of the Haßlach , was renamed “Hans-Schemm-Straße” after Hans Schemm , Bavarian Minister of Culture and Gauleiter of the Bavarian East Markets. Marienplatz, located directly south of the old town, was named "Hindenburgplatz" after the former President of the Weimar Republic , Paul von Hindenburg . On the square was a "Stürmer-Kasten", a public display case in which the anti-Semitic weekly newspaper Der Stürmer was displayed. The Judengasse in the northwest of the old town was renamed “Am Storchenturm ” by the National Socialists for ideological reasons .

As part of the National Socialists' settlement construction program , a new settlement area was created from 1934 on an area south of the former Kronach – Nordhalben railway line , which until then had primarily served as an interim storage facility for raft wood from the Franconian Forest . From 1938 the so-called SA settlement followed in the immediate vicinity . From 1934 to the end of the 1930s, a bypass road was built directly west of the Hochstadt-Marktzeuln-Probstzella railway line , today's federal highway 85 . In the north of the urban area, the city center was connected to the bypass road with the construction of the north bridge over the railway line and the Haßlach river. To the south of the new settlement areas, the bypass road in the direction of Kulmbach and Hof was led with the construction of the south bridge over the railway line and the river.

Persecution of the Jews

Memorial stone for the Jewish victims of National Socialism in Kronach
Stumbling blocks in Bahnhofstrasse

At least since the 17th century there were Jewish families living in Kronach, which initially belonged to the Jewish rural community in Friesen and, like elsewhere, were subject to various restrictions with regard to their choice of residence and career. With the establishment of the German Reich in 1871, all restrictions and discrimination for the Jewish population ceased and the Jews officially became citizens with equal rights with all the rights and duties associated with them. Many of the rural Jews used the new freedoms to move to the neighboring cities, while others had emigrated to the United States as early as the 1840s , so that the Jewish community in Friesen disintegrated over time. That is why the Kronach Jews founded their own religious community in 1880 and built a synagogue in 1883 . After the number of Jewish residents had increased to over 100 by 1890, a decline began at the beginning of the 20th century, as many Jews moved to the big cities, where they hoped for better opportunities to earn a living.

At the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship in 1933, 35 Jews lived among the approximately 6,700 inhabitants of the city of Kronach. After attacks on the Jewish population had already taken place in previous years, the number of Kronach Jews decreased noticeably after the Nazis' seizure of power, as many fled to larger German cities or abroad for fear of persecution and reprisals. The service in the Kronach synagogue could therefore only be continued until 1936. The building was sold to the city in February 1938, which used it as a medical depot until 1972 and then leased it as a warehouse until 1988. As a result, the building survived the November pogroms of 1938 unscathed, while the furnishings of the synagogue that had been moved to Bamberg were destroyed there. The five remaining Jewish families in Kronach were "searched" by the SS on the morning of November 10, 1938, and some of the Jews were temporarily taken into " protective custody ". From November 15, Jewish students were no longer allowed to attend public schools. In the weeks that followed, the Jews in Kronach were forced to sell property, houses, and businesses they owned. Further reprisals and discrimination against the Jewish population followed. Some of the Kronach Jews were able to move abroad at the end of 1938, the rest were deported in 1941/42 in the course of three transports from the Franconia region to the eastern territories , where they were murdered by the Nazis in the concentration camps . There has been no Jewish religious community in Kronach since 1942.

The former synagogue was restored in 2002 by the Kronach Synagogue Action Group; today it serves as a memorial and cultural event space. The Kronach city council honored the Jews of the city persecuted and murdered by the National Socialists with a memorial stone in the city cemetery in 1964. The artist Gunter Demnig laid a total of 25 stumbling blocks in front of the former residential buildings of Kronach Jews in 2017 and 2018 .

Gundelsdorf subcamp

In the two present-day Kronach districts of Gundelsdorf and Knellendorf , satellite camps of the Flossenbürg concentration camp existed from autumn 1944 until the invasion of American troops in April 1945 . The prisoners were 100 Polish Jews deported from the Plaszow concentration camp and up to 90 Jewish men of various nationalities who were brought here from various other camps. The majority were used as forced labor in the Air Force replenishment warehouse in Gundelsdorf, around 20 of the women had to sew military uniforms in a Knellendorf company. Since 2002, a memorial stone erected on the initiative of the Evangelical Youth on the cycle and footpath running parallel to Bundesstrasse 85 between the two locations has been a reminder of the satellite camps.

