Pope election 1159

The papal election of 1159 (September 4-7) followed the death of Pope Hadrian IV. The result was a double pontificate .

A majority of the cardinals elected Cardinal Rolando of Siena as Pope Alexander III. but a minority refused to recognize him and chose their own candidate, Ottaviano de Monticelli, who took the name Viktor IV , creating a schism that lasted until 1178.

background

The schism resulted from growing tension within the College of Cardinals over the foreign policy of the Holy See . The Papal States in the 12th century were a buffer between the Holy Roman Empire and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily . After the Worms Concordat in 1122, the papacy allied itself with the emperor rather than with the Normans, but during the pontificate of Hadrian IV (1154–59) this alliance broke up because Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa did not meet the conditions of the Constance Treaty (1153) who obliged him to help the papacy restore its authority in Rome and in other areas controlled by the King of Sicily. Under these circumstances, Hadrian IV decided to break the alliance with the emperor and make peace with William of Sicily by signing the Treaty of Benevento (1156). In the following years there were growing tensions between the papacy and Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa (e.g. a dispute at the court in Besançon (1157) ). Friedrich tried - with significant success - to increase his influence on the Church in Germany. The change in direction of the papal foreign policy meant that the College of Cardinals was divided into supporters and opponents of the new policy, who after the death of Hadrian IV could not reach a compromise.

The election of 1159 also had significant legal ramifications. Up until that point, the election of the new Pope required unanimity among voters, which led to the schism when the existence of factions in the college prevented unanimity. In order to avoid the schism in the future, the Third Lateran Council proclaimed the decree Licet de evitanda discordia in 1179 , which stipulated that the Pope should be elected with a majority of two thirds of the cardinals present.

Factions

Pope Hadrian IV died on September 1, 1159. For fear of a possible split, he recommended to the cardinals shortly before his death that Cardinal Bernhard von Porto be chosen as his successor.

The college of cardinals was divided into two factions: the so-called “Sicilian” party and the “imperial” party. The Sicilians were led by Chancellor Rolando of Siena and Camerlengo Boso and supported the pro-Sicilian policies of Hadrian IV. The imperial faction was led by Ottaviano de Monticelli.

It is known that the Sicilian party comprised 13 cardinals: the Chancellor Rolando, Camerlengo Boso, the Cardinal Bishops Bernhard of Porto , Ubaldo of Ostia , Walter of Albano and Gregory of Sabina , as well as the cardinals Odone Bonecase , Ubaldo Caccianemici , Ottone da Brescia , Ardicio Rivoltella , Giovanni Gaderisio , Ildebrando Grassi and Pietro di Miso .

The imperial party will have numbered nine cardinals, of whom only six are known: Ottaviano de Monticelli , Giovanni Morrone , Guido di Crema , Imar von Tusculum , Raymond de Nîmes and Simeone Borelli . Guglielmo Marengo was perhaps the seventh, and Cardinal Cinzio Capellus might also be one of them. The remaining ten cardinals were neutral.

It is believed that both factions have already made preparations for the election in the final months of Hadrian IV's pontificate, although these attempts are known only from the opposing reports produced for polemical purposes during the subsequent schism and it is impossible is to check its accuracy. Both sides accused the other of illegal conspiracies. The followers of Victor IV accused the “Sicilians” of having received bribes from King William of Sicily and the anti-imperial cities of Brescia , Milan and Piacenza . They allegedly swore an oath not to elect any candidate outside of their circle. On the other hand, the "Sicilians" accused the "imperial" of forging a conspiracy with the imperial envoy Otto von Wittelsbach , who was in Rome at the time of the elections and gave significant support to enable Viktor IV to control the patrimony of Petri . It is known that the secular followers of Cardinal Ottaviano de Monticelli, related to the powerful family of the Counts of Tusculum , were prepared for the armed confrontation in Rome.

Election of Alexander III.

