NH90

NH90
NH90 the Army Aviator
Type:	Multipurpose tactical helicopter
Design country:	Germany France Italy Netherlands
Manufacturer:	NH Industries
First flight:	December 18, 1995
Commissioning:	2006
Production time:	In series production since 2001
Number of pieces:	400 (as of October 2019)

The NH90 ( N ATO H elicopter 90 ) is a moderate military transport helicopter of the 10-ton class of NHIndustries . It is intended to form the backbone of the helicopter fleet in many European member states of NATO - and beyond that in other countries. At 23 variants and so far 529 firm orders equipment for 14 client states around the world, the NH90 is the largest ever launched in the European Union military helicopter program . The NH90 is the first production helicopter ever to an electronic flight control system ( English fly-by-wire controlled) becomes. As a result of a large number of technical deficiencies, in 2016, even more than 20 years after the first flight, the majority of the machines delivered up to that point were not fully operational.

history

development

The first concepts for a transport helicopter in the 9 to 13 ton weight class were developed as early as the 1980s within NATO at the NATO Industrial Advisory Group . However, there was no joint implementation by the NATO states. The demands and interests of the individual states were too different for that. Only France, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany were able to harmonize their needs and requirements for a common approach and procurement. As a central lobby group, they founded the NATO Helicopter Management Agency in Aix-en-Provence , France , which Portugal joined in 2001 and Belgium in 2007.

A central contractor was founded with NHIndustries (NHI), which consists of the helicopter manufacturers EADS Eurocopter (formerly MBB and Aérospatiale ) (62.5%), AgustaWestland (32%) and Stork Fokker (5.5%). The seat is in Aix-en-Provence.

The development and production were divided among the named companies by assembly.

Concept and requirements

The NH90 was designed as a light, all-weather, night-time multi-purpose helicopter for the army and navy. As the successor to the outdated Bell UH-1 D, its planned main areas of application are material and personal transport, deployment of special forces , evacuation of the wounded from the battlefield , escorts, and emergency and disaster relief.

For the transport tasks, the NH90 should handle a capacity of 2.5 t internal load or 4 t external load or 16 people.

The NH90 is intended to offer a modular concept that can be adapted to planned missions with role-specific equipment.

Assembly

Initially, three assembly lines were set up: one each in France ( Marignane ), Germany (development in Ottobrunn , production in Donauwörth ) and Italy. It was planned from the outset to offer the base helicopter freely on the market. Additional assembly lines for the NH90 were installed at Patria in Finland in 2007 and at Australian Aerospace in Australia in 2008 .

Prototypes

On December 18, 1995, the first prototype of the NH90 in the TTH version took off for its maiden flight, in December 1999 the fifth and last prototype in the version for the Navy took off on its maiden flight.

Serial production

After the contract for the first batch between NAHEMA and NHI was signed on June 30, 2001, series production began, which culminated in 2004 with the maiden flight of the first series aircraft in Donauwörth. The manufacturers struggled with production difficulties several times, so delivery was delayed by several years. The number of deliveries is now increasing steadily. In 2010 28 units were delivered. A total of 200 machines had been delivered by June 2014.

Calls

ISAF

In mid-2010, Italy began preparing for the first deployment of five TTHs to Afghanistan . The helicopters were loaded onto American Boeing C-17s for Herat between August 20 and September 22, 2012 . Full operational readiness was achieved on September 25, 2012. They are available there for troop transport and for MedEvac missions.

On April 17, 2013, the first of four German NH90s was moved from Leipzig to Afghanistan with an AN-124 transport machine . The helicopters were mainly used there for MedEvac missions. This mission ended on August 1, 2014. One of these helicopters was still in the region at the beginning of December 2014 due to a serious incident in flight in June 2014.

EUNAVFOR ATALANTA

In 2013, the Netherlands relocated an NH90 to the frigate HNLMS De Ruyter , which was taking part in the Atalanta mission off the coast of Somalia. This operation was the first of its kind for the marine version of the NH90. In 2014 the Dutch armed forces noticed a significantly higher level of wear than had previously been assumed.

Operation Barkhane

The French Army Aviation translated from November 2014 two NH90 as part of Opération Barkhane one in Mali.

Operation Inherent Resolve

The Italian Army Aviation deposed in March 2016 four NH90 and four combat helicopters AW-129 Mangusta as part of Operation Inherent Resolve in northern Iraq one. This contingent stationed in Erbil is to fly Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) missions on the one hand and protect reconstruction work on the Mosul dam on the other .

MINUSMA

To replace a Dutch helicopter contingent , which had been deployed under the MINUSMA mandate under very adverse conditions for several years , the German Army was supposed to have three NH90 MedEvac and Eurocopter Tiger combat helicopters to protect the NH90, as well as one additional helicopter of the respective type as a reserve send to Gao . The machines and personnel are provided by the 10th transport helicopter regiment from Faßberg , the 30th transport helicopter regiment from Niederstetten and the 36 combat helicopter regiment from Fritzlar . On January 27 and 29, 2017, the first two NH90s were transported from Germany to Bamako , where the machines were reassembled. The helicopters were transported individually with the An-124 of the SALIS program . On January 31, they moved to Gao, where the third and fourth aircraft arrived on February 4.

On March 2, 2017, responsibility for MEDEVAC was taken over by the Dutch armed forces and the first operational flight took place. Two injured civilian employees were taken care of by MINUSMA after an IED attack and brought to Gao. The FOC for the NH-90 was reported on April 24, 2017.

On April 18, 2017, two German NH90-MEDEVAC flew five soldiers of the Malian armed forces from Gourma-Rharous to Gao who had been wounded in an attack as part of a wounded evacuation on behalf of the MINUSMA leadership . There the wounded were handed over to the French ( Operation Barkhane ) and the Chinese Role-2 facility (MINUSMA) for further treatment.

On May 7, 2017, the mixed Army Aviation Unit carried out a MEDEVAC mission in Bourem . Five members of the Malian armed forces wounded in an attack were transported to Gao. By February 2018, a total of 39 wounded had been evacuated with the German NH-90.

On February 5, 2018, two Belgian NH-90s arrived in Bamako via SALIS . They are to be integrated into the German Army Aviation Unit with around 50 Belgian soldiers. On February 11, 2018, the two Belgian NH-90s arrived in Gao, after certification by the UN they started operations, three German and two Belgian NH-90s then formed a binational army aviation association.

On July 3, 2018, the NH-90 component was also removed from use. The binational NH-90 fleet completed 181 operational flights. In 15 rescue missions, 43 blue helmet soldiers, some seriously injured, members of the Malian armed forces and civilians were safely escaped from the danger area. On August 1, 2018, the German Army Aviation Unit was replaced by a contingent of the Canadian Armed Forces .

Resolute support

Since the transition from the ISAF to the Resolute Support mandate, the Italian army aviators have continued to use several NH-90s from Herat in southern Afghanistan. These are mainly used to ensure a MEDEVAC readiness, for liaison flights , aerial reconnaissance and support of special forces . In January 2017, the NH-90 of Task Group Fenice reached the 3,000th flight hour in Afghanistan. Up to this point in time, 1650 operational missions had been flown.