Second World War

Floor plan of the Rosenberg Fortress

During the Second World War , Rosenberg Fortress served as a labor camp from 1942 to 1944 for the accommodation of Polish and Soviet forced laborers who were used in the Rosenthal porcelain factory in Kronach to manufacture industrial porcelain . Towards the end of the war, production halls for the manufacture of parts for the Messerschmitt Me 163 jet fighter were to be built on the fortress under the code name "GeKro" (Kronach prison) . For this purpose, the Todt organization carried out various expansion and renovation measures. The casemate of the St. Philip bastion was provided with an intermediate ceiling made of concrete and a supply opening was broken into the outer wall, which was closed again after the end of the war. The casemate of the St. Lothar Bastion was also rebuilt; two cannon loopholes in the outer wall were closed, and a third was broken out as an access opening. In addition to these work completed various preparatory work was on the pillbox of Contre Guard Carl and in the ditch between the counterguard and the place of arms performed Philipp. Supporting foundations made of concrete were built there, which were later to carry a roof. The trenches between the other fortress frontworks and the entire area of ​​the outer moat between Contregarde Carl, Waffenplatz Philipp and Bastion St. Lothar should also be roofed over. These plans were not implemented until the end of the war and the parts of the production facilities that had already been completed were never put into operation, which meant that the fortress was spared from targeted bombing by the Allies.

April 1945: Two US soldiers during the explosion of a petrol tank trailer in the market square. The scene was set for recording.

The city of Kronach itself survived the Second World War relatively unscathed due to the lack of significant industrial facilities and due to its location away from the major cities in the interior of the German Reich. On September 13, 1944 , parts of the district hospital on Friesener Strasse were destroyed during the probably unplanned dropping of the bombs of an American aircraft that had pulled out of a formation flying eastwards and which is said to have crashed near Hildburghausen later . Four of the five bombs hit an undeveloped meadow, the fifth exploded right next to the hospital and destroyed the kitchen and the operating room. From March 1945 air raids on the city took place regularly , during which the train station was also targeted on April 10, 1945. During the attacks, the population found refuge in the numerous cellar vaults that run through practically the entire mountain spur below the old town.

On April 6, 1945, Kronach was placed in a state of defense. A system of four defensive rings was supposed to protect the city from the Allied ground troops advancing from the west in the last days of the war. The first ring would have been west of the city at Gehülz and Ziegelerden , the second on the outskirts, the third ring formed the medieval fortifications of the Upper City and the fourth the fortress Rosenberg . However, due to a labor shortage, these plans were only partially implemented by blocking the main access roads with improvised anti-tank barriers. In addition, anti-aircraft guns were positioned at various points . On April 11, 1945, district leader Paul Müller and the combat commandant asked the city ​​police to shoot all male residents of the houses where a white flag was being hoisted. After that, the police were supposed to leave Kronach together with the last fighting troops. However, the chief of the city police refused to carry out this order and stayed in the city. Mayor Hans Wachter did not flee from Kronach either. Since the anti-tank barriers in front of the city had not been opened and no white flags had been hoisted, Kronach was captured on the morning of April 12, 1945 by the 11th US Armored Division of the 3rd US Army under General Patton , which had taken Coburg a few days earlier . attacked. After several hours of artillery bombardment, in which 15 buildings were completely destroyed and 22 others were badly damaged, US troops marched into Kronach in the early afternoon of April 12 and occupied the city. Contrary to the orders of the district leader Paul Müller and the military leadership, who had fled the city at noon, residents and remaining German forces did not offer any resistance to the advancing US infantry. Kronach escaped the fate of the Küps market further south . There the US troops had previously been attacked by the defenders, which resulted in several hours of bombing the place.

After the Second World War

The so-called Fiedlershaus with the Podersamer Heimatstube

The post-war period was characterized by the proximity to the inner-German border and the integration of a large number of expellees . The population of the city increased between 1945 and 1970 from around 6,500 to over 10,000 people. In the course of the regional reform in Bavaria , the number of city residents increased by integrating a total of 13 previously independent municipalities to around 18,500 people by 1978. The population has been declining since the 1990s; On December 31, 2013, Kronach had just under 16,900 inhabitants.

On August 7, 1955, Kronach took over the sponsorship of the former residents of the Sudeten German city ​​and the home district of Podersam , who had been driven from their homeland. In a certificate, the expellees were guaranteed Kronach as a "second home and main place of care and preservation of local tradition and culture". In 1986, the city made several rooms in the Lucas-Cranach-Straße 27 building available; There, the history and culture of the Podersam district and its former residents are documented in the so-called Podersamer Heimatstube.

