List of cardinal proto-priests
Cardinal proto-priest (also Italian. Protoprete or primoprete ) is a mainly protocol-based office in the college of cardinals , which is held by the longest serving cardinal priest .
He is primus inter pares of his cardinal class and the highest-ranking cardinal after the cardinal bishops . In the conclave according to point 74 of the Apostolic Exhortation Universi Dominici gregis he has to speak admonishing words if it takes longer. Furthermore, at the enthronement , i.e. the solemn introduction of a Pope into his office, he speaks the prayer for the new pontiff.
The cardinal proto-priest becomes the cardinal priest whose creation dates back the longest. If the dates are the same, the placement on the creation certificate indicates which cardinal receives the title.
At the opening ceremony of Pope Benedict XVI. it fell to Stephen Kim Sou-hwan to say the formal prayer. This part was omitted when Pope Francis was introduced , as Paulo Evaristo Arns had not traveled to Rome at the age of 91 for reasons of age.
From the 16th to the 19th century, the function was often associated with the titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina , whereby the title holder was occasionally protoprete , although he was not the longest-serving cardinal.
List of incumbents
Surname | Year of birth | Year of death | Appointment as cardinal | Cardinal Protopriest | Term of office | comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stephan | *? | † 891 | 882 | 882? -885 | 3 | then Pope Stephan V. |
... | ||||||
Emanno | *? | † ~ 1088 | 1061 | 1088? | 0 | |
Bonifazio | *? | † ~ 1088 | 1062 | 1088? | 0 | |
Pietro | *? | † ~ 1099 | 1088 | 1088? -1099? | 11 | |
Giovanni OSB | *? | † ~ 1117 | 1088 | 1099–1117? | ||
Amico OSB | *? | † ~ 1122 | 1088 | 1117? –1120/22? | ||
Bonifacio | *? | † ~ 1129 | 1114 | 1120/22? -1129 | ||
Gregorio Papareschi senior CRL | * ~ 1075 | † 1143 | 1088 | 1129-1130 | 1 | then Pope Innocent II. |
... | ||||||
Gerardus Caccianemici CRSA | * before 1100 | † 1145 | 1122 | 1140-1144 | 4th | then Pope Lucius II. |
Gregorio CRSA | *? | † 1155 | 1138 | 1144-1155 | 11 | |
Guido Bellagi CRSA | *? | † 1158 | 1138 | 1155-1158 | 3 | |
Ottaviani de Monticelli | * 1095 | † 1164 | 1138 | 1158-1159 | 1 | then antipope Viktor IV. |
Rainaldo di Collemezzo OSBCas | * ~ 1110 | † 1166 | 1140 | 1159-1165 | 6th | |
Giovanni Gaderisio | *? | † 1181 | 1150 | 1165-1181 | 16 | |
Alberto di Morra CRSA | * 1105/10 | † 1187 | 1155 | 1182-1187 | 5 | then Pope Gregory VIII. |
... | ||||||
Guillaume de Champagne | * 1135 | † 1202 | 1179 | 1191? –1196? | ||
Konrad von Wittelsbach | * 1120/30 | † 1200 | 1163 | 1196-1200 | 4th | became Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto as early as 1163 |
Pamdolfo Masca | * 1101 | † 1201 | 1182 | 1200-1201 | 1 | |
... | ||||||
Gregorio Crescenzi | *? | † 1208 | 1188 | 1202-1208 | 6th | |
Soffredo Errico Gaetani | *? | † 1210 | 1182 | 1208-1210 | 2 | |
... | ||||||
Roffredo dell'Isola OSBCas | *? | † 1212 | 1191 | 1211-1212 | 1 | |
Cencio | *? | † 1217 | 1193 | 1212-1217 | 5 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina |
Guala Bicchieri Can. Reg. di S. Pietro of Pavia | * ~ 1150 | † 1227 | 1205 | 1217-1227 | 10 | |
... | ||||||
Leone Brancaleone Can. Reg. di S. Frediano of Lucca | *? | † 1230 | 1200 | 1228-1230 | 2 | |
Tommaso da Capua | *? | † 1243 | 1216 | 1230-1243 | 13 | |
Stefano de Normandis dei Conti | *? | † 1254 | 1216 | 1243-1254 | 11 | |
John of Toledo OCist | *? | † 1275 | 1244 | 1254-1262 | 8th | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina |
Riccardo di Montecassino OSB | *? | † 1262 | 1255 | 1261 (?) - 1262 | ||