In November 2018, the Federal Ministry of Defense announced that at the end of 2020 three NH90s from the Army and one H145M from Helicopter Squadron 64 (each with an additional helicopter as a technical reserve) would replace the currently four CH-53 machines (plus one helicopter as a technical reserve) ) and their crews in Resolute Support. The order for the light multipurpose helicopter H145M LUH SOF will be armed escort for the NH90 during MEDEVAC missions. The machines will be used as part of the Mazar-e Sharif squadron . The deployment is initially planned for eighteen months. This enables the crews and machines CH-53, which have been deployed almost continuously in Afghanistan since 2002, a certain amount of regeneration.

Versions

The NH90 was designed in such a way that, building on the basic structure of the helicopter cell, it is capable of use over land and sea. This variant had its maiden flight on March 18, 2005 in Marignane, France . The commonality of TTH and NFH is structurally around 85% and in the electronics sector around 50%. There are several variants subordinate to the two versions. These variants can differ in size and equipment. From 2002, a variant with a raised cabin interior was designed that can be equipped as a TTH or NFH version.

TTH / TTT / MRH - land versions

Army helicopter

The basic version for the air and land forces is called Tactical Transport Helicopter (TTH), in German: Tactical transport helicopter . Besides there is the name in Finland and Sweden Tactical Troop Transport (TTT) to dt. Tactical troop transport , which ensures a higher interior more headroom. In Australia, the TTH version is called Multi-Role Helicopter (MRH) to dt. Multi-purpose helicopter . The TTH variant of Oman has, among other things, the RTM 322 01 / 9A engine with an increased output of 1,897 kW and on-board cannons.

NFH / NTH / MTT - marine versions

Naval helicopter of the French naval aviation

Naval helicopter of the Royal Netherlands Navy

The original version for the naval forces or for ship-based use as an on- board helicopter was named NATO Frigate Helicopter (NFH) - German NATO frigate helicopter . The naval forces had chosen the available space on their frigates as a guide for the external dimensions of the helicopter. The NFH is specially equipped for combating naval targets thanks to its avionics and sensors . Ships and submarines moving over water can be fought beyond the horizon. It can also be used in search and rescue services , for personnel and material transport and for boarding operations. Deliveries began in spring 2010 to the Netherlands and France.

The Bundeswehr is the first customer to receive a new version called Naval Transport Helicopter (NTH) - German naval transport helicopter . As a replacement for the Sea King , it will be used in particular as a search and rescue helicopter. It can also be used as a transport helicopter for special forces or ordinary troops. It can also transport material as an internal and external load. In the German Navy, it will be called NH90-NTH (Naval Transport Helicopter) Sea Lion . The first German naval helicopter of this type is scheduled to fly for the first time in the last quarter of 2016.

The marine version Maritime Tactical Transport (MTT), first customers are the Italian and Spanish naval forces, is a hybrid version between the TTH and NFH versions. Essentially, it is a TTH version combined with the folding rotors and the reinforced chassis of the NFH version.

defects

corrosion

In 2014, the Dutch Navy discovered significant corrosion damage in two of its helicopters after they had been used for a long time in maritime areas, whereupon the country suspended the acceptance of further helicopters and informed the responsible procurement office and the partners in the NH90 program. The machines came from different lots and were used in one case from a frigate, in the other from a naval base at the sea. The Navy found that the most common reason for corrosion, at 56.6%, was a lack of corrosion protection, so that contact corrosion occurred. In a report from the Federal Ministry of Defense to the Bundestag on January 26, 2015, 50% of the damage had been repaired by this time, and the procurement stop was lifted. For the German Sea Lion program, the industry assured that appropriate measures would be implemented in production.

Blade flapping

On July 3, 2015 the online magazine Flightglobal published a report about problems with the "droop stops" on the main rotor head, which do not unlock as intended, which occasionally resulted in damage to the rotor head or the aircraft cell for all users. Like other helicopters, the NH90 is equipped with mechanical locks that prevent the rotor blades from sagging at low rotor speeds. If the centrifugal forces are large enough, they will normally unlock automatically and allow unhindered blade movement during flight. Until the problem is resolved in 2017, NHI is recommending additional inspections and further flight operations limits.

Radar problems with marine version

On January 12, 2018, the Belgian Air Force reported problems with the on-board radar on three of their aircraft. The European navy radar produced by Thales, a variant of the Ocean Master, is defective and has to be repaired by the manufacturer. General Frederik Vansina explained: “Upon delivery it was clear that something was not working smoothly.” The repair will take three to six months, although the Air Force feared that the machines could fail for up to 18 months. The SAR readiness of Belgium is endangered, as well as the airworthiness of the pilots.

The European navy radar is used in all naval variants except in the Swedish machines. These have an AN / APS-143B (V) 3 Ocean Eye from Telephonics.

NH90 of the Bundeswehr

Use in the army and air force until 2012

TGEE variant: A special feature of the former Luftwaffe machines are the emergency float system on the fuselage and the three-part SAPHIR-M decoy launcher.

The army and air force of the German armed forces needed a successor model for the light transport helicopter Bell UH-1 D, for which three variants of the TTH version were originally to be procured. The TGEA (TTH German Army) variant was intended for the army and the TGEF (TTH German Air Force) and TGEE (TTH German Enhanced) variants for the air force.

In the German Navy it is planned as a replacement for the Sea King and is to be used on the task force supplies , in the search and rescue service and additionally to support maritime special forces. Originally, it was supposed to be used as an on-board helicopter on the frigates of the Sachsen-class and the Baden-Württemberg-class as a successor to the Sea Lynx .

Due to the delay in the NH90 program, which was already apparent in 2004, after the delivery of the first three machines to the army on December 13, 2006 as part of the troop test , the Ministry of Defense decided to start flight operations with a pre-series state. The supply of spare parts, which was still starting, only allowed around 100 flight hours in 2007. In addition, it became known in January 2009 that damage to the cabin floor had occurred, the cause of which is still being investigated.

The TGEE version of the Air Force, which was intended for CSAR missions , also showed difficulties in development at an early stage. In order to fulfill its task, the TGEE was to receive a (MIDS) radio data system as additional equipment . The arrival of the first of these units was planned for 2011, and the necessary upgrade kits should be complete by 2014. In mid-2008, however, the failure of the German Air Force's NH90-CSAR project was officially announced.

Due to considerable delays in the development of the marine variant MH90, voices were also voiced in March 2008 to procure another, more readily available helicopter model for naval aviators or to encourage Eurocopter to dispense with the time-consuming developments in radar and avionics of the MH90. The CH-148 Cyclone developed for the Canadian Navy was discussed as a replacement solution . However, the procurement and introduction of the CH-148 by the Canadian Navy is almost two years behind the original schedule.

On October 21, 2010, the Air Force received its first NH90 helicopter for the newly established Helicopter Wing 64 in Holzdorf ; In early September 2011 three helicopters were available there. At the turn of the year 2012/2013 all existing machines were handed over to the army aviation.