The cardinals met in the Vatican Basilica on September 4th , three days after the death of Hadrian IV. They had decided that, according to custom, the election should be unanimous in order to be valid. It seems that Bernhard von Porto’s candidacy, recommended by Hadrian as acceptable to both factions, was not progressing. Both parties proposed candidates who were not acceptable to both sides: the imperial officials proposed Ottaviano de Monticelli, the "Sicilians" proposed Chancellor Rolando. The cardinals discussed a compromise for three days. All the neutral cardinals could join the Sicilian party and probably some members of the imperial faction as well. On the fourth day (September 7th) Cardinal Rolando of Siena was proclaimed Pope, he took the name Alexander III. although unanimity was not achieved and some cardinals continued to oppose his candidacy. According to the manifesto of Alexander's party of October 1159 and a report by Cardinal Boso, that day Rolando received the votes of all the cardinals who met except three: those of Ottaviano de Monticelli, Giovanni Morrone and Guido di Crema. Then followers of Rolando realized that "it seemed inappropriate that ... the Apostolic See ... should remain without a ruler because of the contentiousness of the above [three] men". On the other hand, the opposing party claimed that Ottaviano still had nine votes and that the Sicilian party, which had the majority, simply broke the rule that required unanimity for valid elections. The version of the Imperial Cardinals, however, is considered less reliable than the version of Alexander's party, even if this is not entirely accurate; based on the orders of the two parties' manifestos issued shortly after the election, it can be assumed that at least 23 voters voted for Rolando and no more than six opposed him.

Election of Viktor IV.

Immediately after declaring him Pope, Cardinal Rolando's voters tried to put on him the purple cloak that symbolized the acceptance of the papal office, but then the election entered a tumultuous phase. Cardinal Ottaviano de Monticelli grabbed the cloak from Alexander's back and his armed companions stormed into the basilica. Alexander III and his followers fled to the citadel of St. Peter, which was in the hands of Cardinal Boso. In their absence, the few cardinals who remained in the basilica elected Ottaviano de Monticelli as Pope and enthroned him as Victor IV. The exact number of his voters is unknown, but there are good reasons to believe that there were six, including Ottaviano himself as only five cardinals signed the manifesto in his favor the following month. However, it is possible that some additional cardinals took part in the election of Victor IV, but then very quickly Alexander III. subjugated.

Consecration of Alexander III.

Alexander III stayed in the citadel for a week until he was freed and escorted from Rome by Odo Frangipane . Finally, on September 18, he received the purple coat. On September 20, he was ordained Bishop of Rome in Ninfa, southeast of Velletri, by Cardinal Bishop Ubaldo Allucingoli of Ostia, and crowned by Cardinal Protodeacon Odone Bonecase . On September 27, he excommunicated Viktor IV and his followers.

Consecration of Victor IV.

Victor IV was consecrated on October 4th in the Farfa Monastery by Cardinal Bishop Imar von Tusculum as Cardinal Dean, assisted by Bishops Ubaldo von Ferentino and Riccardo von Melfi . With the help of Otto von Wittelsbach and his armed entourage, he soon took control of Rome and the patrimony of Petri, while Alexander III. sought refuge in the Kingdom of Sicily and later in France.

Manifestos of the two factions

Both rivals and their supporters defended the legitimacy of their choice. In October 1159, cardinals of both groups wrote manifestos in favor of their popes for Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa. The manifesto of the "Alexandrines" was signed by 23 cardinals, that of the "Viktoriner" only five. The supporters of Viktor IV, who admitted that they were in the minority, justified their actions on the fact that the opposing faction violated the rule of unanimity and, as a result, the election of Rolando was declared invalid. The opposing party claimed that the principle of unanimity was violated by the obstructive behavior of only three cardinals of the Imperial faction, who stubbornly refused to recognize the candidate desired by the rest of the Holy College.

schism

Simeone Borelli joined Alexander III in late 1159. on, Raymond de Nîmes between February and April 1160. At the end of 1159, Victor IV appointed at least three new cardinal deacons: Berhard von Ss. Sergio e Bacco, Giovanni by S. Maria in Aquiro and Lando by S. Angelo . Alexander III appointed on February 18, 1160 Cardinal Deacon Milo of S. Maria in Aquiro .