Simone Paltineri | * ~ 1200 | † 1277 | 1261 | 1262-1277 | 15th | |
Anchero Pantaléon | * ~ 1210 | † 1286 | 1262 | 1277-1286 | 9 | |
Jean Cholet | *? | † 1293 | 1281 | 1286-1293 | 7th | |
Benedetto Caetani | * ~ 1230/40 | † 1303 | 1281 | 1293-1294 | 1 | then Pope Boniface VIII. |
Pietro Peregrosso | * ~ 1225 | † 1295 | 1288 | 1294-1295 | 1 | |
Tommaso d'Ocre OCel | *? | † 1300 | 1294 | 1295-1300 | 5 | |
... | ||||||
Jean Lemoine | * 1240/50 | † 1313 | 1294 | 1305-1313 | 8th | |
Arnaud de Canteloup | *? | † 1313 | 1305 | 1313 | 0 | |
Nicolas de Fréauville OP | * ~ 1250 | † 1313 | 1305 | 1313-1323 | 10 | |
Guillaume Teste | *? | † 1326 | 1312 | 1323–? | ||
... | ||||||
Annibaldo di Ceccano | * 1280/82 | † 1350 | 1327 | 1327-1330 | 3 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Jacques Fournier OCist | * 1280/85 | † 1342 | 1327 | ? -1333 | then Pope Benedict XII. | |
... | ||||||
Raymond de Mostuéjouls OSB | *? | † 1335 | 1327 | 1334-1335 | 1 | |
Pierre des Chappes | *? | † 1336 | 1327 | 1335-1336 | 1 | |
Matteo Orsini OP | *? | † 1340 | 1327 | 1336-1338 | 2 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto |
Pedro Gomez Barroso | *? | † 1348 | 1327 | 1338-1341 | 3 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto |
Imbert Dupuis | *? | † 1348 | 1327 | 1341-1348 | 7th | |
Élie Talleyrand de Périgord | * ~ 1301 | † 1364 | 1331 | 1348 | 0 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Pierre Bertrand | * 1280 | † 1349 | 1331 | 1348-1349 | 1 | |
Guillaume Court OCist | *? | † 1361 | 1338 | 1349-1350 | 1 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Frascati |
Guillaume d'Aure , OSB | *? | † 1353 | 1339 | 1350-1353 | 3 | |
Hugues Roger OSB | * 1393/95 | † 1363 | 1342 | 1353-1363 | 10 | did not accept the election as Pope in the conclave of 1362 |
Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille OSB | * 1326 | † 1369 | 1350 | 1363-1367 | 4th | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto |
Pierre de Monteruc | *? | † 1385 | 1356 | 1367–? | ||
Pietro Pileo di Prata | * 1320/1330 | † 1400/01 | 1378 | 1381-1385 | 4th | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Frascati |
Luca Ridolfiucci de Gentili | *? | † 1389 | 1378 | 1385-1389 | 4th | |
Andrea Bontempi Martini | *? | † 1390 | 1378 | 1389-1390 | 1 | |
Poncello Orsini | *? | † 1395 | 1378 | 1390-1395 | 5 | |
Bartolomeo Mezzavacca | *? | † 1396 | 1378 | 1395-1396 | 1 | |
Adam Easton OSB | * ~ 1330 | † 1398 | 1381 | 1396-1398 | 2 | |
Bálint Alsáni | * ~ 1330 | † 1408 | 1384 | 1398-1408 | 10 | |
Angelo d'Anna de Sommariva OSBCam | *? | † 1428 | 1384 | 1408-1412 | 4th | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Giovanni Dominici OP | * ~ 1356 | † 1419 | 1408 | 1412-1419 | 7th | |
... | ||||||
Antonio Panciera | * ~ 1350 | † 1431 | 1411 | 1427-1431 | 4th | Pseudocardinal created by antipope John XXIII. |
... | ||||||
Domingo Ram i Lanaja CRSA | * ~ 1345 | † 1445 | 1423 | 1434-1444 | 10 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina |
Henry Beaufort | * 1375 | † 1447 | 1426 | 1444-1447 | 3 | |
... | ||||||
Louis Aleman CRSI | * ~ 1390 | † 1450 | 1426 | 1449-1450 | 1 | |
Domenico Capranica | * 1400 | † 1458 | 1423 | 1450-1458 | 8th | |
Peter von Schaumberg | * 1388 | † 1469 | 1439 | 1458-1469 | 11 | |
... | ||||||
Jean Rolin | * 1408 | † 1483 | 1448 | 1472-1483 | 11 | |
Luis Juan del Milà | * 1430/1432 | † 1510 | 1456 | 1483-1510? | 27 | |
Domenico Grimani | * 1461 | † 1523 | 1493 | 1508 | 0 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Philip of Luxembourg | * 1445 | † 1519 | 1495 | 1508-1509 | 1 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Jaime Serra i Cau | * ~ 1427-1430 | † 1517 | 1500 | 1509-1511 | 2 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Francisco de Borja | * 1441 | † 1511 | 1500 | 1511 | 0 | |
