Pope election 1292–1294

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Celestine V in a fresco by Niccolò di Tommaso

The papal election 1292–1294 was the last papal election that did not take the form of a conclave . It lasted from April 5, 1292 to July 5, 1294. After Nicholas IV died on April 4, 1292, the twelve cardinals deliberated for more than two years about a successor to the Pope. One of the cardinals died during the sedis vacancy . In the end, Peter von Morrone (Pietro da Morrone), the third of six non-cardinals in the late Middle Ages, was elected Pope. He took the name Celestine V in.

Contemporary sources suggest that Peter vom Morrone was reluctant to accept the election when he found out about it in his hermitage. Because of his ascetic life, he was not prepared for the duties of a Pope. He came under the influence of Charles II of Naples . This led to dissatisfaction even among the cardinals who sympathized with the Neapolitan royal family. Celestine resigned on December 13, 1294.

Voters

In the beginning, twelve cardinals took part in the election. After the death of the cardinal proto priest Jean Cholet on August 2, 1293 there were only eleven. The best information about the electoral process comes from Iacopo Stefaneschi , papal subdeacon, chaplain and above all nephew of Matteo Rosso Orsini, created in 1295 by Boniface VIII as cardinal deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro .

cardinal origin rank Cardinal title Creation date Appointing Pope Remarks
Latino Malabranca Orsini , OP Rome Cardinal Bishop Bishop of Ostia e Velletri March 12, 1278 Nicholas III Cardinal Dean , Inquisitor General , nephew of Nicholas III.
Gerhard of Parma Parma Cardinal Bishop Bishop of Sabina March 12, 1278 Nicholas III
Giovanni Boccamazza Rome Cardinal Bishop Bishop of Frascati December 22, 1285 Honorius IV. Nephew of Honorius IV.
Matteo d'Acquasparta OFM Todi Cardinal Bishop Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina May 16, 1288 Nicholas IV Apostolic Penitentiary
Jean Cholet France Cardinal priest San Cecilia April 12, 1281 Martin IV. Cardinal proto-priest , died August 2, 1293
Benedetto Caetani Anagni Cardinal priest Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti April 12, 1281 Martin IV. Cardinal proto-priest after August 2, 1293; later Pope Boniface VIII.
Hugues Aycelin , OP France Cardinal priest Santa Sabina May 16, 1288 Nicholas IV
Pietro Peregrossi Milan Cardinal priest San Marco May 16, 1288 Nicholas IV Chamberlain of the Holy College of Cardinals
Matteo Rosso Orsini Rome Cardinal deacon Santa Maria in Portico May 22, 1262 Urban IV. Cardinal protodeacon , archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica
Giacomo Colonna Rome Cardinal deacon Santa Maria in Via Lata March 12, 1278 Nicholas III Archpriest of Santa Maria Maggiore
Napoleone Orsini Rome Cardinal deacon Sant'Adriano at the Roman Forum May 16, 1288 Nicholas IV
Pietro Colonna Rome Cardinal deacon Sant'Eustachio May 16, 1288 Nicholas IV

Election process

Santa Maria sopra Minerva : The election continued here

Six of the 12 cardinals who lived in 1292 were from Rome. They were evenly distributed among the factions of the powerful Roman families Colonna and Orsini . These families had been at war with one another for over a hundred years. It was not only about the leadership role in Rome itself, but also about the dispute over the Kingdom of Sicily , which had been divided since the Sicilian Vespers in 1282. The Colonna stood on the side of Aragon , who saw themselves as the heirs of the Hohenstaufen , while the Orsini sided with the French Charles II of Anjou , who was in fact only King of Naples . At the same time, the Roman cardinals agreed that they wanted to prevent a pope from outside. This prevented the since Alexander III. necessary two-thirds majority . Jacob II of Aragon financed the Colonna faction with gold. However, it is not known whether it was simony . Charles II made annual payments to nine cardinals for expenses in the Kingdom of Sicily. In the list from 1291, Gerhard von Parma and Benedikt Gaetani are missing because they were not at the Curia at the time, but they may also have been considered later. However, it can be assumed that all cardinals were interested in a solution to the conflict over Sicily, which had been triggered by the Sicilian Vespers , especially since the payments from the island were not insignificant for the curial finances.

Ten days after the death of Nicholas IV, the dean of the College of Cardinals, Latino Malabranca, opened the electoral assembly in the palace of the Savelli family near Santa Sabina on the Aventine with a criticism of the conquest of Sicily by the Aragonese. In the first scrutinium (voting with ballot papers) none of the candidates received four votes. The conclave was continued in the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria sopra Minerva , since the cardinal dean belonged to this order. On June 29, riots broke out in Rome, and a malaria epidemic that killed Jean Cholet prompted the non-Rome cardinals to retreat to Rieti . Benedikt Caetani traveled to his hometown of Anagni . Only the Roman cardinals remained in the city. In September Benedikt Caetani and Matthäus von Acquasparta returned to Rome, Peregrossi and Aycelin stayed in Rieti, Gerhard von Parma did not return until Easter 1293.