At the end of the 20th century, the preparations for the state horticultural show in 2002 enabled the elimination of building and environmental sins in an area that had been used as an industrial park in the past decades; today the site serves as a recreational area close to the city.

Town twinning

Kronach maintains city ​​partnerships with three European cities and municipalities. The first partnership was concluded on August 31, 1990 with the city of Hennebont in France . The initiative for this came mainly from the population, because although the mayor and the city council were interested in the partnership with a French city in the 1980s, there were initially reservations about Hennebont, located in Brittany in western France, due to the relatively great distance of over 1300 km and the communist mayor. After an official delegation from Hennebont had visited Kronach in February 1986, friendly relationships between private individuals, schools and associations developed increasingly, but the city's top officials continued to oppose the partnership. Only after Manfred Raum was elected as the new First Mayor in 1990 was a partnership agreement signed with the French city.

The second twin town was Kiskunhalas in Hungary in 1994 . This partnership also originally came about through private contacts: During a vacation trip to Hungary, a vocational school teacher from Kronach met a Hungarian colleague through mutual acquaintances. From this encounter a school partnership developed in 1989 , the first between a Bavarian vocational school and a Hungarian educational institution. This partnership was expanded to an official town twinning on October 22, 1994 with the signing of the corresponding document in Kiskunhalas.

The third partnership with the municipality of Rhodt unter Rietburg in Germany was officially recorded in 2001; The relationship between the two places has existed since 1951.

21st century

University location

Since 2010 there have been repeated efforts in Kronach local politics to locate a Bavarian authority or a state service facility in the Kronach area. The then Bavarian Prime Minister Horst Seehofer , however, rejected the relocation of an authority from the state capital Munich to Kronach in April 2013. In August 2013, the then Bavarian Finance Minister Markus Söder announced that part of the finance department at the University of Applied Sciences for Public Administration and Justice should be relocated from its previous location in Herrsching am Ammersee to Kronach. The intention was to create 200 places for future Bavarian tax officials. For the construction of the new university of applied sciences, the Free State acquired the former site of a hardware store in the middle of the city, which had moved to an industrial park on the outskirts in spring 2017. In January 2020, Markus Söder, who had been elected Prime Minister's successor to Horst Seehofer in March 2018, announced various measures to strengthen the rural regions of Bavaria in particular. For this purpose, several authorities from the area around the state capital are to be relocated to new locations. The training of Bavarian tax officials is now to be completely relocated from the previous location in Herrsching to Kronach, so that instead of the initially planned 200, 600 study places are to be created. The higher number of students requires rescheduling in the construction of the university, which means that its opening, originally planned for 2022, will be postponed until at least 2025.

Since spring 2016, the University of Applied Sciences Coburg has been offering the future design master’s course in cooperation with partners from business and industry in Kronach . In the course, which was initially started as an experiment, students from different disciplines who already have a first university degree should learn how to put new ideas into practice from the concept phase. Further courses of study at the Coburg University and the Hof and Weihenstephan Universities of Applied Sciences are to follow in the 2020/21 winter semester. It is planned to set up a campus with up to 1000 students.

literature

  • Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch: Kronach - 1000 years of history of a city and its inhabitants . 1000 Years of Kronach Association, Kronach 2003, ISBN 3-00-011351-7 .
  • Bernd Wollner: The Rosenberg Fortress: A guide and companion through Kronach's famous fortifications . Ed .: Tourism and event management of the city of Kronach. Helmut Angles Druck & Verlag, Kronach 2002, ISBN 3-00-009879-8 .
  • House of Bavarian History (Ed.): Kronach (=  Edition Bavaria. People - History - Cultural Space . Volume 6 ). Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-7917-2403-4 .
  • Stefan Wicklein: Kronach: 1920 to 1950 . Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2005, ISBN 3-89702-898-0 .