Tamás Bakócz | * 1442 | † 1521 | 1500 | 1511-1521 | 10 | |
François Guillaume de Castelnau de Clermont-Ludève | * 1480 | † 1541 | 1503 | 1521-1523 | 2 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Frascati |
... | ||||||
Alessandro Farnese | * 1520 | † 1589 | 1534 | 1564 | 0 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto |
... | ||||||
Giulio della Rovere | * 1533 | † 1578 | 1547 | 1567-1570 | 3 | Appointed in pectore , published in 1548; was raised as protodiacon to cardinal priest and, as an exception, directly appointed proto priest; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
... | ||||||
Marco Antonio Colonna | * 1523 | † 1597 | 1565 | 1586-1587 | 1 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Gabriele Paleotti | * 1522 | † 1597 | 1565 | 1587-1589 | 2 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Michele Bonelli , OP | * 1541 | † 1598 | 1566 | 1589-1591 | 2 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Ludovico Madruzzo | * 1532 | † 1600 | 1561 | 1591-1597 | 6th | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto |
Girolamo Rusticucci | * 1537 | † 1603 | 1570 | 1597–1598 2 | 1 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Pedro de Deza | * 1520 | † 1600 | 1578 | 1597-1600 2 | 3 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Girolamo Simoncelli | * 1522 | † 1605 | 1553 | 1598-1600 2 | 2 | subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Antonmaria Salviati | * 1537 | † 1602 | 1583 | 1600 | 0 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; shortly afterwards transferred to Santa Maria in Trastevere |
Simeone Tagliavia d'Aragonia | * 1550 | † 1604 | 1583 | 1600-1602 | 2 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Girolamo Bernerio OP | * 1540 | † 1611 | 1586 | 1602-1603 | 1 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Giovanni Evangelista Pallotta | * 1548 | † 1620 | 1587 | 1603-1611 | 8th | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Frascati |
Gregorio Petrocchini OESA | * 1535 | † 1612 | 1589 | 1611 | 0 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Benedetto Giustiniani | * 1554 | † 1621 | 1586 | 1611-1612 | 1 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Francesco Maria Bourbon del Monte Santa Maria | * 1549 | † 1627 | 1588 | 1612-1615 | 3 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
... | ||||||
Francesco Sforza | * 1562 | † 1624 | 1583 | 1617-1618 | 1 | |
Ottavio Bandini | * 1558 | † 1629 | 1596 | 1618-1621 | 3 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina and Cardinal Dean |
Alessandro Damasceni Peretti | * 1571 | † 1623 | 1585 | 1620 | 0 | became Cardinal Bishop of Albano a week after his elevation to Cardinal Priest |
Bartolomeo Cesi | * 1567 | † 1621 | 1596 | 1621 | 0 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto | * 1572 | † 1629 | 1596 | 1621-1624 | 3 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Domenico Ginnasi | * 1551 | † 1639 | 1604 | 1624-1626 | 2 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Carlo Gaudenzio Madruzzo | * 1562 | † 1629 | 1604 | 1626 | 22nd | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto |
Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia | * 1585 | † 1641 | 1604 | 1626-1627 | 1 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Giovanni Garzia Millini | * 1562 | † 1629 | 1606 | 1627-1629 | 2 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Frascati |