Use in the army since 2013

As part of the capability transfer implemented in early 2013, the TTH version of the NH90 will only be used by Army aviators at the Faßberg and Niederstetten locations . According to the armaments concept of October 2011, the Bundeswehr wanted to procure 82 NH90-TTH instead of 122.

In spring 2013 the first machines were relocated to Afghanistan. The core of the NH90 mission in the Hindu Kush was the airborne rescue of the wounded (Forward Air Medical Evacuation "FAM"). A squad of the 10th transport helicopter regiment from Faßberg, consisting of an NH90 as an ambulance pilot and an NH90 as an armed escort aircraft, was supposed to guarantee the constant readiness order. Two more NH90s served as technical reserves on site.

In June 2013, the number of units to be reduced was agreed between the Ministry of Defense and Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters) as part of a memorandum of understanding . Part of the agreement is the procurement of 18 additional NH90-NTH (Naval Transport Helicopters) Sea Lion . It is intended to replace the outdated Sea King Mk. 41 weapon system .

Since August 1, 2018, the NH90 has been approved for the transport of external loads such as the lightly armored weapon carrier of the Wiesel type .

In July 2019, four NH90 with extinguishing water external load containers were used to fight the forest fire in Lübenheen .

Use in the Navy

After the announcement of the procurement of the new SeaLion marine transport helicopter , it was expected to be introduced from the end of 2017, although more recent sources mention the end of 2019. In October 2019, the first of eighteen SeaLions was handed over to the Federal Office for Equipment, Information Technology and Use of the Bundeswehr (BAAINBw).

Criticism and technical defects

Flight testing

NH90 at the ILA 2016

During flight tests with the German Armed Forces in 2010, an army expert group identified a list of deficiencies on the basis of which the recommendation was made: "Whenever possible, alternative aircraft should be used."

• The low ground clearance enables soldiers to get in and out only when the helicopter is on solid ground and no obstacles are higher than 16 cm.
• Due to the under-constructed stern ramp, it could not be used by soldiers with equipment to get in and out.
• The much too pressure-sensitive interior is "unsuitable for transporting military personnel" and could already be damaged by dirty combat boots. The simultaneous transport of personnel and load pallets is not possible.
• The unsafe and weak seats are not suitable for soldiers who weigh more than 110 kilograms with their equipment on their bodies.
• An infantry group with luggage for 24 hours only fits into the helicopter because of the limited space available if assault rifles, bazookas and luggage are placed on the ground without safety.
• The on-board machine gun is "inappropriate" due to lack of space.
• Carrying heavy weapons is not possible due to the lack of straps for lashing.
• In principle, the NH90 would not receive any permission for "special application procedures" such as B. special abseiling maneuvers or the lowering of parachutists with automatically deploying parachutes, although these maneuvers were standard in the armed forces.

Use of floods

Another problem became known to the public during flood relief in 2013 : the helicopter's load hook is approved for 4 t, but due to the fixed installation, a swivel is required on the load hook that can compensate for the load's rotation in flight. Such a swivel was initially not procured, so that the Sea Lynx's 2.5 t swivel was initially used, with which the full capacity of the helicopter could not be used.

Emergency landing in Uzbekistan

An emergency landing at the Bundeswehr base in Termez on June 19, 2014 and an incident on June 25, 2014 in Leipzig revealed a further problem with the RTM322 engines that had only occurred once on an Australian NH90 in 2010. If the turbines do not cool down sufficiently between two uses, the asymmetrical heat dissipation of the materials in the engines can lead to deformation of a compressor shaft. As a result, when restarting in this cooling phase, the compressor blades can rub against the compressor housing and lead to stagnation, i.e. a flattening of the speed or, in the worst case, to the blades tearing off with subsequent destruction of the engine. Thereafter, an urgent technical instruction (VTA) was issued, a detailed instruction on how long the crew must allow the engines to cool down before each restart. However, the industry had already certified a ventilation process in 2010 and included it in the documentation in order to prevent such problems. A semi-automatic software-controlled process will be available for the Bundeswehr from the end of 2016. The Termez incident also revealed a problem with the overhead control panel (OHCP). After the damage in engine 2, the crew triggered the fire extinguishing system in accordance with regulations, but this led to further malfunctions, with the loading flap and windshield wipers moving in an uncontrolled manner, various emergency lights flashing, the cabin light flickering and the multifunction displays failed.

The faulty OHCP led to a renewed flight ban in routine flight operations on February 6, 2015, which, however, was initially declared as an individual case by the manufacturer, whereupon the flight ban issued after the accident was lifted. Before this incident, smoke had been generated in the OHCP on German machines four times. The manufacturer himself described it in retrospect as a design flaw and recommended a modified procedure to enable further flight operations.

In connection with the OHCP, Australia reported an odor development in 2012 due to incorrect operation due to incorrect documentation, Italy discovered two charring on a circuit board in 2014, which was also caused by incorrect operation due to incorrect documentation, and Oman reported a cable break in the panel of unknown cause in the same year.

Skill deficiencies

Both current machine types, land and marine versions, achieve flight performance class 3 (Cat B & Performance Class 3). Operations across the North and Baltic Seas require machines with a Cat A & Performance Class 1 approval. According to media reports, the NH90 should therefore not fly over the sea when SAR is deployed . Experts from the Luftfahrtamt der Bundeswehr warned against violating international safety standards with an exception (Section 30 of the Aviation Act). For a new helicopter to be procured “no exception should be necessary”. Airbus rejects this allegation. “The 'Sea Lion' will of course also be able to be used in search and rescue operations in the North and Baltic Seas,” said Wolfgang Schoder, head of Airbus Helicopters Germany. A spokesman for the Federal Ministry of Defense made it clear: “Of course the MH90 will have all the capabilities to be used in sea flight and as a rescue helicopter,” this would be a “clear requirement.” He went on to say, “It is a completely normal process that on the long run Before a new system is introduced, numerous tests and examinations are made in order to get an efficient system. What counts is not the many intermediate steps, but the version that is approved by the Bundeswehr in the end. And this version will be efficient. ”Among other things, this would mean better engines to replace the already upgraded RTM322 engines, a revised airframe and thus a higher take-off weight in order to achieve the required flight performance for performance class 1, so that after the failure of one Engine to land within the available aborted take-off distance or to be able to safely continue the flight to a suitable landing area. The critical thing in this situation is the hover flight, as it happens when using a winch or landing on a frigate, which only machines in performance class 1 with one engine can continue to handle. In a letter to the budget committee about the status of the approval problem, the Secretary of State for Armaments Katrin Suder wrote that the helicopter would be certified in the same way as a category B helicopter with civil approval. It has a lot in common with the French naval variant and could thus be approved in accordance with ZDv A-1525/1 "The testing and approval system for aircraft and aircraft of the Bundeswehr" with a simplified type approval if the already existing certificates are taken over.

