Conclave 1534
The conclave of 1534 (October 11-13) was convened after the death of Pope Clement VII and already elected Alessandro Farnese as his successor in the first ballot. He took the papal name Paul III. on.
Factions
The College of Cardinals was divided into three factions:
- the Italian fraction consisting of ten Cardinals Cardinals (Pucci, Salviati, Ridolfi, Medici, Cibo, Spinola, Grimaldi, Cupis, Cesi and Doria) under the leadership of Ippolito de 'Medici , the cardinal nephew of Clement VII.
- the French faction, composed of six French and five Italian (Trivulzio, Sanseverino, Pisani, Gaddi and Palmieri) cardinals under the leadership of Jean de Lorraine and François de Tournon
- the imperial faction, consisting of seven Italian (Piccolomini, Cesarini, Vincenzo Carafa, Ercole Gonzaga, Campeggio, Grimani and Accolti), two Spanish and two German cardinals
- The Cardinals Farnese, Ferreri and Cornaro were considered neutral
Candidates
Although several cardinals were considered eligible, it was widely believed that Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, Dean of the Holy Quorum , had the best chance for election. He already had the official support of King Francis I of France and Cardinal Medici, the leader of the Italian faction, who in this way recognized the will of his uncle Clement VII, but also that of the imperial faction, as he was considered neutral. This time Emperor Charles V made his complete disinterest in the outcome of the papal election clear, as the last two Popes, Clement VII and Hadrian VI. that he had helped create a tiara had not lived up to his expectations. The great advantages of the Cardinal Dean were his relatively advanced age (66 years) and poor health. It was believed that his pontificate would be very short, so even those cardinals who had papal ambitions themselves (e.g. Agostino Trivulzio ) were inclined to vote for him in hopes of the next conclave in the near future .
The election of Paul III.
The conclave began on October 11, but the first ballot did not take place until the following day. Jean de Lorraine officially proposed Farnese's candidacy on behalf of the King of France, and this initiative immediately received the support of Trivulzio, leader of the pro-French Italians, and Medici, leader of the Italian party. The approval of the imperial party was also quickly achieved, and by that evening it was already clear that Alessandro Farnese would be elected unanimously. On the morning of October 13, the vote took place, and it was only a formality: Farnese received all but his own. He accepted the election and chose Paul III. to his papal name. On November 3rd, he was crowned by Cardinal Protodeacon Innocenzo Cibo .
Contrary to general expectations, Paul III. hold office for 15 years; this became the longest pontificate in the 16th century. He died on November 10, 1549 at the age of 81.
Eligible voters
Pope Clement VII died on September 25, 1534. At that time there were 46 cardinals, but only 35 took part in the election of his successor.
- Alessandro Farnese - Bishop of Ostia ; Cardinal dean ; Bishop of Parma and Bishop of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières
- Giovanni Piccolomini - Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina ; Sub-Dean of the College of Cardinals
- Giovanni Domenico De Cupis - Bishop of Sabina ; Bishop of Nardò ; Administrator of Trani, Macerata and Recanati, Adria and Montepeloso
- Bonifacio Ferrero - Bishop of Palestrina
- Lorenzo Campeggi - Bishop of Albano ; Administrator of Salisbury, Porenza and Crete; Cardinal Protector of England
- Francesco Cornaro
- Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg - Archbishop of Salzburg ; Bishop of Cartagena
- Louis de Bourbon-Vendôme - Bishop of Laon ; Administrator of Le Mans
- Benedetto Accolti - Archbishop of Ravenna ; Administrator of Cremona, Policastro and Bovino; Cardinal Protector of Spain
- Agostino Spinola - Camerlengo ; Administrator of Savona
- Marino Grimani - Administrator of Ceneda, Concordia and Città di Castello
- Antonio Sanseverino , OSIo.Hieros. - Archbishop of Taranto ; Cardinal protector of the Capuchin Order
- Gianvincenzo Carafa - Administrator of Anglona
- Andrea Matteo Palmieri - administrator of Lucera; Camerlengo
- Francisco de los Ángeles Quiñones - Governor of Veroli and Campagna
- Ippolito de 'Medici - Archbishop of Avignon ; Administrator of Monreale and Lecce; Legacy in brands
- François de Tournon - Archbishop of Bourges
- Bernard of Cles - Bishop of Trent
- Antonio Pucci - Major Penalty ; Bishop of Pistoia , Bishop of Vannes ; Cardinal Protector of Poland and Portugal
- Esteban Gabriel Merino - Patriarch of the West Indies ; Bishop of Jaén
- Jean Le Veneur - Bishop of Lisieux
- Philippe de la Chambre , OSB
- Innocenzo Cibo - Cardinal Protodeacon ; Archbishop of Genoa ; Administrator of Turin; Legate in Bologna
- Paolo Emilio Cesi - Administrator of Orte e Civita Castellana; Cardinal Protector of Savoy
- Alessandro Cesarini - Administrator of Pamplona, Gerace and Otranto
- Giovanni Salviati - Administrator of Santa Severina, Ferrara, Teano and Bitetto
- Nicolò Ridolfi - Administrator of Vicenza, Imola and Salerno
- Agostino Trivulzio - Administrator of Toulon and Bayeux; Legacy in Marittima e Campagna
- Francesco Pisani - Bishop of Padua ; Administrator of Treviso and Cittànova
- Jean de Lorraine - Bishop of Metz ; Administrator of Narbonne, Reims and Verdun
- Ercole Gonzaga - Bishop of Mantua ; Governor of Tivoli; Cardinal Protector of Spain
- Girolamo Grimaldi - Administrator of Bari, Brugnato and Venafro
- Girolamo Doria - Administrator of Noli and Tarragona
- Niccolò Gaddi - Bishop of Fermo ; Administrator of Cosenza and Sarlat; Cardinal Protector of France
- Odet de Coligny - Administrator of Toulouse
20 cardinals were appointed by Clement VII, 13 by Leo X. Cardinal Deacon Farnese received the cardinal purple from Alexander VI. , Cardinal Lang von Wellenberg from Julius II.
Eleven cardinals did not take part in the conclave:
- François Guillaume de Castelnau-Clermont-Lodève - Bishop of Frascati , Archbishop of Auch ; Bishop of Agde ; Legate in Avignon
- Albrecht von Brandenburg - Archbishop of Mainz ; Archbishop of Magdeburg ; Administrator of Halberstadt
- Eberhard von der Mark - Bishop of Liège ; Administrator of Valencia
- Antoine Duprat - Archbishop of Sens ; Administrator of Albi and Meaux; Chancellor of France
- Louis de Gorrevod - Bishop of Bourg-en-Bresse ; Legate in Savoy
- García Loaysa , OP - Bishop of Sigüenza
- Íñigo López de Mendoza y Zúñiga - Bishop of Burgos
- Alfonso Manrique de Lara - Archbishop of Seville ; Grand Inquisitor of Spain
- Juan Pardo de Tavera - Archbishop of Toledo
- Claude de Longwy de Givry - Administrator of Poitiers and Langres
- Afonso de Portugal - Archbishop of Lisbon and Évora
Seven of these cardinals received their appointments from Clement VII, three from Leo X and one from Julius II.
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- Conclave of October 11 to 13, 1534. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website), accessed January 4, 2019.
- Ludwig von Pastor : History of the Popes. Volume 11, London 1912.