Indian film
| Indian feature film production | |
|---|---|
| year | number |
| 1935 | 233 |
| 1945 | 99 |
| 1955 | 288 |
| 1965 | 323 |
| 1975 | 471 |
| 1985 | 905 |
| 1995 | 795 |
| 2002 | 1,200 |
| 2003 | 877 |
| 2004 | 934 |
| 2005 | 1,041 |
| 2006 | 1,091 |
| 2007 | 1,146 |
| 2008 | 1,325 |
| 2009 | 1,288 |
| 2010 | 1,274 |
| 2011 | 1,255 |
| 2012 | 1,602 |
| 2013 | 1,724 |
| 2014 | 1,868 |
| 2015 | 1,907 |
The film productions in the area of today's state of India are referred to as Indian film . In a broader, historical sense, it can also be understood as the productions of the entire subcontinent. Even before US films, Indian films lead the world in terms of the number of annual productions.
While the global dominance of the film industry there is the cause for the US-American film, the high production numbers of the Indian film are due to its linguistic diversity, which is more comparable to the European one, and to the large number of regular cinema-goers in India alone, even at favorable prices Admission prices.
Production costs are low on a world scale, but they are also rising steadily. However, marketing stars and films based on the Western model ensures high visitor numbers and good sales and profit with attractive entry prices.
history
The beginnings 1896–1918
The history of film in India began on July 7th 1896 with the first cinematograph showing of films by the Lumière brothers at Watson's Hotel in Bombay . From 1898 the Bengali Hiralal Sen turned off theatrical performances, but it was not until December 1901 that the first Indian documentary recording of a current political event was made by Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatavdekar . In addition to short documentaries , theatrical films were also made in the first few years. Parts of plays were filmed from a fixed camera position, which were then shown as a break filler or after performances as an additional attraction in theaters. One of the first of its kind, which also specialized in film production and performance, was the Madan Theater Company , founded by Jamshedji Framji Madan in Calcutta , with the first permanent cinema in 1907. This institution developed into the leading cinema chain and film production of the whole by the end of the silent film era Indian subcontinent from Ceylon to Burma .
Traditional Indian theater was a mixture of acting, dancing and singing. It was therefore only natural that these components, which are familiar to the audience, later flowed into the structure of the Indian films.
The mythological film Raja Harishchandra by Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, made in 1912 and publicly premiered on May 3, 1913, is considered to be the beginning of the Indian feature film . In contrast to the other films, it was not just a film from a theatrical performance, but an original work. The film was a success because it was the first time audiences saw a story they were familiar with. The mythological film dominated the early days of Indian cinema. As in the theater, women rarely appeared as actors, as the acting profession was still viewed as disreputable among women in Indian society.
Marriage of silent films 1918–1931
Around 1918 Phalke was one of the leading film directors and producers, but his mythological films were increasingly being supplanted by action-oriented films and melodramas. Film production increased considerably and the star system began to take hold. In 1918 the Indian Cinematograph Act was passed by the British colonial government and in 1919 censorship was introduced, which cut out scenes of violence in particular in order to curb Indian nationalism.
Due to the action, especially in melodramas, more and more women were needed in film and this need was mostly met by Anglo-Indian women . The contrast of her dark eyes and comparatively light skin was also beneficial for black and white cinema of the time. They corresponded to the Indian ideal of beauty of "fair complexion", which led to the establishment of stars. The Indian film industry took advantage of this and from then on sold its films under the label of their leading actors.
In 1925 a fruitful German-Indian collaboration began between Franz Osten , a director of the Munich film production company Emelka , and the lawyer and amateur actor Himansu Rai . Osten as director and Rai as producer jointly created the three silent films The Lamp of Asia (1925), The Tomb of a Great Love (1928) and Dice of Fate (1929), which are now among the 10 to 12 Indian silent films that are mostly only fragmentary a total production of more than 1268 silent films (total number: since 1918 according to censorship cards at the National Film Archive of India ). They were historically fortunate to survive in foreign film archives, as they were produced for a market outside India and distributed worldwide.