Luigi Capponi | * 1583 | † 1659 | 1608 | 1629-1659 | 30th | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Girolamo Colonna | * 1604 | † 1666 | 1627 | 1659-1661 | 2 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Frascati |
Giovanni Battista Maria Pallotta | * 1594 | † 1668 | 1629 | 1661-1663 | 2 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Francesco Maria Brancaccio | * 1592 | † 1675 | 1633 | 1663-1666 | 3 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto |
Stefano Durazzo | * 1594 | † 1667 | 1633 | 1666-1667 | 1 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Ernst Adalbert von Harrach | * 1598 | † 1667 | 1626 | 1667 | 0 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Giulio Gabrielli | * 1603 | † 1677 | 1641 | 1667-1668 | 1 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto |
Virginio Orsini OSIo.Hieros. | * 1615 | † 1676 | 1641 | 1668-1671 | 3 | was cardinal protodeacon 1656–1666 ; Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Albano |
Rinaldo d'Este | * 1618 | † 1672 | 1641 | 1671 | 0 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Cesare Facchinetti | * 1608 | † 1683 | 1643 | 1671-1672 | 1 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Carlo Rossetti | * 1614 | † 1681 | 1643 | 1672-1676 | 4th | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Frascati |
Niccolò Albergati-Ludovisi | * 1608 | † 1687 | 1645 | 1676-1677 | 1 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina |
Alderano Cibo | * 1613 | † 1700 | 1645 | 1677-1679 | 2 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Lorenzo Raggi | * 1615 | † 1687 | 1647 | 1679-1680 | 1 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Luigi Alessandro Omodei | * 1608 | † 1685 | 1652 | 1680-1685 | 5 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Carlo Barberini | * 1630 | † 1704 | 1653 | 1685-1704 | 19th | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Francesco Nerli | * 1636 | † 1708 | 1673 | 1704-1708 | 4th | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Galeazzo Marescotti | * 1627 | † 1726 | 1675 | 1708–1726 (1715?) | 18th | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Giuseppe Sacripante | * 1642 | † 1727 | 1695 | 1726? -1727 | 1 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Giuseppe Renato Imperiali | * 1651 | † 1737 | 1690 | 1727-1737 | 10 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Gianantonio Davia | * 1660 | † 1740 | 1712 | 1737-1740 | 3 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Giulio Alberoni | * 1682 | † 1752 | 1717 | 1740-1752 | 12 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Thomas Philip Wallrad d'Hénin-Liétard d'Alsace-Boussu de Chimay | * 1679 | † 1759 | 1719 | 1752-1759 | 7th | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Domenico Silvio Passionei | * 1682 | † 1761 | 1738 | 1759-1761 | 2 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Johann Theodor of Bavaria | * 1703 | † 1763 | 1743 | 1761-1763 | 2 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Giacomo Oddi | * 1679 | † 1770 | 1743 | 1763-1770 | 7th | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Giuseppe Pozzobonelli | * 1696 | † 1783 | 1743 | 1770-1783 | 13 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Carlo Vittorio Amedeo delle Lanze | * 1712 | † 1784 | 1747 | 1783-1784 | 1 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Marcantonio Colonna | * 1724 | † 1793 | 1759 | 1784 | 0 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; subsequently Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina |
Paul d'Albert de Luynes | * 1703 | † 1788 | 1756 | 1784-1788 | 4th | Titular Church of San Tommaso in Parione |
Christoph Anton von Migazzi von Waal and Sonnenthurn | * 1714 | † 1803 | 1761 | 1788-1803 | 15th | |
Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto | * 1722 | † 1818 | 1773 | 1802-1818 | 16 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Luis María de Borbón y Vallábriga | * 1777 | † 1823 | 1800 | 1818-1823 | 5 | |
Giuseppe Firrao | * 1736 | † 1830 | 1801 | 1823-1830 | 7th | |
Luigi Ruffo Scilla | * 1750 | † 1832 | 1801 | 1830-1832 | 2 | |
Cesare Brancadoro | * 1755 | † 1837 | 1801 | 1832-1837 | 5 | |
Joseph Fesch | * 1763 | † 1839 | 1803 | 1837-1839 | 2 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Carlo Oppizzoni | * 1769 | † 1855 | 1804 | 1839-1855 | 16 | Titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina ; also Archbishop of Bologna |
Giacomo Filippo Fransoni | * 1775 | † 1856 | 1826 | 1855-1856 | 1 | Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Benedetto Colonna Barberini di Sciarra | * 1788 | † 1863 | 1826 | 1856-1863 | 7th | created in pectore , published 1828; Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Antonio Tosti | * 1776 | † 1866 | 1838 | 1863-1866 | 3 | Created in pectore , published 1839 |
Engelbert Sterckx | * 1792 | † 1867 | 1838 | 1866-1867 | 1 | |
Filippo de Angelis | * 1792 | † 1877 | 1838 | 1867-1877 | 10 | created in pectore , published 1839; Title Church of San Lorenzo in Lucina |
Friedrich zu Schwarzenberg | * 1809 | † 1885 | 1842 | 1877-1885 | 8th | |
Theodulf Mertel | * 1806 | † 1899 | 1858 | 1885-1899 | 14th | last cardinal without ordination, crowned Pope Leo XIII in 1878, cardinal protodeacon 1881–1884. |
Mieczysław Halka Ledóchowski | * 1822 | † 1902 | 1875 | 1899-1902 | 3 | last cardinal proto-priest with titular church San Lorenzo in Lucina |
José Sebastião Neto OFM Disc | * 1841 | † 1920 | 1884 | 1902-1920 | 18th | |
James Gibbons | * 1834 | † 1921 | 1886 | 1920-1921 | 1 | youngest bishop at the 1st Vatican Council |
Michael Logue | * 1840 | † 1924 | 1893 | 1921-1924 | 3 | |
Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè | * 1846 | † 1928 | 1899 | 1924-1928 | 4th | |
Leo Skrbenský from Hříště | * 1863 | † 1938 | 1901 | 1928-1938 | 10 | |
William Henry O'Connell | * 1859 | † 1944 | 1911 | 1938-1944 | 6th | |
Alessio Ascalesi CPPS | * 1872 | † 1952 | 1916 | 1944-1952 | 8th | |
Michael von Faulhaber | * 1869 | † 1952 | 1921 | 1952 | 0 | |
Alessandro Verde | * 1865 | † 1958 | 1925 | 1952-1958 | 6th | only raised to cardinal priest in 1935, became cardinal proto priest taking into account the years as cardinal deacon |
Jozef-Ernest Van Roey | * 1874 | † 1961 | 1927 | 1958-1961 | 3 | |
Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira | * 1888 | † 1977 | 1929 | 1961-1977 | 16 | |
Joseph Frings | * 1887 | † 1978 | 1946 | 1977-1988 | 1 | |
Antonio Caggiano | * 1889 | † 1979 | 1946 | 1978-1979 | 1 | |
Carlos Carmelo de Vasconcelos Motta | * 1890 | † 1982 | 1946 | 1979-1982 | 3 | |
Giuseppe Siri | * 1906 | † 1989 | 1953 | 1982-1989 | 7th | |
Paul-Émile Léger | * 1904 | † 1991 | 1953 | 1989-1991 | 2 | |
Franz King | * 1905 | † 2004 | 1958 | 1991-2004 | 13 | |
Stephen Kim Sou-hwan | * 1922 | † 2009 | 1969 | 2004-2009 | 5 | |
Eugênio de Araújo Sales | * 1920 | † 2012 | 1969 | 2009–2012 | 3 | |
Paulo Evaristo Arns | * 1921 | † 2016 | 1973 | 2012-2016 | 4th | |
Michael Michai Kitbunchu | * 1929 | 1983 | since 2016 | 2 |
2 overlap also indicated in the source (Salvador Miranda); Clarification is pending
Individual evidence
- ^ Universi Dominici Gregis (February 22, 1996) | John Paul II. Retrieved August 21, 2017 .
Web links
- Living Cardinals by Precedence. GCatholic.org, accessed June 21, 2014 .
- The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website), accessed December 5, 2016.