The background to the warnings from the Bundeswehr Aviation Office (responsible for the approval process) are the provisions on the commercial transport of people and things in helicopters in accordance with Joint Aviation Requirements Operation 3 . According to these JAR-OPS-3 guidelines, take-offs and landings in densely populated areas with difficult environmental conditions as well as emergency operations ( Helicopter Emergency Medical Services ) are prohibited for civil helicopters that do not meet performance class 1. An operation north of the 45th parallel - which by definition includes the North and Baltic Seas - is therefore impossible. However, helicopters in the military, customs and police services or for flights to drop parachutists are exempt from these guidelines. On the other hand, according to the Bundeswehr regulation ZDv A-271/1 (formerly ZDv 19/2 "Flight Operations Regulations for the Bundeswehr"), the provisions of the JAR-OPS must be observed, i.e. civil regulations and provisions must be complied with as far as possible and deviations must be observed only allowed if the order requires it. In the appendix ("Explanations to § 30 Aviation Act (excerpts from Explanation BMVg R II 5, dated July 4, 2003)") it says: "According to § 30 Abs Fulfillment of their special tasks, taking into account public safety and order. A deviation from the regulations on behavior in the airspace is, however, only permitted under Section 30 (1) sentence 3 if this is absolutely necessary for the performance of sovereign tasks. A deviation from this is only permissible if a less burdensome alternative is not possible. ”The civil SAR service according to ICAO guidelines (these have been transferred to the JAR-OPS) is carried out by the Bundeswehr on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) carried out. The BMVI requires helicopters of performance class 1 according to the specifications for the SAR service sea / land, emergency command and offshore rescue.

For the SAR service on land, the Army intended to replace its UH-1D with civilian models of the H135 helicopter (formerly EC135 P3 / T3) from 2017 onwards . The use of the NH90 with the FAM upgrade kit or a special SAR upgrade kit was previously considered an alternative. This was revised as of October 2015 after the two suppliers Airbus and Bell argued over the award decision. A replacement procurement should be based on the capability requirements for the military SAR service and a decision has been made openly since then. In December 2018, the BAAINBw decided to procure seven helicopters of the type H145 that meet flight performance class 1, which will be stationed at the Niederstetten (Baden-Württemberg), Holzdorf (Brandenburg) and Nörvenich (North Rhine-Westphalia) locations from 2020.

Political criticism

"The history of the NH90 is a story full of sorrows" said in February 2010, the SPD - Defense politician Hans-Peter Bartels to a list of deficiencies of the NH90 in an army report. Bartels classified the purchase of the NH90 as follows: "Too late, precarious in terms of capabilities and at the same time urgently needed."

Federal Minister of Defense, Ursula von der Leyen , responded to criticism of the NH90 in March 2015: "The helicopter has been flying for ten years, 13 nations have it, are flying it, it has already had 70,000 flight hours - and yes, engine stagnation has taken place: 19 -times. And if we put that against 70,000 flight hours, then you also know: Yes, stagnation - in the 19 cases - that is a problem that needs to be resolved, but in relation to what the helicopter has been doing for ten years we also leave the church in the village. The same applies to corrosion. The Dutch also fly at sea with this helicopter, of course, have noticed that they have corrosion problems in certain areas, have clarified this with the company and have now re-ordered. And that also shows: Yes, problems do occur - these are teething troubles at the beginning, as they also happen with every new car series, for example - that have to be taken seriously and rectified, but they don't mean that the entire device is not working Is okay. "

Most of the machines delivered to the Bundeswehr are not ready for use. The operational readiness in spring 2018 was only nine machines with a total of 48 units. Of the seven NH90 transport helicopters newly delivered to the Bundeswehr in 2017, only four were ready for use at the time of a parliamentary question in October 2018.

construction

Fiber composites based on carbon fibers are predominantly used to build the fuselage . Only highly stressed parts of the airframe (for example on the engines) are made of metal. This results in a radar cross-section that is considerably smaller compared to older military helicopters, which is further reduced by the shape of the cell. Particular attention was paid to security. The cell with three retractable wheels can withstand falls with sink rates of up to 7.7 m / s (wheels retracted) and 10.6 m / s (extended wheels) (at a maximum inclination of 15 degrees and a roll angle of 5 degrees). In addition, the breaking load must be absorbed by the cell, which in this case deforms in a controlled manner. This significantly improves the chances of survival for the crews and crew. Another great advantage of the CFRP material, the total proportion of which is 85%, is the weight saving.

For the first time in a European helicopter, practically all systems on board are digitally controlled and monitored. The pilot control inputs to a four-fold redundant wire fly-by- system to the flight control computer (Engl. Flight Control Computer (FCC) ) and (Engl. From there to the Aktuatorsteuercomputer Actuator Control Computer (ACC) transferred). A completely computer-aided control of the helicopter without manual intervention by the pilot (autopilot) during the marching or hovering flight is possible in this way.

A Data Transfer Device (DTD) can use a Data Insert Device (DID) information is transferred on both sides. Maintenance data can be downloaded from the Monitoring Diagnostic System (MDS) and data such as radio frequencies or flight routes can be uploaded. All data can be created or evaluated externally.

The navigation system consists of a redundant inertial navigation system with laser gyroscopes , a GPS receiver, systems for determining distances and a computer module that visualizes the information for the crew. There are also other computers with special tasks, for example internal and external communication as well as aircraft management, monitoring and diagnosis.

equipment

NH90 cockpit

The equipment includes a four-axis fly-by-wire system, a digital cockpit with multi-function displays, an electric tail ramp, an auxiliary generator for power supply, an extended ground proximity warning system, voice and flight data recording, weather radar and a digital navigation map. A FLIR system can be attached to the front of the cell . The helicopter can be used at night, with pilots flying with night vision devices or a vision system built into their helmets. The equipment also includes a cargo hook, a hydraulic winch or abseil system and mountable additional armor for pilots. The marine version NFH also has a permanently installed 360 ° all-round radar under the aircraft cell for searching and tracking ships.

Armament

Weapons or containers can be attached to the side load stations. Mountings for movable machine guns can be attached to the doors.