Both popes sent their legates to the Catholic kingdoms to ensure their recognition. At the Council of Pavia in February 1160, Frederick Barbarossa declared himself in favor of Viktor IV. The episcopate of the Empire followed him - with the exception of Eberhard von Biburg , Archbishop of Salzburg and his suffragans . King Waldemar of Denmark also supported Viktor IV., Archbishop Eskil von Lund , Primate of Denmark, while Alexander III. It seems that Poland also supported Viktor IV. The rest of Europe, particularly France, England, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Scotland, Hungary, Sicily and the Latin territories in Outremer recognized Alexander III, with significant Victorian minorities in some countries in the episcopate or among the feudal lords. The schism had spread across Europe.

The unity of the church was restored after 18 years when Friedrich Barbarossa and Alexander III. signed the Treaty of Venice on August 1, 1177 ; a year later, Victor's successor Calixtus III. his claims and submitted to Alexander III. (August 29, 1178). Viktor IV. And his successors Paschalis III. (1164-1168) and Calixtus III. (1168–1178) are considered today by the Catholic Church as antipopes, Alexander III. as a legitimate Pope.

aftermath

The election of 1159 and the schism that followed showed the need to change the rules of papal election. The decree Licet de evitanda discordia of the Third Lateran Council of 1179 abolished the unanimity rule in favor of a two-thirds majority. The decree also confirmed that all three ranks of the college of cardinals (bishops, priests and deacons) are equal in papal elections. Although the practice of involving cardinal priests and cardinal deacons on an equal footing with cardinal bishops had been introduced at the latest with the election of the Pope in 1118 , the decree In Nomine Domini (1059) with which cardinal bishops were granted the right to vote, had never been formally revoked until then

Attendees

In September 1159 there were 31 cardinals. One of them does not seem to have participated in the papal election, leaving 30 voters.

cardinal	fraction	Cardinal title	Appointed on	by	Remarks
Imar , OSB Cluny	imperial	Bishop of Tusculum (Frascati)	March 13, 1142	Innocent II	Cardinal Dean
Gregorio della Suburra	Sicilian	Bishop of Sabina	March 1, 1140	Innocent II	Sub-Dean of the College of Cardinals
Ubaldo Allucingoli	Sicilian	Bishop of Ostia and Velletri	December 16, 1138	Innocent II	later Pope Lucius III. (1181-85)
Giulio	neutral	Bishop of Palestrina	May 19, 1144	Lucius II
Bernhard , CanReg	Sicilian	Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina	December 22, 1144	Lucius II
Walter , CanReg	Sicilian	Bishop of Albano	December 19, 1158	Hadrian IV
Ubaldo Caccianemici , CanReg	Sicilian	Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme	May 19, 1144	Lucius II	Cardinal proto-priests ; Cardinal depository (?)
Ottaviano de Monticelli	imperial	Priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere	February 25, 1138	Innocent II	Antipope Victor IV. (1159–1164)
Astaldo degli Astalli	neutral	Priest of Santa Prisca	December 17, 1143	Celestine II.
Guido di Crema	imperial	Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere	September 21, 1145	Eugene III.	later antipope Paschal III. (1164-68)
Rolando	Sicilian	Priest of San Marco and Chancellor of the Church	September 22, 1150	Eugene III.	Pope Alexander III
Giovanni Gaderisio , CanReg	Sicilian	Priest of Sant'Anastasia al Palatino	September 22, 1150	Eugene III.
Giovanni da Sutri	neutral	Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo	February 21, 1152	Eugene III.
Enrico Moricotti , OCist	neutral	Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo	February 21, 1152	Eugene III.
Giovanni Morrone	imperial	Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti	May 23, 1152	Eugene III.
Ildebrando Grassi , CanReg	Sicilian	Priest of Santi XII Apostoli	May 23, 1152	Eugene III.
Bonadies de Bonadie	neutral	Priest of San Crisogono	December 21, 1156	Hadrian IV
Alberto di Morra , CanRegPraem	neutral	Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina	December 21, 1156	Hadrian IV	later Pope Gregory VIII (1187)
Guglielmo Marengo , OCist	imperial(?)	Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli	March 14, 1158	Hadrian IV
Odone bonecase	Sicilian	Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro	March 4, 1132	Innocent II	Cardinal Protodeacon
Rodolfo	neutral	Deacon of Santa Lucia in Septisolio	December 17, 1143	Celestine II.
Giacinto Bobone	neutral	Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin	December 22, 1144	Lucius II	later Pope Celestine III. (1191-98)
Ottone da Brescia	Sicilian	Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere	February 21, 1152	Eugene III.
Ardicio Rivoltella	Sicilian	Deacon of San Teodoro al Palatino	December 21, 1156	Hadrian IV
Boso , CanReg	Sicilian	Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano	December 21, 1156	Hadrian IV	Camerlengo ; Prefect of Castell Sant'Angelo
Simeone Borelli , OSBCas	imperial	Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica	circa 1157	Hadrian IV	Abbot of Subiaco
Cinzio Capellus	imperial(?)	Deacon of Sant'Adriano al Foro	March 14, 1158	Hadrian IV
Pietro di Miso	Sicilian	Deacon of Sant'Eustachio	March 14, 1158	Hadrian IV
Raymond de Nîmes	imperial	Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata	March 14, 1158	Hadrian IV
Giovanni Conti da Anagni	neutral	Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico	December 19, 1158	Hadrian IV