The sedis vacancy further fueled the dispute between the supporters of both families in Rome, which had been ruling for a century. In addition, the two new senators from the Colonna and Orsini families elected at Easter 1293 died shortly after the election. Noble palaces and churches were looted. When the committee met again in the summer of 1293, the security situation had deteriorated considerably. Since no agreement could still be reached, the majority of the cardinals withdrew again to Rieti at the beginning of the summer heat and because of the unrest, but this time the Orsini too. Only the two Colonna and their partisan Boccamazza remained in Rome, Benedikt Caetani stayed in Viterbo and with Todi . Since the cardinals staying outside Rome could have obtained the necessary majority, the Colonna faction claimed they were in the right place and could make the election alone, but also turned to absent cardinals with the request to join them. Two addressees are known: Aycelin and Peregrossi. While the French refused, the Milanese followed the request. This meant that the Colonna did not have a majority, but a blocking minority. This legal opinion was contested by the other cardinals and their legal advisers because the conclave order of Gregory X. did not achieve full legal force. Since the Colonna also saw the weaknesses of their legal argumentation, it was agreed to let the non-Rome cardinals fix a new place of conclave. The result of the compromise was the invitation to Perugia for the feast of St. Luke on October 18, 1293. The city began preparations for the conclave at the beginning of September

In Perugia, too, the meeting was unsuccessful and no compromise candidate could be agreed. On August 31, 1293, Charles II sent an embassy under the direction of Bartholomeus of Capua to the cardinals to promote his cause and the emerging compromise with Jacob of Aragon. In December 1293 an envoy from Charles Martell followed , who represented his father in the kingdom. On March 21, 1294, Charles II of Anjou personally arrived in Perugia, where he stayed until March 29. For the agreements made with Jacob of Aragon in La Junquera in December 1294 , as far as Sicily was concerned, the consent of the Pope was required and he therefore urged an early result of the election. Even if Karl had committed himself to secrecy, he had to indicate some details such as the plan to give Sicily to the church in 1297 and then to the Anjou, which the Colonna communicated to an envoy from Frederick of Sicily . However, they had to reimburse its payments as soon as this became known in the circle of the cardinals. A consistory of cardinals also discussed whether the cardinals would be entitled to confirm the contract during a sedis vacancy. Although this question was answered in the affirmative, the cardinals ultimately refused to give their consent, as Karl did not want to disclose the terms of the contract because he had sworn to maintain confidentiality. Thereupon Charles tried to persuade the cardinals to choose one from a list of four candidates he had submitted, which was met with strong rejection. At the beginning of April Karl stopped in Sulmona on the way back to Naples and looked up Peter von Morrone, where he probably informed him about the status of the papal election and possibly suggested that he contact the college of cardinals. Soon afterwards, Peter is likely to have sent his letter to Latino Malabranca, with whom he had been in contact for a long time, which probably arrived about two months before the election. In the meantime the situation in Rome had come to a head again at the end of May or beginning of June, the people occupied the Capitol and were preparing to elect a foreign prince as senator. The election of Frederick of Sicily was planned, which none of the Roman factions in the College of Cardinals could please; In the Papal States, Orvieto had attacked Church properties and captured Bolsena on June 11 , without any effective countermeasures being taken. Therefore a new meeting was decided for July 5, 1294, at which the critical situation in the Papal States and military countermeasures should be discussed. Peregrossi was absent from the meeting because of gout and Napoleone Orsini because of the sudden death of a younger brother. Under the impression of the death of the young Orsini, Boccamazza urged his colleagues to finally end the discord and elect a Pope. Latino Malabranca Orsini , the cardinal dean , reported on the vision of a hermit to whom the Holy Spirit had announced God's judgment over the world if the cardinals did not elect a pope by All Saints' Day . When Benedikt Caetani asked, the name Peters fell from Morrone, several cardinals praised his pious life and one wondered whether he was not a worthy candidate. Latino Malabranca was the first to give him his vote and a choice of inspiration developed without scrutiny, because after Latino the bishops Gerhard of Parma, Matthew of Acquasparta and Giovanni Boccamazza as well as the cardinal priests Benedikt Caetani and Hugues Aycelin also voted for Peter. The Colonna hesitated at first and wanted to coordinate with Peregrossi, Napoleon Orsini, who was brought in, joined the six votes. After Matteo Rosso had also decided in favor of the hermit, the majority was achieved and the Colonna also joined the election. A three-person delegation obtained approval from Peregrossi. Latino Malabranca solemnly announced the election on behalf of the entire college and the cardinals voted again. The electoral decree was then issued and signed by all the cardinals, and Peter Colonna signed for Peregrossi, who was unable to write. Matteo Rosso Orsini, as the longest serving cardinal deacon, announced the election of the eighty-five-year-old Peter vom Morrone to the people, who burst into jubilation. As with the papal election in 1268–1271 , choosing an outsider was seen as the only way to overcome the stalemate .