Internal (mounted on swiveling rotating ball mounts in the sliding door)

• 2 × 7.62 mm Rheinmetall MG3 machine guns with several belt boxes for 120 rounds of ammunition each
• 2 × 7.62 mm machine guns Fabrique Nationale FN MAG 60.30 GPMG with several belt boxes of 100 rounds of ammunition each
• 2 × 7.62 mm Gatling machine guns Dillon Aero M134D (GAU-2 / A) , each with a belt case for 4400 rounds of ammunition
• 2 × 12.7 mm machine guns Fabrique Nationale FN M3M with several belt boxes of 110 rounds of ammunition each

External (ordnance for a maximum of 1200 kg on two external load carriers in front of the sliding door)

• Torpedoes (NFH only)
  • 2 × EuroTorp MU90 (324 mm torpedo)
  • 2 × (Marconi) BAe Systems Sting-Ray torpedo (325 mm torpedo)
  • 2 × Alliant Techsystems torpedo Mk.46 Mod 5 (325 mm torpedo)
• Anti-ship missile (NFH only)
  • 2 × MBDA Marte Mk.2 / S
• Unguided air-to-surface missiles (TTH only)
  • 2 × rocket tube launch containers TBA Telson 8 for 8 × unguided SNEB air-to-ground missiles each ; Caliber 68 mm
  • 2 × rocket tube launch containers TBA Telson 12 for 12 × unguided SNEB air-to-ground missiles each; Caliber 68 mm
  • 2 × rocket tube launch containers TBA Telson 22 for 22 × unguided SNEB air-to-ground missiles each; Caliber 68 mm
• Additional container
  • 2 × Nexter machine gun container (GIAT) POD NC 621 , each with a 20 mm M621 machine gun and 180 rounds of ammunition each
  • 2 × drop-off additional tanks for 500 liters of kerosene each
  • 2 × disposable additional tanks for 250 liters of kerosene each

Self protection

The NH90 has a multi-part electronic self-protection system (Electronic Warfare Protection System). Part of the system is a missile and laser warning system developed by EADS Germany . This includes four Missile Launch Detector Sensor Units (MLDSU), which are used to record the infrared signatures of approaching missiles, four Radar Sensor Units (RSU) to record the radar signatures of approaching missiles and two laser sensor units (LSU) for the detection of laser beams. Depending on the threat in the respective area of ​​operation, the sensors are matched to the air defense systems used there in order to enable the best possible protection of the helicopter. The radar warning device used comes from Thales . The MBDA Saphir-M decoy launcher serves to defend against approaching guided missiles, which can eject chaffs and flares in threatening situations . Optionally, the hot engine gases can be cooled by an exhaust mixer. This has the effect of reducing the detectability by infrared sensors.

Orders

TTH / TTT version

NFH / NTH version

German army

Swedish Armed Forces

Italian army

NH90 of the Italian Navy at ILA 2012

The NH90 has so far been ordered by the following countries or registered as an option, the green background color in the Deliveries field indicates that the order has been completed:

country	TTH	NFH	NTH	TTT	MTT	Options	total	Deliveries (as of end of 2019)
Australia	47	-	-	-	-	-	47	47
Belgium	4th	4th	-	-	-	2	10	8th
Germany	82	31	18th	-	-	-	131	80
Finland	-	-	-	20th	-	-	20th	20th
France	74	27	-	-	-	-	101	61
Greece	20th	-	-	-	-	14th	34	14th
Italy	60	46	-	-	10	1	117	82
Qatar	16	12	-	-	-	-	28	0
New Zealand	9	-	-	-	-	-	9	9
Netherlands	-	20th	-	-	-	-	20th	20th
Norway	-	14th	-	-	-	10	24	11
Oman	20th	-	-	-	-	-	20th	19th
Portugal	(10)	-	-	-	-	-	0	canceled
Sweden	-	-	-	18th	-	7th	25th	18th
Spain	38	-	-	-	7th	-	45	12
All in all:	370	154	18th	38	17th	34	631	> 403

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This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

There is a lack of individual evidence of the delivery figures for 2016

NH90 cockpit

The orders are staggered according to armed forces as follows:

 Australia

Army : 40 MRH90 Taipan (Multi Role Helicopter, corresponds to TTH)

5th Aviation Regiment ( A and B Squadron ), RAAF Base Townsville , since September 2009

Navy : 6 MRH90 Taipan (pooled with the Army)

808th Squadron , NAS Nowra ( HMAS Albatross ) , since November 2010

plus a 47th copy to compensate for program delays

 Belgium

Air Force : 8 , 4 TTH Caïman + 2 options, 4 NFH Caïman

18th Smaldeel / 1st Wing (TTH operated for the Army ), Beauvechain , since October 2013

40th Smaldeel / 1st Wing (NFH operated for the Navy ), Koksijde , since May 2014

 Germany

Army : 82 TTH

International helicopter training center , Bückeburg , since December 2006

Transport helicopter regiment 10 , Fassberg , since June 2011

Transport helicopter regiment 30 , Niederstetten , since December 2014 / March 2016

Air Force : a few TTH

Helicopter Squadron 64 , Holzdorf Air Base , June 2010 to December 2012

Navy : 18 NTH Sea Lion, + 31 more NFH Sea Tigers planned from 2025

Marinefliegergeschwader 5 , Nordholz , since June 2020

 Finland

Army : 20 TTT (also search and rescue service)

Utti Jaeger Regiment , Utti , since March 2008

 France

Army : 74 TTH Caïman

École d'Application l'ALAT (EAALAT), Le Luc Le Cannet , since July 2012

1er Régiment d'Hélicoptères de Combat (1º RHC), Phalsbourg-Bourscheid , since November 2013

Marine : 27 NFH Caïman marine

Flotilla 33F , Lanvéoc-Poulmic , since December 2011

Flotilla 31F , Hyères Le Palyvestre , since July 2012

 Greece

Army : 20 , 16 TTH, 4 TTH (Special Operations) + 14 TTH (options)

2nd Army Aviation Battalion, Megara Air Base, since June 2011

 Italy

Army : 60 UH-90 (TTH)

25º Gruppo Squadroni "Cigno" , Rimini-Miramare

26º Gruppo Squadroni "Giove" , Viterbo

27º Gruppo Squadroni "Mercurio" " , Casarsa

Marine : 46 , 36 SH-90 (NFH), 10 MH-90 (TTH / NFH hybrid)

5º Gruppo and Centro Sperimentale Aeromarittimo , Sarzana-Luni , since June 2011 and 2017 respectively

Air Force : 1 HH-90 (ATTH) / CSAR (option, ultimately HH-101 were procured for CSAR missions)

 Qatar

Luftwaffe ?: 28 , 16 TTH, 12 NFH (contract signed March 2018, delivery planned for 2022–2025)

 New Zealand

Royal New Zealand Air Force : 9 , 8 TTH operational + 1 as spare parts warehouse

3rd Squadron , Ohakea Air Base, since December 2011

 Netherlands

Koninklijke Luchtmacht / Defensie Helikopter Commando : 20 , 8 TNFH, 12 NFH. The first seven helicopters were delivered between 2010 and 2012 in the equipment and capability level Meaningful Operational Capable (MOC), the following six in 2013 and 2014 as Full Operational Capable (FOC), the last seven also already received the Final Radar Capability and ex works are denoted by FOC / FRC. All remaining helicopters of the MOC / FOC standards are to be modernized to FOC / FRC by 2019.

7th Squadron , Maritiem Vliegkamp De Kooy (test squadron , it borrows the helicopters from the 860th squadron if necessary)

860th Squadron , Maritiem Vliegkamp De Kooy, since May 2010 (operational squadron for the Navy )

 Norway

Air Force : 14 MTH. Norway threatened to cancel the order in 2012 due to delays in delivery, as the purchase should have been completed six years earlier, but the country had only received one helicopter to date.

