Election of the Pope 1181

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The papal election of 1181 followed the death of Pope Alexander III. and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius III. It was the first election that was held in compliance with the decree Licet de evitanda discordia , which the Third Lateran Council had passed in 1179 and which established a two-thirds majority in papal elections. However, it was not a papal election in the form of a conclave , as the cardinals were not separated from the public for the duration of the election; this form did not exist until almost a hundred years later .

Licet de evitanda discordia

The double election of Popes in 1159 , in which Alexander III. and Viktor IV were elected, led to a schism in the Catholic Church that lasted almost 20 years (until 1178). The schism was the result of the rules governing papal elections, which required unanimity among voters for valid elections. In 1159 the cardinals could not compromise and were divided into two parties, each of whom elected their own pope. In August 1178 Calixtus III submitted . , the successor of Viktor IV. finally Alexander III. At the Third Lateran Council the following year, the decree Licet de evitanda discordia was promulgated, with which the future split should be avoided by electing the Pope with a two-thirds majority if unanimity could not be achieved. It also confirmed that the cardinals are the Pope's sole voters. Both rules are still in force today.

The decree Licet de evitanda discordia was very successful, preventing an antipope from being elected for almost 150 years.

Election of Lucius III.

Pope Alexander III died on August 30, 1181 in Civita Castellana . Two days later, on September 1st, the cardinals met in Rome (presumably in the Lateran or Vatican basilica ) and unanimously elected the oldest member of the College of Cardinals , Cardinal Ubaldo of Lucca, Bishop of Ostia and Cardinal Dean . He took the name Lucius III. on. On September 6, 1181 he was crowned by Cardinal Teodino de Arrone .

Eligible voters

In 1181 there were probably 27 cardinals in the college. Based on the examination of the signatures among the papal bulls of 1181 and the data available on the external missions of the cardinals, it is possible to determine that no more than 19 cardinals participated in the election:

cardinal place of birth Cardinal title Appointed on by Remarks
Ubaldo Allucingoli Lucca Bishop of Ostia December 16, 1138 Innocent II Cardinal Dean
Teodino de Arrone Arrone Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina December 18, 1165 Alexander III
Paolo Scolari Rome Bishop of Palestrina September 21, 1179 Alexander III later Pope Clement III. (1187–1191)
Alberto di Morra , Can.Reg. Benevento Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina , Chancellor December 21, 1156 Hadrian IV Cardinal proto-priests ; later Pope Gregory VIII (1187)
Giovanni Conti da Anagni Anagni Cardinal Priest of San Marco 1158/1159 Hadrian IV later bishop of Palestrina (1190–1196)
Cinzio Capellus Rome (?) Cardinal priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere March 14, 1158 Hadrian IV
Pietro de Bono , Can Reg. Rome Cardinal Priest of Santa Susanna March 18, 1166 Alexander III
Uguccione Pierleoni Rome Cardinal Priest of San Clemente March 2, 1173 Alexander III Relative of Anaclet II (1130–1138)
Laborante de Panormo Pontormo near Florence Cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere September 21, 1173 Alexander III
Viviano Orvieto (?) Cardinal priest of Santo Stefano al Monte Celio March 7, 1175 Alexander III
Ardoino da Piacenza , Can Reg . Piacenza Cardinal Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme June 2, 1178 Alexander III
Matthieu d'Anjou Angers Cardinal Priest of San Marcello December 22, 1178 Alexander III
Giacinto Bobone Rome Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin December 22, 1144 Lucius II Cardinal protodeacon ; later Pope Celestine III. (1191–1198)
Ardicio de Rivoltela Rivoltella near Cremona Cardinal Deacon of San Teodoro al Palatino December 21, 1156 Hadrian IV
Rainiero da Pavia Pavia Cardinal Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro June 6, 1175 Alexander III
Matteo, Can.Reg. Unknown (maybe Rome) Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria Nuova March 4, 1178 Alexander III
Graziano da Pisa Pisa Cardinal Deacon of Santi Sergio e Bacco al Foro Romano March 4, 1178 Alexander III Nephew of Pope Eugene III.
Rainier Unknown Cardinal Deacon of Sant'Adriano al Foro September 22, 1178 Alexander III
Giovanni Unknown Cardinal Deacon of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria September 22, 1178 Alexander III

13 cardinals were from Alexander III. appointed, four by Hadrian IV, one each by Innocent II and Lucius II.

Not participating in the papal election:

cardinal place of birth Cardinal title Appointed on by Remarks
Konrad von Wittelsbach Bavaria Bishop of Sabina and Archbishop of Salzburg December 18th Alexander III Subdean
Henri de Marsiac , O.Cist. Château de Marcy, France Bishop of Albano March 1179 Alexander III Papal legate in France
Pietro da Pavia , Can Reg. Pavia or France Bishop of Tusculum September 21, 1173 Alexander III Papal Legate in France and Germany; Elekt of Bourges
Giovanni da Napoli , Can. Reg. Naples Cardinal priest of Sant'Anastasia al Palatino September 21, 1150 Eugene III. Papal legate in Constantinople
Ruggiero di San Severino , OSBCas. San Severino Cardinal Priest of Sant'Eusebio and Archbishop of Benevento Approx. 1178/80 Alexander III
Guillaume aux Blanches Mains France Cardinal Priest of Santa Sabina and Archbishop of Reims March 1179 Alexander III
Simeone Borelli , OSBCas. Campania Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica Approx. 1157 Hadrian IV Abbot of Subiaco
Leonato de Manoppello , OSB Manoppello (?) Cardinal deacon March 21, 1170 Alexander III Abbot of San Clemente

Remarks

  1. ^ The antipope Innocent III. who was elected in September 1179 and deposed in January 1180, was of secondary importance, cf. Jaffé, p. 431
  2. ↑ The reconstruction is based on Brixius, p. 26, footnote 8. Brixius cites only 25 cardinals, two more are mentioned in Ganzer, pp. 102-104, no. 42, and pp. 119–121, no. 48

literature

  • Ian Stuart Robinson, The Papacy 1073-1198. Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-521-31922-6 .
  • Philipp Jaffé , Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, Volume 2, Leipzig, 1888
  • Johannes Matthias Brixius, The Members of the Cardinal College from 1130–1181, Berlin: R. Trenkel, 1912
  • Klaus Ganzer , The Development of the Foreign Cardinalate in the High Middle Ages. A contribution to the history of the College of Cardinals from the 11th to the 13th centuries. Library of the German Historical Institute in Rome, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1963.
  • Regesta Imperii, Academy of Sciences and Literature, Mainz. 2006-2009.