Pope election 1099
The papal election in 1099 took place after the death of Pope Urban II. The cardinal bishops elected Paschal II as his successor with the approval of the lower Roman clergy .
Death of Urban II.
Urban II died in Rome on July 29, 1099, two weeks before the victory of the soldiers of the First Crusade in Jerusalem. News of the victory reached Rome after his death. During this time, antipope Clement III. , which was supported by the emperor and a large part of the Roman clergy, a schism .
Voters
The election in 1099 took place as stipulated in the papal election decree of 1059. It is known, however, that in addition to the cardinal bishops, cardinal priests and cardinal deacons also took part.
Cardinal Bishops
Five of the six cardinal bishops and one bishop who represented the cardinal bishop of Sabina took part in the election. This post had been vacant since 1094, as the area was controlled by the supporters of the antipope.
- Walter von Albano (Cardinal Bishop since 1091) - Cardinal Bishop of Albano
- Oddo II (1095) - Cardinal Bishop of Ostia
- Milo of Angers (1095) - Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina
- Mauritius (1097) - Cardinal Bishop of Porto
- Bovo (1099) - Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum
- Offo - Cardinal , Bishop of Nepi
Other cardinals
- Ranierius (1078) - Cardinal Priest of San Clemente , Abbot of Saint Lawrence Outside the Walls
- Benedict (1080) - Cardinal Priest of Santa Pudenziana
- Albertus, Archbishop of Siponto (1090) - Cardinal Priest of Santa Sabina
- Teuzo (1090) - Cardinal priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo
- Giovanni da Piacenza (1096) - cardinal priest
- Benedict (1098) - cardinal priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti
- Peter (1098) - Cardinal Priest of San Sisto
- Jean de Bourgogne (1098) - Cardinal priest of Sant'Anastasia al Palatino
- Giovanni Coniulo (1088) - Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin , State Secretariat (Vatican)
- Docibilis (1099) - Cardinal Deacon
- Paganus (1099) - Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria Nuova
The cardinal deacons present were the papal deacons who served the Pope at the Lateran Basilica . There were a maximum of six local deacons. The twelve deacons, who looked after the deaconies of Rome , only became papal voters under Paschal II.
Absent
At least one cardinal bishop and three cardinals were missing from the election.
Cardinal priest
- Richard von St. Viktor (1078) - cardinal priest and abbot of Saint-Victor, Marseille and papal legate in southern France and Spain, from 1106 Archbishop of Narbonne.
- Oderisius de Marsi (cardinal deacon 1059, cardinal priest 1088) - cardinal priest and abbot of Monte Cassino
- Bernard degli Uberti (1099) - Cardinal Priest of San Crisogono , Abbot of Vallombrosa and Superior General of the Vallombrosans
Election process
On August 13, 1099, in the presence of the lower clergy and representatives of the city council of Rome, the cardinals unanimously elected Ranieirus, cardinal priest of San Clemente and abbot of Saint Paul Outside the Walls as the successor of Urban II. The elected was initially against his election and declared, that as a humble monk, he was not up to the political problems associated with the office of Pope. He later accepted the election. He gave himself the name Paschal II. The next day he was ordained Bishop of Rome by Eudes of Chatillon , Bishop of Ostia, with the assistance of the other bishops.
literature
- Hans-Walter Klewitz : Reform Papacy and Cardinal College. Darmstadt 1957.
- Rudolf Hüls: Cardinals, Clergy and Churches of Rome: 1049–1130. Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1977.
- James Loughlin,: Pope Paschal II . In: Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 11, Robert Appleton Company, New York 1911.
- Kazimierz Dopierała: The Book of the Popes. Ed. Pallotinum, Poznań 1996, p. 160.
- IS Robinson: The Papacy 1073-1198. Continuity and Innovations. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Web links
- Election of August 10 to 14, 1099. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website), accessed June 21, 2018.
Individual evidence
- ^ Rudolf Hüls: Cardinals, Clergy and Churches of Rome: 1049–1130. Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1977, pp. 103-105
- ^ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections and conclaves by century. Retrieved January 11, 2018 .
- ^ Rudolf Hüls: Cardinals, Clergy and Churches of Rome: 1049–1130. Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1977, p. 217f.
- ^ Rudolf Hüls: Cardinals, Clergy and Churches of Rome: 1049–1130. Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1977, pp. 251f. No. 23, pp. 214f. No. 16.
- ^ Rudolf Hüls: Cardinals, Clergy and Churches of Rome: 1049–1130. Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1977, pp. 172-174