337. Skvadron (on behalf of the Coast Guard), NH90-NFH, Bardufoss , since December 2011

334. Skvadron (on behalf of the Navy), NH90-ASW, Bardufoss, originally from 2014 and from 2016 also Haakonsvern

 Oman

Air Force : 20 TTH, Al-Musana'a Airport, since summer 2010

 Portugal

Army : 0 , originally planned for 10 TTH, order postponed

 Sweden

Luftwaffe : 18 , 9 HPK-14D (TTT / SAR: variable use for tactical troop transport, SAR and MedEvac ), 9 HPK-14E (TTT / SAR / ASW: variable use as with the D version plus submarine hunt ), initial flight operations up to 2014 in Malmen near Linköping

1. Skvadron helicopter (HPK-14D / E), Luleå-Kallax , HPK-14D since 2014, HPK-14E since 2015

3. Skvadron helicopter (HPK-14D), Ronneby-Kallinge , since 2014

 Spain

Army : 26 HT-29 Caimán (TTH), initial flight operations since December 2014 at the manufacturer in Albacete

BHELMA III , Agoncillo , since September 2016

Air Force : 12 HT-29 Lobo (TTH)

Admission from 2020

Navy : 7 HT-29 Caimán (NTH)

At the end of 2018, Spain ordered 23 more NH90s - 16 TTHs and 7 NTHs - the latter being the first ones intended for the Navy. This means that the original number of 45 Spanish NH90s has been ordered. The Navy is planning a total of 13 NTH in the medium term and an additional 15 NFH in the long term from 2035.

According to the NHI, the official number of firm orders in June 2009 was a total of 529 machines. The 249th machine was handed over in September 2015.

38 machines were delivered in 2016. At the end of the year, a total of 300 copies were delivered, which together have completed over 120,000 flight hours.

Accidents

• At a military air show on Lake Bracciano near Rome on June 1, 2008, an NH90 of the Italian army aviators touched the surface of the water while intercepting a turn , an aerobatic maneuver, with its fuselage and tail boom. The machine broke and sank. Two of the three crew members were rescued with minor injuries. The 36-year-old pilot Filippo Fornassi could only be rescued from the water after twelve minutes, and his death was determined in the clinic. The machine (TTH MM81519 / EI-202) belonged to the 1st Army Aviation Regiment in Viterbo and was one of the first five series machines for Italy.
• After a near-crash in June 2014 of an NH90 of the Bundeswehr due to an engine failure near Termez in Uzbekistan, flight operations were temporarily suspended. After the engine was switched off, the triggering of the fire extinguisher had scorched a circuit board. An on-site investigation was only initiated after five months, which came to the conclusion: "According to our assessment, it cannot be ruled out that this error ... occurs again on other NH90s in the fleet". The investigation group came to the conclusion that the problem was not a technical one, but rather a "flight safety-endangering incident". On the basis of the manufacturer's assurance "The combination of an engine failure in connection with the ... malfunction ... was classified by the company as extremely unlikely and is therefore within the accepted failure probability", the helicopter was released again. Bundeswehr pilots in the NH90 considered reporting that they were unable to fly in response. On February 6, 2015, the NH90 was again banned from flying, after the manufacturer, on the basis of further investigations into the incident in Termez, came to the conclusion, contrary to previous estimates, that if the engine's fire extinguishing system was triggered, there might be a short circuit in the overhead control panel (OHCP) can come.
• On April 16, 2017, one of the two engines of an NH90 of the Royal New Zealand Air Force also failed, whereupon the machine had to make an emergency landing.
• On December 25, 2017, a Royal Air Force of Oman NH90 crashed at its home base in Al-Musana'a, killing one crew member.
• On July 20, 2020, a Dutch NFH-90 of the 860th Squadron / Defensie Helicopter Commando crashed into the sea off the coast of Aruba . The machine stationed on the HNLMS Groningen was manned by four crew members. The crash of the pilot came Luitenant ter zee of 2 ^de class Christine Martens (33) and the Tactical officer Luitenant ter zee of 2 ^de class Erwin Warnies (34) lost their lives.

Technical specifications

Play media file

Flight demonstration NH90

NH90 at the ILA 2006

The NH90 at the ILA 2000

Parameter	Data
Type	Multipurpose tactical helicopter
overall length	19.56 m
Hull length	16.23 m (16.09 m MH90)
Rotor diameter	16.30 m
height	5.44 m
Empty mass	about 6850 kg (7178 kg MH90)
Max. Takeoff mass	10,600 kg; 11,400 kg (with external payload or additional tanks)
Top speed	TTH: 305 km / h NFH: 291 km / h
Marching speed	TTH: 260 km / h NFH: 245 km / h
Service ceiling	approx. 6000 m
Floating height	with ground effect : 2960 m without ground effect: 2355 m
Rate of climb	11 m / s
Duration of use	4:35 h (without additional tanks)
Range	TTH: 800 km (at 2035 kg in internal tanks) TTH: 1260 km (with 2 × 500 kg additional tanks) NFH: 1000 km (without additional tanks)
crew	1–2 pilots + 1 on-board technician
Max. Payload	20 or 12 soldiers (with door armament) / 12 stretchers
Max. payload	4200 kg (including tank capacity, equipment and payload)
Max. Trailer load	4000 kg (on cargo hook)
Engines	2 × Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM 322 01/9 with 1788 kW / 2431 PS each or 2 × General Electric T700 -T6E (Italy) with 1692 kW / 2300 PS each

The technical data is based on information from EADS and the Royal New Zealand Air Force.