Five cardinals were appointed by Innocent II, two by Celestine II, four by Lucius II, eight by Eugene III. and 11 by Hadrian IV.

A cardinal did not take part in the papal election:

cardinal	fraction	Cardinal title	appointed on	from	Remarks
Rainaldo di Collemezzo OSBCas	neutral	Priest of Santi Marcellino e Pietro	approx. 1139-1141	Innocent II	Abbot of Montecassino (external cardinal)

Political groups in October 1159

Follower of Alexander III.	Follower of Viktor IV
Gregorio della Suburra, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina and Cardinalsubdean Ubaldo Allucingoli, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia e Velletri Giulio, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina Bernard, CanReg, Cardinal Bishop of Porto e S. Rufina and Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica Walter, CanReg, Cardinal Bishop of Albano Ubaldo Caccianemici, CanReg, Cardinal Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Rainaldo di Collemezzo, OSBCas, Cardinal Priest of Santi Marcellino e Pietro and Abbot of Montecassino Astaldo degli Astalli, Cardinal Priest of Santa Prisca Giovanni da Sutri, cardinal priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo Errico Moricotti, OCist, Cardinal Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo Ildebrando Grassi, CanReg, Cardinal Priest of Santi XII Apostoli Giovanni Gaderisio, CanReg, Cardinal Priest of Sant Anastasia Bonadies de Bonadie, Cardinal Priest of San Crisogono Alberto di Morra, CanReg, Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina Guglielmo Marengo, Cardinal Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli Odone Bonecase, Cardinal Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro Rodolfo, cardinal deacon of Santa Lucia in Septisolio Giacinto Bobone, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin Ottone da Brescia, Cardinal Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere Ardicio Rivoltella, Cardinal Deacon of San Teodoro Boso, CanReg, cardinal deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano Cinzio Capellus, Cardinal Deacon of San Adriano Pietro di Miso, Cardinal Deacon of Sant'Eustachio Giovanni Conti da Anagni, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico Octaviae	Imar, OSBCluny, Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum and Cardinal Dean Guido di Crema, cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere Giovanni Morrone, Cardinal Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti Raymond de Nimes, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico Octaviae Simeone Borelli, OSBCas, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica and Abbot of Subiaco

