Regional and minority languages in Europe
The various regional and minority languages in Europe can be divided into four categories:
- The languages of communities in a single state that do not constitute a majority there, for example Sorbian in Germany or Welsh in the United Kingdom.
- The languages of communities in two or more states that are not in majority in either country, for example Basque in France and Spain or Sami (Lappish) in Finland, Norway and Sweden.
- The languages of communities that are a minority in one state but a majority in another, for example Danish in Germany, Finnish in Sweden and Swedish in Finland.
- Non-territorial languages that are traditionally spoken in one or more States, but a certain area can not be assigned, for example, the language of the Sinti and Roma ( Romani ), Jews ( Yiddish ), the Jeni ( Jenisch ) or the Russia Mennonites ( Plautdietsch ).
Dialects and languages of immigrants are not included.
The European Union also includes Luxembourgish as a minority language, as it is not an official language of the EU . Irish had this status until June 13, 2005 .
For several years now, national sign languages have also been given minority language status in various countries of the European Union . However, these are not listed separately here.
Countries with linguistic minorities
Albania
Andorra
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Denmark
Germany
- Danish in Schleswig-Holstein
- Jenisch
- Low German (including Plautdietsch )
- Lower Franconian in North Rhine-Westphalia, with Limburgish and Kleverland
- North Frisian in Schleswig-Holstein
- Romani
- Sater Frisian in Lower Saxony
-
Sorbian in Lausitz , more precisely:
- Upper Sorbian in Upper Lusatia in Saxony
- Lower Sorbian in Lower Lusatia in Brandenburg
Estonia
Finland
France
- Arpitan
- Basque
- Breton
- German ( Alsatian and Lorraine (Franconian) )
- Italian
- Jenisch
- Catalan
- Corsican
- Dutch
- Occitan
- Romani
Greece
Ireland
Italy
- Albanian
-
German (regional official language in the Trentino-South Tyrol region )
- various high Alemannic and South Bavarian dialects ( Cimbrian and others)
- Franco-Provencal
- French (regional official language in the Aosta Valley )
- Furlanic
- Greek (as Griko in Calabria and Apulia )
- Catalan (in Alghero )
- Croatian , Molise Slavonic
- Ladin (regional official language in the Trentino-South Tyrol region; language islands also in the province of Belluno )
- Ligurian
- Occitan
- Sardinian
- Sicilian
- Slovenian (regional official language in the former provinces of Trieste and Gorizia )
- Venetic
- Romani
Croatia
- Albanian
- Bosnian
- German
- Italian
- Istriot
- Istror-Romanian
- Romani
- Russian
- Serbian
- Slovak
- Czech
- Hungarian
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
Macedonia
Montenegro
Moldova
Netherlands
- Limburgish related to the left bank "Öcher Platt" = Aachener Platt, in East Belgium the German-speaking area and in Vaals / Kerkrade the Limburgish Platt.
- Lower Saxon
- Romani
- West Frisian
Norway
Austria
→ Minority languages in Austria
- Burgenland-Croatian in Burgenland
- Jenisch
- Romani
- Slovak in Vienna
- Slovenian in Carinthia and Styria
- Czech in Vienna
- Hungarian in Burgenland and Vienna
Poland
- German , as an auxiliary language in individual communities, mainly in Upper Silesia
- Kashubian in the ( Kashubia ) - Pomeranian Voivodeship (with the possibility of a high school diploma in this language)
- Yiddish
- Lithuanian in the border area with Lithuania
- Romani
- Slovak in the border area with Slovakia
- Tatar in the border area with Belarus
- Czech in the border area with the Czech Republic
- Ukrainian in the border area as well as by many immigrants
- Byelorussian in the border area with Belarus
Portugal
- Mirandés , in the Miranda do Douro area
Romania
- Aromatic
- Bulgarian
- German
- Yiddish
- Croatian
- Polish
- Romani
- Russian
- Russian
- Serbian
- Slovak
- Tatar
- Czech
- Turkish
- Ukrainian
- Hungarian
Sweden
- Danish
- Finnish
- Gutamål (Gutnisch, Gotlandisch)
- Jämtland
- Yiddish
- Meänkieli (Tornedal Finnish)
- Romani
- Sami (Lappish)
Switzerland
"The minority languages covered by the charter and protected in Switzerland are German in Bosco-Gurin (Walseric), German in Ederswiler (Jura), Italian in Graubünden, Italian in Ticino, Romansh, Yenish and Yiddish."