See also

• List of helicopter types

Web links

Commons : NHIndustries NH90  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• NH Industries (English)
• Airbus Helicopters - The Sea Lion
• Marine helicopter MH90 on marine.de
• MH90-NG video for on Youtube
• NH90 Forward Air MedEvac on polinetz.wikia.com
• NH90 - The helicopter fiasco at the Bundeswehr ZDF Zoom report from October 28, 2015
• 60 seconds Bundeswehr: NH-90 (transport helicopter) ( YouTube video, August 2, 2017)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Eurocopter rejects alleged criticism of secret reports on the NH90 / Interview with Dr. Clive Schley, VP & NAHEMA Program Coordination Manager, Eurocopter. (No longer available online.) Defense Professionals, May 20, 2010, archived from the original on November 8, 2011 ; accessed on June 28, 2019 (English).  
2. ^ NH90 - The helicopter fiasco of the Bundeswehr ( Memento from December 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) ZDF Zoom Report from October 28, 2015
3. ↑ EADS website, viewed on November 20, 2008  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
4. ↑ Comprehensive inventory and risk analysis of central armaments projects (excerpt), viewed on November 20, 2013
5. ↑ Press release on EADS.net; As of June 17, 2008; viewed on June 28, 2019 ( Memento from January 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
6. ^ NH90 on the website of the Federal Office for Defense Technology and Procurement, accessed on November 20, 2013
7. ↑ Eurocopter press release of January 24, 2011 PM Eurocopter ( Memento of January 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
8. ^ Belgium takes over 200th NH90. Flug Revue , June 26, 2014, accessed July 1, 2014 . 
9. ↑ FlightGlobal: Italy updates on NH90 service in Afghanistan. Retrieved January 24, 2013 . 
10. ↑ Defense News: Plagued by Delays, NH90 Helos Head to Afghanistan Air Base. Retrieved January 24, 2013 . 
11. ↑ Janes: Italian army aviation fully operational with NH90 in Afghanistan. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; accessed on June 28, 2019 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  
12. ^ NH Industries: First Deployment of Italian NH90 in Afghanistan. Retrieved January 24, 2013 . 
13. ↑ Defective helicopter in use. In: FAZ.net. October 26, 2013, accessed March 19, 2014 . 
14. ^ Pieter Bastiaans: The Netherlands deploys NH90 for the first time. In: Dutch Defense Press. January 23, 2013, accessed on March 19, 2014 (English): "The first operational deployment of the Dutch NH90 Naval Frigate Helicopter (NFH) has commenced on board the Royal Netherlands Navy frigate HrMs De Ruyter." 
15. ^ Anno Gravemaker: Dutch maritime NH90s suffer corrosion. In: Flightglobal.com. March 19, 2014, accessed on March 19, 2014 (English): "After an inspection conducted following the mission, it was concluded that the amount of wear and tear and corrosion to the helicopter was much higher than anticipated. The same problems were noted on another aircraft deployed to the Caribbean. " 
16. ^ Barkhane: Arrivée de deux NH90 «Caïman». Retrieved March 21, 2017 (French). 
17. ↑ Italy deploys Helicopter Force (including AW-129 Mangusta attack choppers) to Iraq. Retrieved March 23, 2016 . 
18. ↑ Helicopter for Mali: The first two NH90 landed in Gao. Bundeswehr, February 1, 2017, accessed on February 6, 2017 . 
19. ↑ Italian Army UH90s achieve 3,000 flying hours in Afghanistan. In: http://www.aircosmosinternational.com . January 17, 2017, accessed December 16, 2018 . 
20. ^ Withdrawal of the CH-53 from Afghanistan - take over the NH90 and H145M. In: http://www.luftwaffe.de . PIZ German Air Force, November 22, 2018, accessed on December 16, 2018 . 
21. ↑ RTM 322 ( Memento from October 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
22. ↑ ^{a b} BMVg press and information staff: Declaration by the Ministry of Defense on the coverage of "Die Nacktschnecke" in the magazine "Der Spiegel". In: bmvg.de. December 3, 2013, accessed December 5, 2013 .  
23. ↑ Undocking the Meko 200A frigates. Mittler Verlag, European Technology and Security Edition 01/2015, January 1, 2015.
24. ^ First German Sea Lion to fly in fourth quarter. June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016 . 
25. ↑ NHI showcases 'hybrid' MTT variant of NH90 helo for maritime ops, Janes, February 6th, 2019
26. ↑ Thomas Wiegold: Corrosion in the Dutch marine NH90: The report for reading. In: eyes straight ahead! (Blog). July 4, 2014, accessed on July 6, 2015 : “For those who are interested in helicopters ;-) who don't know it yet: A few days ago, the Netherlands published their report on the corrosion problems on their NH90 helicopter in the marine version posted on the Internet for everyone to read. " 
27. ^ L. 't Hoen-Velterop: Minister of Defense suspends acceptance of new Dutch NH90 helicopters - Inventory of corrosion occurrences on two NH90 helicopters after operation in tropical and saline environment. (No longer available online.) In: defensie.nl. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium, archived from the original on July 6, 2015 ; accessed on June 28, 2019 (English). 
28. ↑ Dominic Perry: NHI works to address 'blade flap' rotor head issue. In: Flightglobal.com. July 3, 2015, accessed on July 6, 2015 (English): "NH Industries is working to deliver a solution to an issue with the main rotor head on NH90 military helicopters that means the blades can impact the tail structure when starting or stopping the rotors during high winds. " 
29. ^ Lars Andersen: New Defense helicopters defective. (No longer available online.) The Brussels Times, formerly the original ; accessed on June 28, 2019 (English).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  
30. ↑ Press and Information Center Marine: Marine helicopter MH-90. German Navy, September 16, 2008, accessed August 5, 2010 .  
31. ↑ The Navy needs the "Sea Lion". In: marine.de. Retrieved November 22, 2015 . 
32. ^ Reply of the federal government to a small request from FDP members of the Bundestag. PDF
33. ↑ Answer of the federal government to a small request from members of the Bundestag, 80 KB, PDF file
34. ↑ Ansgar Graw: Bundeswehr could not save shot down pilots. In: Welt Online . August 8, 2008, accessed October 24, 2008.
35. ↑ Bundeswehr has to wait for helicopters for Afghanistan. In: Reuters . March 20, 2008.
36. ↑ Air Force
37. ^ Minister de Maizière approves conversion. In: bmvg.de. October 21, 2011, accessed October 25, 2011 . 
38. ↑ Robert Lehmann: Tiger on the jump to Afghanistan. bundeswehr.de, November 26, 2012, accessed on September 28, 2013 . 
39. ↑ Press and information staff BMVg: Spokesman's declaration: On the reduction of the number of pieces between the Ministry of Defense and the Eurocopter company. July 21, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013 . 
40. ↑ Dominic Perry: Germany finalizes order for 18 naval NH90s. In: Flightglobal.com. March 4, 2015, accessed on March 6, 2015 (English): “Germany has finally confirmed a deal that will see it order 18 new NH Industries NH90 NFH helicopters for its navy, while at the same time trimming commitments for the troop transport variant and Airbus Helicopters Tigers. The deal for the naval NH90 - to be known as the Sea Lion in German service - is worth around € 1.4 billion ($ 1.55 billion). However, the German army will now receive 80 instead of 122 NH90s, with two further airframes for training and 22 more covered by options. " 