coronation

The public coronation took place in front of the Basilica of Collemaggio
Celestine V resided in Castel Nuovo in Naples .

Almost a week passed before an agreement was reached on the delegation that would deliver the election announcement to the elected and obtain his approval. The Archbishop of Lyon , Bérad de Got , Bishop Franciscus of Orvieto and Bishop Pandulf of Patti were accompanied by two notaries from the Papal Chancellery , Francesco di Napoleone Orsini and Guillaume de Mandagout . With the letter of July 11th, Peter was asked at the same time to go to the cardinals for his consecration and coronation. Since there was a member of the Orsini family among the delegation, Peter Colonna thought it advisable to leave for Sulmona as well , in order to prevent unfavorable agreements with the elect . The news of the election had already reached Abruzzo when the delegation and the Colonna arrived at the Santo Spirito al Morrone monastery on July 18th . Contemporary sources report that Peter, who was staying in his hermitage of Sant'Onofrio al Morrone , wanted to decline the election. Francesco Petrarca even reported an attempt to escape.

As soon as King Charles in Melfi learned of the election on July 12th, he set off with Karl Martell to find the new Pope and arrived in Sulmona on July 21st, three days after the delegation from Perugia. Immediately after the king's arrival, Peter had the notaries of the delegation inform the cardinals in writing that the election had been accepted; he did not comment on the place of the coronation . But Charles, who increasingly influence took on those elected, had probably soon L'Aquila , a city in the north of the Kingdom of Sicily and thus outside the Papal States , envisioned and began preparations for the event. Peter was familiar with the city through its founding Santa Maria di Collemaggio . “Like Jesus in Jerusalem,” Celestine rode a donkey in L'Aquila, probably on July 28th. The donkey's bridle was carried by Charles II and his son Karl Martell . This deviation from the ceremonial was not appreciated by all cardinals, but it was popular with the public. Karl tried to speed up the confirmation of the Peace of La Junquera, provided Peter with advisers from his court and confirmed possessions of the Celestines . The cardinals continued to try to have the elect at least come to Rieti, but by August 7th it was clear to King Charles that the coronation would take place in L'Aquila, which he also wanted to combine with an accolade ceremony. Aycelin and Napoleone Orsini also went to L'Aquila, where Peter Colonna was already. The college tried again to invite Pope and King to Perugia through Bishop Franciscus of Orvieto, but to no avail. As soon as the news of the death of the Cardinal Dean Latino Malabranca arrived in L'Aquila on August 10th, the King ordered the Pope, regardless of tradition, to elevate Aycelin to Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and thus to Dean of the College of Cardinals , and to elevate him through the Archbishop from Benevento to consecrate John of Castrocoeli . In mid-August, the immantation followed , which was usually carried out by the longest serving cardinal deacon , Matto Rosso, who was still absent. Therefore, one also deviated from the custom and let Napoleone Orsini perform the ceremony, which ended with the choice of the papal name. Why Peter chose the name Celestine is unclear. In view of the situation, the other cardinals had to leave for L'Aquila; Benedikt Caetani was the last to arrive. At his coronation on August 29th, according to Ptolomew of Lucca, 2000 people were present. The anointing by Dean Aycelin and the presentation of the pallium by Matteo Rosso Orsini took place in Collemaggio, the coronation with the tiara, also by Matteo Rosso, on a stage in front of the church so that the crowd, including the two kings, could watch the ceremony could. This was followed by a ride on a white horse and a feast with the cardinals.