Web links

Commons : History of the City of Kronach  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lothar F. Zotz , Gisela Freund : The Middle Paleolithic rubble equipment industry from the area around Kronach in Upper Franconia (=  material booklets for Bavarian prehistory . No.  27 ). Verlag Lassleben, Kallmünz 1973, ISBN 3-7847-5027-3 .
  2. ^ A b Hans Losert : Archeology and history in the Kronacher land . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p.  28-44 .
  3. ^ Björn-Uwe Abels : The Heunischenburg near Kronach. A late urnfield fortification . Universitätsverlag, Regensburg 2002, ISBN 3-930480-28-X .
  4. ↑ a b c Finds show: Kronach is 250 years older. inFranken.de, November 20, 2019, accessed on November 23, 2019 .
  5. ↑ a b c Manfred Raum: The amateur archaeologist and the solution to the riddle. Neue Presse Coburg, November 22, 2019, accessed on November 23, 2019 .
  6. ^ A b c Julia Knauer: Excavations in Kronach's town history . In: New Press Coburg . January 2, 2020, p. 7 ( Online [accessed January 5, 2020]).
  7. ↑ a b c Bernd Wollner: 1000 years of Kronach - the beginning of a long story . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 16-25 .
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bernd Wollner: The Rosenberg Fortress: A guide and companion through Kronach's famous fortifications . Kronach 2002.
  9. ^ A b c Hermann Wich: The privileges of 1384 . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 45-52 .
  10. ^ Irina Badum: Brewing in Kronach . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 167-181 .
  11. ↑ a b Bernd Wollner: Biographical sketch of Weigand von Redwitz . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 97-99 .
  12. ↑ a b Tilmann Breuer : The Rosenberg Fortress (=  DKV art guide . No.  356 ). 5th, revised edition. Deutscher Kunstverlag , Munich / Berlin 2002.
  13. ^ Rudolf Pfadenhauer: History of the city of Teuschnitz. From the beginnings to secularization . Ed .: City of Teuschnitz. Letterpress and offset printing Wilhelm Ehrhardt, Ludwigsstadt 1990.
  14. ^ Günter Dippold: Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Kronach . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 79-96 .
  15. ^ A b Dorothea Richter: The Evangelical Church Community in Kronach . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 479-486 .
  16. ↑ Sabine Raithel: Witches and Heroines . In: House of Bavarian History (ed.): Kronach . Regensburg 2011, p. 28 f .
  17. ^ House of Bavarian History (ed.): Kronach . Regensburg 2011, p. 84-86 .
  18. ↑ a b Information board of the Lions Club Kronach on the city wall.
  19. ↑ Gerd Fleischmann: A gift with a long-term effect . In: New Press Coburg . January 19, 2019, p. 14 .
  20. ↑ Heike Schülein: Commemoration with “Kawumm” . In: New Press Coburg . January 23, 2018, p. 13 .
  21. ↑ Heike Schülein: Kronach women lead the way . In: New Press Coburg . June 8, 2015, p. 13 .
  22. ↑ Kroniche Housnkuh in the Franconian Forest. Bayern-Online, accessed on March 12, 2013 .
  23. ↑ a b c d e f g Klaus Rupprecht: When Kronach became Bavarian ... - Process and consequences of secularization in the town and office of Kronach 1802/03 . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 226-248 .
  24. ↑ a b c Andrea Rebhan: The Kronach city arms . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 53-58 .
  25. ^ Christian ax: Kronach towers and gates . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 143-160 .
  26. ↑ a b c d Gerd Fleischmann: Railway brought the upswing . In: Franconian Day . May 4, 2018, p. 17 .
  27. ↑ a b c d André Frashek: Biographical sketch of Carl Mertel . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 269-279 .
  28. ↑ Gerd Fleischmann: Progress is coming quickly . In: New Press Coburg . March 1, 2013, p. 9 .
  29. ↑ a b Gerd Fleischmann: When the doorbell finally rang in Kronach . In: New Press Coburg . Local edition Kronach. October 14, 2017, p. 13 .
  30. ↑ Timo Feuerpfeil: The royal officer prison camp Rosenberg-Kronach . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 392-407 .
  31. ^ Information board of the Lions Club Kronach at the Rosenberg Fortress.
  32. ^ A b c d e f g h i j k l Daniela Eckardt: City and district of Kronach during the Nazi era, main part of regional history and secondary didactic part . Approval work for the first state examination for teaching at secondary schools in Bavaria. Bayreuth 1989.
  33. ↑ a b Eckbert Arneth: From the Republic to the Dictatorship - Elections and votes in the German Reich, in Bavaria and in Kronach 1928 to 1938 . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 410-422 .
  34. ↑ a b c d e f g Stefan Wicklein: Kronach: 1920 to 1950 . Erfurt 2005.