Remarks

↑ The number is given in the manifesto of the voters Viktor IV. (October 1159). However, the manifesto is only signed by five cardinals and is not considered reliable; none of the other sources support the number of nine cardinals in favor of Ottaviano / Viktor IV. (Bolton, Duggan, p. 106). Viktor's party claimed that among these nine cardinals there was Gregory of Sabina, who was later bribed by Alexander's party (Langen, p. 454), but Cardinal Gregor is known to be a "Sicilian" (Robinson, p. 53).
↑ Bolton, Duggan, p. 106; these numbers do not include the chosen person himself
↑ Robinson, p. 83, Bolton, Duggan, p. 106. Perhaps three or four supporters of Alexander III who did not flee to the citadel joined the election of Victor IV under military pressure; this would explain why Viktor's party could have claimed that their faction had nine cardinals, including Gregory of Sabina “Sicilians”, and why their number fell so quickly to five. However, there is no direct evidence to support this hypothesis.
↑ Rahewin, Gesta Frederici (The manifesto of Victor's party is in Chapter LXII, that of the Alexander party in Chapter LXIII).
^ Polish bishops took part in the schismatic synods of 1160 and 1165 (Dzieje Kościoła w Polsce, Ed. A. Wiencek, Krakau 2008, p. 75).
↑ Brixius, p. 24; Bolton, Duggan, p. 106; the latter source gives the number as 28, but two cardinals were certainly left out, Cardinal Rolando of S. Marco, his 22 followers and 5 followers of Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, but not Ottaviano himself; it also shows that Alexander III. was supported by 22 cardinals, but the correct number is 23, see Rahewin, chap. LXIII.
↑ Miranda published a slightly different list of cardinals, which he took over from Alfonso Chacón , vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et SRE Cardinalium, Rome 1677. Chacón has two other cardinal deacons among the voters of Victor IV: Gregorio of SS. Vito e Modesto and Guglielmo, Archdeacon of Pavia, with unknown deaconry. However, they did not sign any papal bulls (Jaffé, pp. 616, 653, 659 and 827), their names are not mentioned in the manifesto of the Nazi party rallies of October 1159 (Bolton, Duggan, pp. 105-106; Rahewin, chap. LXII), and nothing is known about them except their alleged participation in that election, so it is doubtful that they were ever promoted to Cardinal and even existed (Cardinal Guglielmo appears to be a "duplicate" of Cardinal Guglielmo Marengo, who prior to his promotion to Cardinal was Archdeacon of Pavia and whose attitude at the beginning of the split was ambiguous (see Robinson, p. 475)). Brixius does not mention them in his work.
^ The dates of the appointment according to Zenker, pp. 222–226, and Brixius.
↑ On the date of this appointment, see Zenker, pp. 48 and 51. Brixius, p. 57, says that he was appointed Cardinal Bishop of Sabina by Anastasius IV (1153–1154), but Zenker has shown that he was with Cardinal Gregor of S. Maria in Trastevere, who was appointed by Innocent II in 1140.
↑ At Chacón Rainaldo is a participant in the election of Alexander III. It seems unlikely, however, since Cardinal Rainaldo did not reside in the Roman Curia, but in the Abbey of Montecassino, where he was abbot for 29 years (1137–1166). The fact that he had not consented to a papal bull during his long cardinal (1140–1166) clearly shows his constant absence from the papal court (Jaffé, pp. 559, 609, 616, 653, 658–659). Even if he was Alexander III. certainly connected, he does not appear among the signatories of the manifesto of his constituents of October 1159 (Rahewin: Chapter LXIII). For his absence see also Brixius, p. 24.
↑ Shortly after his ordination, Antipope Viktor IV appoints some new cardinals who are not listed here. (S. Miranda pseudocinals of Victor IV. ). These are not listed here.

literature

Philipp Jaffé : Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. Berlin 1851.
Joseph Langen : History of the Roman Church from Gregory VII to Innocent III. Bonn 1893.
Johannes Matthias Brixius: The members of the cardinal college from 1130–1181. R. Trenkel, Berlin 1912.
Barbara Zenker: The members of the Cardinal College from 1130 to 1159. Würzburg 1964.
Ian Stuart Robinson: The Papacy 1073-1198. Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press 1990, ISBN 0-521-31922-6 .
Brenda Bolton, Anne Duggan: Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154-1159: Studies and Texts. Ashgate Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-7546-0708-9 .
Rahewin : Gesta Friderici. Domus Ecclesiae, 2001.