Actors: Patience Cooper , Durgadas Bannerjee , Sulochana , Seeta Devi , Fatma Begum , Zubeida , Dhiren Ganguly , Dinshaw Bilimoria
Directors: Dhundiraj Govind Phalke , Baburao Painter , Dhiren Ganguly , Chandulal Shah , V. Shantaram
Early sound film of the 1930s and 1940s - establishment of the studio system
After the release of the first sound film in India, Alam Ara , on March 14, 1931, there was a boost in production. The studio system reached its heyday, the system of production plus sales in the hands of a single company established itself as sustainable.
The leading companies were:
- Bombay Talkies (founded in 1934 in Bombay by Himansu Rai )
- New Theaters (founded in Calcutta in 1930 by BN Sircar )
- Prabhat Film Company (founded in Kolhapur in 1929 by V. Shantaram , Vishnupant Damle , Sheikh Fattelal , Keshavrao Dhaiber and Sitarampant Kulkarni ) and
- Ranjit Movietone (founded in Bombay in 1929 by Chandulal Shah and Gohar ).
Actors: Devika Rani , Ashok Kumar , Durga Khote , Prithviraj Kapoor , KL Saigal , Kanan Devi
Directors: PC Barua , Nitin Bose , Mehboob Khan , Sohrab Modi
The first Indian film to be shown at an international film festival was Sant Tukaram (1936) by Vishnupant Govind Damle and Sheikh Fattelal , which was shown at the Venice Film Festival in 1937.
Regional cinema productions
“Indian film” is a collective term for the individual regional language film industries. These differ from one another in terms of both the predominant subjects and their stars. There has always been an exchange with one another. Actors and directors have sometimes worked in films in other languages from the start, or have switched entirely to the other production structures.
Hindi movie
| Hindi film productions | |
|---|---|
| year | number |
| 1935 | 154 |
| 1945 | 73 |
| 1955 | 125 |
| 1965 | 98 |
| 1975 | 119 |
| 1985 | 185 |
| 1995 | 157 |
The Hindi film industry has its production center in Mumbai and is known as Bollywood .
Actors: Ashok Kumar , Raj Kapoor , Dilip Kumar , Dev Anand , Sunil Dutt , Dharmendra , Nargis , Nutan , Waheeda Rehman , Meena Kumari , Rajesh Khanna , Amitabh Bachchan , Anupam Kher , Sanjay Dutt , Sridevi , Rekha , Shahrukh Khan , Salman Khan , Saif Ali Khan , John Abraham , Rani Mukherjee , Preity Zinta , Aamir Khan , Aishwarya Rai , Madhuri Dixit , Kajol
Directors: Guru Dutt , Bimal Roy , Raj Kapoor , Baldev Raj Chopra , Yash Chopra , Mani Ratnam , Ram Gopal Varma , Karan Johar , Hrishikesh Mukherjee
Tamil film
| Tamil film productions | |
|---|---|
| year | number |
| 1935 | 38 |
| 1945 | 11 |
| 1955 | 46 |
| 1965 | 56 |
| 1975 | 70 |
| 1985 | 190 |
| 1995 | 165 |
The Tamil film industry is based in Kodambakkam, Chennai . It is also called Kollywood .
Actors: MG Ramachandran , Sivaji Ganesan , Gemini Ganesan , Sridevi , Kamal Haasan Rajinikanth , Madhavan , Vijay
Directors: MANI RATNAM
Telugu movie
| Telugu film productions | |
|---|---|
| year | number |
| 1935 | 7th |
| 1945 | 5 |
| 1955 | 24 |
| 1965 | 50 |
| 1975 | 88 |
| 1985 | 198 |
| 1995 | 168 |
The Telugu film industry is centered in Hyderabad .