  35. ^ A b c Ludwig Hertel: History of Kronach in street names - A guide through the 1000-year-old Franconian town . 3rd revised and expanded edition. Kronach 2015.
  36. ^ A b Josef Motschmann: From Judischheit zu Cronach - To the 700-year history of the Kronach Jews . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 345-359 .
  37. ↑ a b c History of the Kronach Synagogue. Action group Kronacher Synagoge e. V., accessed on July 24, 2011 .
  38. ^ The synagogue in Kronach (Upper Franconia). Alemannia Judaica - Working Group for Research into Jewish History in Southern Germany and the Adjoining Region, September 23, 2017, accessed on December 12, 2017 .
  39. ↑ Ulrike Puvogel: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Schleswig-Holstein . In: Federal Center for Political Education (ed.): Memorials for the victims of National Socialism. A documentation . tape 1 . Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-89331-208-0 , pp. 156 .
  40. ↑ Heike Schülein: Memory work with hammer and spatula. In: inFranken.de. September 18, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017 .
  41. ↑ Heike Schülein: Stolpersteine ​​in Kronach: Remembrance work against forgetting. In: inFranken.de. July 18, 2018, accessed July 18, 2018 .
  42. ↑ Pascal Cziborra: Gundelsdorf Concentration Camp - Fischer's List (=  The satellite camps of the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp . Volume 6 ). Lorbeer Verlag, Bielefeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-938969-11-3 .
  43. ↑ Barbara Heinlein: The former Gundelsdorf subcamp . In: District of Kronach (Hrsg.): Local history yearbook of the district of Kronach . tape 23-2001 / 02 . Anton Hauguth-Verlag, Kronach 2002, ISBN 3-9803467-6-5 , p. 217-223 .
  44. ↑ Gundelsdorf subcamp. Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial, accessed on December 9, 2015 .
  45. ^ History of the district. District Office Kronach, accessed on December 9, 2015 .
  46. ^ Anja Weigelt: Fortress Rosenberg: Forced labor camp from 1942 to 1944 . Ed .: Kreisheimatpflege Kronach (=  local history yearbook of the district Kronach . Volume 26 ). 2013, ISBN 978-3-9803467-9-5 , pp. 141-147 .
  47. ↑ Christian Winter: GeKro - Attempt to use the Rosenberg Fortress for armaments purposes in the Second World War . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 423-431 .
  48. ↑ a b c d Peter Zeitler: "Of golden pheasants, governors and curb swallows" - Kronach between Stalingrad and the economic miracle . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 464-476 .
  49. ↑ Sabine Raithel: A hopeless fight comes to an end . In: New Press Coburg . March 30, 2015, p. 13 .
  50. ↑ Bernd Graf: Territorial reform transformed surrounding communities into new city districts - historical foray through the 13 “acquired” communities . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 492-507 .
  51. ^ Sponsorship Kronach. Heimatkreis Podersam-Jechnitz, accessed on January 12, 2020 .
  52. ↑ Podersam-Jechnitz home office in Kronach. Heimatkreis Podersam-Jechnitz, accessed on January 12, 2020 .
  53. ↑ Manfred Raum: The State Horticultural Show in Kronach 2002 - The event of the century before the 1000th anniversary . In: Bernd Wollner, Hermann Wich (Hrsg.): Historisches Stadtlesebuch . Kronach 2003, p. 548-553 .
  54. ↑ Town twinning and school sponsorships. City of Kronach, accessed on May 15, 2013 .
  55. ^ Hennebont - Kronach's twin town in Brittany in France. City of Kronach, accessed on January 12, 2020 .
  56. ↑ Brigitte Degelmann: It was also possible without the city's top . In: New Press Coburg . June 26, 2015, p. 7 .
  57. ↑ Brigitte Degelmann: A journey with far-reaching consequences . In: New Press Coburg . June 26, 2015, p. 7 .
  58. ^ Kiskunhalas - twin town in Hungary, south of Budapest. City of Kronach, accessed on January 12, 2020 .
  59. ^ Rhodt unter Rietburg - twin town on the southern wine route in the Palatinate. City of Kronach, accessed on January 12, 2020 .
  60. ↑ From the state office to the university . In: New Press Coburg . January 16, 2020, p. 7 .
  61. ↑ Marco Hadem: Söder continues to convert Bavaria . In: New Press Coburg . January 16, 2020, p. 3 .
  62. ↑ Julia Knauer: The start of the financial college has been delayed . In: New Press Coburg . March 4, 2020, p. 7 ( Online [accessed March 4, 2020]).
  63. ↑ Master's degree in Future Design started in Kronach. Coburg University of Applied Sciences, March 10, 2016, accessed on January 23, 2020 .
  64. ↑ Kronach master’s course has been accredited. inFranken.de, October 11, 2019, accessed on January 23, 2020 .
  65. ↑ Veronika Schadeck: The Lucas-Cranach-Campus is taking shape. inFranken.de, November 4, 2019, accessed on January 23, 2020 .