The influence of the King of Naples on Celestine V was already evident at the first consistory on September 18, 1294. Of the twelve newly created cardinals, seven were French and three (or five) from the Kingdom of Naples. It was the first time in history that the College of Cardinals was urged in such a distinctly national direction in a single consistory . The other new cardinals belonged to the Cölestine order he founded . Coelestin moved to Castel Nuovo in Naples , where he lived as a hermit until his resignation. Celestine was the last Pope before Benedict XVI. back completely voluntarily. However, he died as a prisoner in 1296 after Caetani, who had succeeded him as Pope Boniface VIII , had him taken into " honorary custody ".

aftermath

Before his resignation Celestine continued the Apostolic Constitution Ubi periculum by Pope Gregory X reinstated. It was the basis for all subsequent papal elections. He set the conclave as the electoral mode. The name conclave is derived from the Latin cum clave , which means with a key and indicates that the election takes place behind closed doors and that the cardinals must not leave. Since then, this principle has only been deviated from in two papal elections, but the principles of the conclave were largely observed. On the one hand there was the Council of Constance , at which the Western Schism was ended with the election of Pope Martin V , and on the other hand the conclave 1799–1800 , at which Pope Pius VI. suspended from the regulations of Ubi periculum because of the interference of Napoleon Bonaparte .

Web links

literature

  • Peter Herd : Cölestin V (1294) (Peter vom Morrone): The angel pope. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1981, pp. 31-83.
  • Carlo Pietropaoli: Il Conclave di Perugia e l'elezione di Pier Celestino. In: Celestino V ed il VI centenario della sua incoronazione. Aquila 1894, pp. 97-124.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Election of April 5, 1292 - July 5, 1294: (Celestine V). In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website ), accessed January 15, 2018.
  2. ↑ Herd: Cölestin V. P. 33 f.
  3. ^ John Paul Adams: Sede Vacante and Conclave, 1292-1294.
  4. ↑ Ephraim Emerton: The Beginnings of Modern Europe (1250-1450) . Ginn & Company, 1917, p. 111 ( archive.org ). ;
    George L. Williams: Papal genealogy. The families and descendants of the popes . McFarland, Jefferson, NC 1998, ISBN 0-7864-2071-5 , pp. 37-38 . ;
    Baumgartner, 2003, p. 43 .;
    Peter Herd , The College of Cardinals and the Orvieto Campaign in Val del Lago (1294). in Erwin Gatz (ed.): Roman Curia. Church finances. Vatican Archives. Studies in honor of Hermann Hoberg. Rome 1979, pp. 325-327.
  5. ^ Frederic J. Baumgartner: Behind locked doors. A history of the Papal elections . 1st edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2003, ISBN 0-312-29463-8 , pp. 43-44 .
  6. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. P. 45 f.
  7. ↑ a b Herd: Cölestin V. p. 48.
  8. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. p. 48 f.
  9. ↑ a b c Herd: Cölestin V. P. 49.
  10. ↑ The Konklaveordnung Gregory X . stipulated that the new election should take place in the place where the Curia was when the Pope died.
  11. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. p. 50.
  12. ↑ Herd: Cölestin V. pp. 51-53.
  13. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. P. 53 f.
  14. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. P. 54 f.
  15. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. S. 55 f.
  16. ↑ a b Herd: Cölestin V. p. 57.
  17. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. p. 59 f.
  18. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. S. 61 f. and note 164.
  19. ↑ Herd: Cölestin V. pp. 63-65.
  20. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. p. 66.
  21. ↑ Herd: Cölestin V. pp. 66-70.
  22. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. P. 70.
  23. ^ Robert I. Rotberg: Politics and political change. Aa Journal of interdisciplinary history reader . MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 2001, ISBN 0-262-68129-3 , pp. 59 . ;
    Frederic J. Baumgartner: Behind locked doors. A history of the Papal elections . 1st edition. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2003, ISBN 0-312-29463-8 , pp. 41 .
  24. ↑ Created by Clemens V. 1312 as Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina.
  25. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. P. 71 f. Reference was made to the example of Gregory X, who was also absent from his election and was neither a cardinal nor a bishop.
  26. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. P. 73.
  27. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. P. 73 f.
  28. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. p. 76 f.
  29. ↑ a b c Ephraim Emerton: The Beginnings of Modern Europe (1250-1450) . Ginn & Company, 1917, p. 112 ( archive.org ).
  30. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. p. 77 f.
  31. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. p. 78.
  32. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. P. 79 f.
  33. ↑ Herd: Cölestin V. pp. 80-82.
  34. ^ Herd: Cölestin V. p. 82 f.
  35. ↑ Herd: Cölestin V. pp. 99-104; Michael Collins: The fisherman's net. The influence of the Popes on history . Revised and updated ed. HiddenSpring, Mahwah, NJ 2005, ISBN 1-58768-033-5 , pp. 111 .
  36. ↑ Brandon Toropov: The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Popes and the Papacy . Alpha Books, Indianapolis, IN 2002, ISBN 0-02-864290-2 , pp. 52-53 .
  37. ↑ Thomas Adolphus Trollope: The Papal Conclaves, as They Were and as They are . Chapman and Hall, 1876, p. 87 ( books.google.de ).