Web links

Election of September 3 - 7, 1159. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website), accessed January 4, 2019.

[1] The number is given in the manifesto of the voters Viktor IV. (October 1159). However, the manifesto is only signed by five cardinals and is not considered reliable; none of the other sources support the number of nine cardinals in favor of Ottaviano / Viktor IV. (Bolton, Duggan, p. 106). Viktor's party claimed that among these nine cardinals there was Gregory of Sabina, who was later bribed by Alexander's party (Langen, p. 454), but Cardinal Gregor is known to be a "Sicilian" (Robinson, p. 53).

[2] Bolton, Duggan, p. 106; these numbers do not include the chosen person himself

[3] Robinson, p. 83, Bolton, Duggan, p. 106. Perhaps three or four supporters of Alexander III who did not flee to the citadel joined the election of Victor IV under military pressure; this would explain why Viktor's party could have claimed that their faction had nine cardinals, including Gregory of Sabina “Sicilians”, and why their number fell so quickly to five. However, there is no direct evidence to support this hypothesis.

[4] Rahewin, Gesta Frederici (The manifesto of Victor's party is in Chapter LXII, that of the Alexander party in Chapter LXIII).

[5] Polish bishops took part in the schismatic synods of 1160 and 1165 (Dzieje Kościoła w Polsce, Ed. A. Wiencek, Krakau 2008, p. 75).

[6] Brixius, p. 24; Bolton, Duggan, p. 106; the latter source gives the number as 28, but two cardinals were certainly left out, Cardinal Rolando of S. Marco, his 22 followers and 5 followers of Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, but not Ottaviano himself; it also shows that Alexander III. was supported by 22 cardinals, but the correct number is 23, see Rahewin, chap. LXIII.

[7] Miranda published a slightly different list of cardinals, which he took over from Alfonso Chacón , vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et SRE Cardinalium, Rome 1677. Chacón has two other cardinal deacons among the voters of Victor IV: Gregorio of SS. Vito e Modesto and Guglielmo, Archdeacon of Pavia, with unknown deaconry. However, they did not sign any papal bulls (Jaffé, pp. 616, 653, 659 and 827), their names are not mentioned in the manifesto of the Nazi party rallies of October 1159 (Bolton, Duggan, pp. 105-106; Rahewin, chap. LXII), and nothing is known about them except their alleged participation in that election, so it is doubtful that they were ever promoted to Cardinal and even existed (Cardinal Guglielmo appears to be a "duplicate" of Cardinal Guglielmo Marengo, who prior to his promotion to Cardinal was Archdeacon of Pavia and whose attitude at the beginning of the split was ambiguous (see Robinson, p. 475)). Brixius does not mention them in his work.

[8] The dates of the appointment according to Zenker, pp. 222–226, and Brixius.

[9] On the date of this appointment, see Zenker, pp. 48 and 51. Brixius, p. 57, says that he was appointed Cardinal Bishop of Sabina by Anastasius IV (1153–1154), but Zenker has shown that he was with Cardinal Gregor of S. Maria in Trastevere, who was appointed by Innocent II in 1140.

[10] At Chacón Rainaldo is a participant in the election of Alexander III. It seems unlikely, however, since Cardinal Rainaldo did not reside in the Roman Curia, but in the Abbey of Montecassino, where he was abbot for 29 years (1137–1166). The fact that he had not consented to a papal bull during his long cardinal (1140–1166) clearly shows his constant absence from the papal court (Jaffé, pp. 559, 609, 616, 653, 658–659). Even if he was Alexander III. certainly connected, he does not appear among the signatories of the manifesto of his constituents of October 1159 (Rahewin: Chapter LXIII). For his absence see also Brixius, p. 24.

[11] Shortly after his ordination, Antipope Viktor IV appoints some new cardinals who are not listed here. (S. Miranda pseudocinals of Victor IV. ). These are not listed here.