- German (minority language in Bosco-Gurin and Ederswiler )
- French (official language)
- Sign languages :
-
Italian (official language)
- Lombard language (dialects in the cantons of Graubünden and Ticino)
- Franco-Provencal
- Yenish (recognized as a non-territorial language)
- Yiddish (recognized minority language)
- Romansh (national language, official language in the canton of Graubünden )
- Romani (language of the Sinti ; Sinti are recognized as a national minority)
Serbia
- Albanian
- Bosnian
- Bulgarian
- German
- Croatian
- Macedonian
- Romani
- Romanian
- Russian
- Slovak
- Czech
- Turkish
- Hungarian
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
- Aragonese
- Aranese (= Occitan in France)
- Asturian
- Basque in the Basque Country and Navarre
- Caló
- Galician in Galicia
- Catalan in Catalonia , the Valencia Region (as Valencian ), and in the Balearic Islands ( Balearic dialects )
- Leonese in Castile and Leon
- Quinqui, language of the Mercheros , a socially marginalized group in Spain attested to since the 17th century
- Romani
Czech Republic
Turkey
other Turkic languages such as:
Ukraine
- Bulgarian
- German
- Gagauz
- Yiddish
- Crimean Tatar
- Polish
- Romani
- Romanian
- Russian
- Russian
- Tatar
- Turkish
- Hungarian
- Belarusian
Hungary
- Armenian
- Bulgarian
- German
- Greek
- Croatian
- Polish
- Romani
- Romanian
- Russian
- Serbian
- Slovak
- Slovenian
- Ukrainian
United Kingdom
- Irish (regional official language in Northern Ireland )
- Cornish (regional official language in Cornwall )
- Scottish Gaelic (regional official language in Scotland )
- Scots
- Shelta
- Ulster Scots
- Welsh (official regional language in Wales )
Crown possessions of the British Crown
- Manx (regional official language on the Isle of Man )
- Jèrriais ( Endangered Language in Jersey and Sark )
Belarus (Belarus)
Cyprus
- Turkish
- Armenian
- Cypriot Arabic (Arabic dialect of the Maronites living in Cyprus )
See also
literature
- Joachim Born, Sylvia Dickgießer: German-speaking minorities. An overview of the state of research for 27 countries. Institute for the German Language on behalf of the Foreign Office, Mannheim 1989, ISBN 978-3-922641-39-1 (research report on German as a minority language)
- Ulf-Thomas Lesle: Imagined community: Low German identity constructions. In: Martin Rheinheimer (ed.): Writing and Identity in the Modern Age, Wachholtz, Neumünster 2004, pp. 241–256, ISBN 3-529-02938-6 .
- Samuel Salzborn (Ed.): Minority Conflicts in Europe: Case Studies and Solutions . Studienverlag, Vienna 2006. ISBN 978-3-7065-4181-7 .
- Jan Wirrer: Minority and regional languages in Europe . Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-525-26535-2 / VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-531-13131-1 .
- Friedrich Heckmann : Ethnic minorities, people and nation. Sociology of inter-ethnic relations, Enke, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-432-99971-2 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ At least not in the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages .
- ↑ https://www.parlament.ch/de/ratsbetrieb/suche-curia-vista/geschaeft?AffairId=20164000
- ↑ European report on regional and minority languages (PDF; 1.4 MB) Section 1.3.28 p. 7; Section 2.2.5 p. 107
Web links
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Euromosaic study (European Commission measures to safeguard regional and minority languages)
- Languages of Europe (A map and tabular overview of the European languages spoken in Europe by Urion Argador )