Actors: A. Nageswara Rao , NT Rama Rao
Directors: K. Viswanath , T. Prakash Rao
Malayalam film
The Malayalam film comes from Thiruvananthapuram .
Actors: Mammootty , Gopi , Mohanlal
Directors: Ramu Kariat , Adoor Gopalakrishnan , MT Vasudevan Nair
Kannada movie
The Kannada film is produced in the state of Karnataka in Bengaluru .
Actors: Rajkumar , Pandharibai
Directors: Girish Karnad
Bengali film
The Bengali film is produced in the Tollygunge district of Calcutta .
Actors: Uttam Kumar , Suchitra Sen , Utpal Dutt , Soumitra Chattopadhyay
Directors: Tapan Sinha , Ajoy Kar , Aparna Sen , Rituparno Ghosh , Gautam Ghosh
Marathic movie
The center of the marathic film industry was in the cities of Kolhapur and Pune in the 1920s and 1930s . Important film personalities emerged from the Maharashtra Film Company and the Prahat Film Company , including V. Shantaram . Today most of the productions are made in Mumbai.
Oriya movie
The most famous representatives of the Oriya film include the director Nitai Palit , the director and actor Prashanta Nanda and the actress Jharana Das .
Indian films by foreigners and western directors
Most of the films by foreigners are produced abroad and mostly in English . They often deal with topics from foreign Indians or non-Indians of Indian origin , but also politically and socio-culturally sensitive issues on the subcontinent. This means that they are not actually Indian films, but as a marginal phenomenon they are related to inspirations from Indian films. While these films are well received in reception in Europe and the USA, they hardly play a role in India itself. The best-known Indian directors of these films include Mira Nair , Gurinder Chadha , Shekhar Kapur and Deepa Mehta, as well as producer Ismail Merchant .
In addition, India, with its history and Hindu- dominated culture - as with the German-Indian productions of the 1920s - is also an attractive source of topics for western filmmakers. James Ivory has made several India-related films with Ismail Merchant since the 1960s. In 1972, the Hermann Hesse film adaptation of Siddhartha was made in the USA with Shashi Kapoor in the leading role. In 2004, Florian Gallenberger's German production Schatten der Zeit was filmed in India, exclusively with Indian actors and in Bengali .
The Indian actors appearing in both types of foreign-related films are conspicuously not among the stars of simple mass entertainment cinema, but well-known actors such as Shabana Azmi , Kulbhushan Kharbanda or Anupam Kher can still be seen frequently.
Entertainment film
Indian entertainment films, no matter which region they come from, have a lot in common.
Indian films are long, two to three hours of running time are the rule, interrupted by an obligatory break ("intermission").
The action patterns are simple, the narrative speed is slow. The films are a mix of romantic melodrama, comedy and action.
The action is interrupted at regular intervals by dancing music and singing. Sometimes this also drives the action forward.
Actors are expected to be able to dance. The choreographies of the numerous (group) dance interludes (see also “ Bollywood dance ”) are always similar.
The vocals are performed by professional playback singers who are independent stars in India. Successful sisters Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle have each contributed music to over 800 films. Other playback singers: Kishore Kumar , Mohammed Rafi , Mukesh , Geeta Dutt , Manna Dey , Alka Yagnik , Udit Narayan , Sonu Nigam , Sukhwinder Singh
The music is composed especially for the film and is broadcast outside of the film on music television. Successful composers from earlier years (up to the 1980s) are: Pankaj Mullick , Naushad , Sachin Dev Burman , Shankar-Jaikishan , Ravi , Laxmikant-Pyarelal , Kalyanji-Anandji , Madan Mohan and Rahul Dev Burman . Since the 1990s, Bappi Lahiri , AR Rahman , Anu Malik and Nadeem-Shravan in particular have gained in importance and popularity.
Artistic film
- Bengal - Satyajit Ray , Mrinal Sen , Ritwik Ghatak
- Tamil - Balu Mahendra
- New Indian Film - Shyam Benegal - Shabana Azmi , Smita Patil , Naseeruddin Shah , Om Puri , Kulbhushan Kharbanda
- other - Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Awards
The awards for all-Indian film are the annual National Film Awards . In memory of the founding father of Indian film, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is also presented as the highest state award for the life's work of an Indian filmmaker.
The first Oscar-nominated Indian feature film was Mehboob Khan's Bharat Mata (1957); were also nominated Ashutosh Gowariker's Lagaan (2001) and the documentary The House That Ananda Built (1967) by Fali Bilimoria and An Encounter with Faces (1978) by Vidhu Vinod Chopra .
Reception in Germany
Apart from the German-Indian silent film co-productions by Franz Osten and Himansu Rai, which were already aimed at a Western audience, the first Indian films in Germany were shown in the cinemas of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from the mid-1950s to around 1960 . These included Awaara and Shri 420 from Raj Kapoor, Jhansi Ki Rani from Sohrab Modi and Do Bigha Zamin from Bimal Roy. These and numerous other Indian entertainment films were also broadcast on DFF television.
In the Federal Republic of Germany , Indian art film first attracted attention at the Berlinale in the 1960s. The first television broadcast was therefore Satyajit Rays Mahanagar in 1967 , followed by his Apu trilogy in 1968 and Charulata in 1969. This “wave” lasted until the mid-1970s. At the same time, Indian entertainment and art films were shown again in cinemas and television in the GDR.
Another “wave” of Indian film productions was shown on television in East and West from around 1984 to 1987. The focus was on artistically demanding films Shyam Benegals, Mrinal Sens.
In 1996 the WDR showed a small series of films by Ritwik Ghatak and in 1997 the late films Satyajit Rays were shown on ARTE, before the Indian film industry was quiet again.
A renaissance of interest in Indian film has been evident since 2004 and German television is synchronizing and broadcasting Indian films again. This time it is mainly about Hindi films, which mostly run on RTL 2 or VOX. As part of a 24-hour “Discover India” theme day, 3sat also showed several Bollywood films on November 1, 2006, including a. Monsoon Wedding .
literature
- Ashish Rajadhyaksha (Ed.), Paul Willemen (Ed.): Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema . ISBN 0-85170-669-X
- Emmanuel Grimaud: Bollywood film studio ou comment les films se font à Bombay . CNRS Éd., Paris 2003
- Emmanuel Grimaud: La spirale prolifique ou l'histoire du processus cinématographique dans l'Inde contemporaine . CNRS Ed., 2003, ISBN 2-271-06183-0
- Mrinal Sen : And the Show Goes On . 1996; Film essay on Indian film
Web links
- National Film Archive of India
- National Film Development Corporation of India
- The firsts in Indian cinema
- Indian film pioneers ( memento from October 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (each with photo)
- Germans in Indian Film ( Franz Osten , Josef Wirsching , Karl von Spreti , Walter Kaufmann , Willy Haas and Paul Zils ). In: The Telegraph (Calcutta), January 16, 2006
Individual evidence
- ^ Until 1985: Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen: Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema . revised edition. Oxford University Press, New Delhi 1999, pp. 30-32. From 1995: World film production report (excerpt) ( Memento from August 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) Screen Digest, June 2006, pp. 205–207, accessed on October 3, 2015.
- ^ UIS Statistics. Accessed December 30, 2018 .
- ↑ see also: Brian Shoesmith: From Monopoly to Commodity: The Bombay Studios in the 1930s . ( Memento from September 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) In T. O'Regan, B. Shoesmith (Ed.): History on / and / in Film . History & Film Association of Australia, Perth 1987, pp. 68-75.
- ↑ nfaipune.nic.in ( Memento of the original from June 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b c Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen: Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema . revised edition. Oxford University Press, New Delhi 1999, pp. 30-32
- ↑ List of Indian films shown in cinemas or television in Germany or published on DVD. Two thousand and one lexicon of international film