41. ↑ Bundeswehr again helps fight forest fires. In: https://www.streitkraeftebasis.de . PIZ Armed Forces Base, July 4, 2019, accessed July 4, 2019 . 
42. ↑ Marine.de: Interview with the Inspector of the Navy, Vice Admiral Axel Schimpf, on the 100th anniversary of the naval aviation. Retrieved August 30, 2013 . 
43. ↑ Sea Lion naval helicopter: Delivery begins in 2019. September 10, 2015, accessed on April 9, 2016 .  
44. ↑ bundeswehr.de: press release
45. ^ Bundeswehr orders defective helicopters. In: The time . February 23, 2010, accessed July 15, 2010.
46. ↑ cf. Thomas Wiegold : Flood and NH90: Now it's the turn. augengeradeaus.net, June 13, 2013. Accessed July 13, 2013.
47. ↑ Thorsten Jungholt: The engine of the NH90 helicopter is too sensitive for missions Die Welt, October 24, 2014
48. ^ Report of the Federal Ministry of Defense on alleged technical malfunctions in the NH90 transport helicopter. (PDF; 21.5 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 8, 2015 ; accessed on June 28, 2019 . 
49. ↑ Thomas Wiegold: Stop of flight operations with NH90: Bundeswehr decided against industry. Retrieved February 9, 2015 . 
50. ↑ Thomas Wiegold: NH90: Let's ask other buyers. Retrieved February 8, 2015 . 
51. ↑ Annexes to the draft Commission Regulation on 'Air Operations - OPS' , EASA, accessed on February 22, 2015 (PDF; 1.8 MB).
52. ↑ New naval helicopter is not allowed to fly over the sea. Spiegel Online, accessed February 25, 2015 . 
53. ↑ Airbus rejects allegations. n-tv, accessed February 25, 2015 . 
54. ↑ Navy helicopter not seaworthy. Frankfurter Allgemeine, accessed on February 21, 2015 . 
55. ↑ General administrative regulation for the approval of the facility and the operation of heliports. (PDF) Chapter 8 Appendix 2 Definitions. (No longer available online.) Federal Ministry of Justice, December 29, 2005, archived from the original on February 21, 2015 ; accessed on June 28, 2019 . 
56. ↑ Certification Specifications for Large Rotorcraft CS29. (PDF; 4.0 MB) CS-29 construction and approval regulations for helicopters from 3,175 kilograms. European Aviation Safety Agency, November 17, 2008, accessed February 21, 2015 . 
57. ↑ ^{a b} Thomas Wiegold: Der Drehflügler, March 2015 (current: BMVg for SeaLion approval). Eyes straight ahead !, accessed March 8, 2015 . 
58. ↑ JAR-OPS 3.001 scope. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Luftrecht-Online, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on June 28, 2019 . 
59. ^ Search and Rescue: SAR service in Germany since 1956. In: deutschesheer.de. Retrieved May 29, 2015 . 
60. ↑ Bundeswehr orders H145 for SAR service. Flug Revue, December 13, 2018, accessed May 30, 2019 . 
61. ↑ [1] . In: Deutschlandfunk . March 8, 2015, accessed March 12, 2015.
62. ↑ Ulf Lüdeke: Tanks are missing: Bundeswehr has problems fulfilling NATO alliance tasks. In: Focus Online . February 19, 2018, accessed October 14, 2018 . 
63. ↑ Bundeswehr: Only every third new tank is ready for use. In: Zeit Online . October 21, 2018, accessed October 31, 2018 . 
64. ↑ [2]  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
65. ↑ ^{a b c} NH90 Specifications on airforce.mil.nz ( Memento from February 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
66. ↑ EADS.com press release  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) dated May 10, 2004
67. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from June 9, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) data sheet TWE
68. ↑ World Air Force 2020. Flight International , December 10, 2019, accessed January 2, 2020 . 
69. ↑ Mathew George: Australia receives all MRH-90 Taipan helos. Jane's Information Group , February 19, 2019, accessed February 19, 2019 . 
70. ↑ Decided: Sea Tiger will be the new marine on-board helicopter ... In: bundeswehr-journal. August 2, 2019, accessed November 10, 2019 . 
71. ↑ 11. Report of the Federal Ministry of Defense on Armaments Matters. (PDF) Federal Ministry of Defense, June 2020, p. 59 , accessed on June 10, 2020 . 
72. ^ Karl Schwarz: Marine takes over Sea Lion. In: Flight Revue. June 5, 2020, accessed June 10, 2020 . 
73. ^ Karl Schwarz: Netherlands take over their last NH90. Flug Revue, June 15, 2016, accessed July 12, 2016 . 
74. ↑ Spain plans to take more NH90 helicopters, Flightglobal, September 12, 2018
75. ↑ Thomas Glaudo: First "NH90" in Niederstetten. deutschesheer.de, December 18, 2014, accessed on July 19, 2015 . 
76. ↑ Niederstettener NH90 flies for the first time, Flugrevue, March 8, 2016
77. ↑ Decided: Sea Tiger will be the new marine on-board helicopter ... In: bundeswehr-journal. August 2, 2019, accessed November 10, 2019 . 
78. ^ Karl Schwarz: Marine takes over Sea Lion. In: Flugrevue.de . June 5, 2020, accessed June 8, 2020 . 
79. ↑ Dominic Perry, Flightglobal, February 23, 2017: Italian navy takes first troop transport NH90. Retrieved February 24, 2017 . 
80. ↑ Tom Kington: Qatar signs $ 3.7 billion deal for NH90 helicopters. In: Defense News. March 15, 2018, accessed March 15, 2018 . 
81. ^ Jonathan Coleman, Government of New Zwaland: New NH90 Helicopters launched. Retrieved November 4, 2014 . 
82. ↑ Kees van der Mark: Dutch NH90 Deliveries Complete . In: Air International . No. 8 . Key Publishing, August 2016, ISSN  0306-5634 , p. 15 (English).
83. ^ Dominic Perry: Norway threatens to cancel NH90 helicopter order. August 2, 2012, accessed August 2, 2012 . 
84. ↑ Sweden receives first anti-submarine NH90 helo, Janes, December 17, 2015 ( Memento from January 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
85. ↑ Formalizada la Adquisición de los nuevos NHh90 Defensa.com, January 7, 2019
86. ↑ Spanish Army receives its first NH90 helicopters, Janes, September 14, 2016 ( Memento from September 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
87. ↑ El primer NH90 'Lobo' del Ejército de Aire ya está en España, Infosefensa.com, June 19, 2020
88. ↑ Formalizada la adquisicion de los nuevos NHh90 "... 13 helicopterso en version tactico ... los 15 restantes ... multiproposito naval ...", Infodefensa.com, February 21, 2019
89. ↑ Airbus Helicopter: Airbus Helicopters delivers 15th NH90 NFH to the French Navy. Airbus Helicopter Marine, September 22, 2015, accessed September 22, 2015 .  
90. ↑ Luca Peruzzi: Italian army NH90 TTH fatal crash; no flying restrictions to the remaining fleet. Flightglobal , June 5, 2008, accessed January 28, 2015 . 
91. ↑ Bracciano, un elicottero cade nel lago. La Stampa , June 1, 2008, accessed November 21, 2016 (Italian). 
92. ↑ Marco Seliger: fear of flying. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , November 29, 2014, accessed on January 25, 2015 . 
93. ↑ Pilots are afraid of their own helicopters. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, November 30, 2014, accessed January 25, 2015 . 
94. ↑ Thomas Wiegold: NH90 fleet grounded due to a problem with the fire extinguishing system. Eyes straight ahead !, February 6, 2015, accessed February 7, 2015 . 
95. ^ Faulty Air Force helicopter sent to Sydney for examination. April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017 . 
96. ↑ Omani NH90 helo crashes. (No longer available online.) December 27, 2017, archived from the original on December 29, 2017 ; accessed on December 28, 2017 . 
97. ^ Arun Mathew: Dutch NH90 Helicopter Crashes into Caribbean Sea Near Aruba, Two Killed. In: DefPost. July 20, 2020, accessed on July 20, 2020 . 
98. ^ Website EADS NV - NH-90 ( Memento of October 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive )